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PubMed2006

Weaving the fabric of social interaction: articulating developmental psychology and cognitive neuroscience in the domain of motor cognition.

In this article, we bring together recent findings from developmental science and cognitive neuroscience to argue that perception-action coupling constitutes the fundamental mechanism of motor cognition. A variety of empirical evidence suggests that observed and executed actions are coded in a common cognitive and neural framework, enabling individuals to construct shared representations of self and other actions. We review work to suggest that such shared representations support action anticipation, organization, and imitation. These processes, along with additional computational mechanisms for determining a sense of agency and behavioral regulation, form the fabric of socialinteraction. In addition, humans possess the capacity to move beyond these basic aspects of action analysis to interpret behavior at a deeper level, an ability that may be outside the scope of the mirror system. Understanding the nature of shared representations from the vantage point of developmental and cognitive science and neuroscience has the potential to inform a range of motor and social processes. This perspective also elucidates intriguing new directions and research questions and generates specific hypotheses regarding the impact of early disorders (e.g., developmental movement disorders) on subsequent action processing.

Awareness↗

PubMed1992

The elderly neuroscience patient: implications for the critical care nurse.

The elderly patient may present to the critical care unit with neurologic deficits such as acute confusion, loss of consciousness, or signs of a cerebrovascular accident. Recognizing the normal age-related changes that occur in the nervous system enables the critical care nurse to evaluate the patient's response to neurologic disorders. The normal neurologic changes associated with aging provide implications for assessment, response to the critical care environment, and the time needed for education and rehabilitation. Other changes, especially decreased immunity, malnutrition, and pulmonary and cardiac pathology, significantly increase the risk for morbidity and mortality after an acute neurologic event. Changes in pharmacokinetics and the likelihood of polypharmacy in the older patient greatly increase the risk for complications and side effects of the commonly used treatments. Important elements of nursing management for the elderly neuroscience patient include performing an accurate neurologic assessment, including noting changes in cognition, observing for adverse drug reactions, optimizing ventilation, and maximizing mobility and nutritional status. This article focuses on these aspects of nursing care for the elderly neuroscience patient.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Hemodynamic monitoring in the care of the critically ill neuroscience patient.

Hemodynamic monitoring in the care of the critically ill neuroscience patient provides information that assists the clinician in minimizing secondary neuronal injury. Whereas no technology replaces the critical care nurse's physical assessment, hemodynamic and neurological monitoring provides additional data beyond what is possible with the clinical examination alone. If neurological technology, such as intracranial pressure monitoring, is not available, hemodynamic monitoring along with the neurological examination provides limited but useful information essential to minimizing secondary neuronal injury. The use of hemodynamic monitoring in critically ill neuroscience patients is best exemplified in the management of cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Although improved outcomes have not been scientifically substantiated, multimodality monitoring of intracranial dynamics and systemic hemodynamics and manipulation of these parameters during hypertensive hypervolemic hemodilution therapy may lessen the incidence of cerebral infarction secondary to vasospasm. Monitoring systemic hemodynamics and intracranial dynamics simultaneously assists in prevention, prompt recognition, and effective treatment of neurological deterioration.

Brain Ischemia↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Chronobiological paradigms of mental life and clincial neurosciences]].

Circadian fluctuations of normal and abnormal behavioural processes have been classically reported from statistically validated chronograms (averaged displays of data as a function of time). Going more deeply into the research with rhythmometric investigations reveals that the temporal organization of psychophysiological functions involving several oscillatory systems may compose possible circadian paradigms of brain integration and pathological chronorisk for clinical neuroscience (seizure susceptibility for epilepsy and related states, brain circulatory disturbances, stress-related events, emotional or affective manifestations, and psychosomatic disorders). Rhythmometrically analyzed, the temporal fluctuations of behavioural events tend to indicate that cerebral integrations are circadian, circaseptidian or infradian stage-dependent processes whose chronobiologic characteristics are possibly predictable on the basis of mathematical models. More generally, the present study reveals that: 1) several neurological or psychiatric disorders are directly or indirectly concerned with chronobiologic processes, and that 2) cerebral and behavioural time variations can be detected and described in neurology and psychiatry as algorithmically-formulatable recurring psychophysiological changes with a waveform validated by inferential statistical computer methods. Such rhythmometric procedures applied to neurological or psychiatric events suggest also the development of new epistemological concepts in the fields of comparative psychophysiology and theoretical neuroscience.

Algorithms↗

PubMed2002

Effect of an outcomes-managed approach to care of neuroscience patients by acute care nurse practitioners.

OBJECTIVE: To improve clinical and financial outcomes for neuroscience patients by using an "outcomes-managed" model of care delivery and 2 acute care nurse practitioners as outcomes managers. METHODS: Baseline data from the year before implementation of the care model were compared with data from the first 6 months of implementation. A random list of 122 adult patients admitted to the neuroscience intensive care unit or the acute care neurosurgery unit of a university teaching hospital between January and December 1998 was generated to provide the baseline data. The prospective sample included 402 patients admitted to either unit during the first 6 months of the project (January through June 1999). The acute care nurse practitioners used an evidence-based multidisciplinary plan of care to manage all patients. RESULTS: No differences were found in age, sex, or ethnicity between groups. Patients managed by acute care nurse practitioners had significantly shorter overall length of stay (P = .03), shorter mean length of stay in the intensive care unit (P < .001), lower rates of urinary tract infection and skin breakdown (P < .05), and shorter time to discontinuation of the Foley catheter and mobilization (P <.05). The outcomes-managed group was hospitalized 2306 fewer days than the baseline group, at a total cost savings of $2,467328. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical and financial outcomes are improved significantly by identifying patients at risk, monitoring for complications, and having acute care nurse practitioners manage the patients.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

[Early childhood trauma and stress-related psychiatric disorders: neuroscience perspective].

Morphometric studies using magnetic resonance imaging have reported smaller than normal volumes of the hippocampus in stress-related psychiatric disorders such as major depression, post-traumatic stress disorders (PTSD) etc... On the other hand, epidemiological studies have suggested that early childhood trauma including child abuse and sexual abuse is associated with markedly elevated rates of major depression and PTSD. Psychoanalysist and child psychiatrists have reported that mother-child relationship and fostering environment in early childhood strongly affect the later mental development and increase the prevalence rate of various psychiatric disorders, but its biological mechanism has not been elucidated. Recent progress of neuroscience research has brought a possibility to elucidate molecular biological mechanism of this developmental psychological issue. The author reviews recent neuroscience researches focused on the effect of early childhood trauma on the stress vulnerability and the pathogenesis of stress-related psychiatric disorders.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Felice Fontana precursor of neurosciences (author's transl)].

The A.A. insert the life and work of the naturalist and chemist Felice Fontana, born in Pomarolo (Trentino), in the frame of 18th century sciences, beside other great names of that century like Carolus Linnaeus, Réaumur, von Haller, Spallanzani, Morgagni, Priestley and Lavoisier. In the field of general biology, the discovery of nucleus and nucleolus and consequently the discovery of the eukaryotic cell, as we say in our days, in his, as well as the one of anabiosis. The A.A. enucleate and analyse the contributions of Fontana to the neurosciences; he has discovered the axon and the myelinic sheath half century before Remak and Purknije; he found out that the white matter of the brain is made of fibres alike those of nerves and the grey matter is made of globules (i.e. cells) mixed up with fibres; he discovered in the retina a part of coming out from the brain; he described the transversal bands of fibres of the skeletal muscles; he was the first to introduce into physiology the law of "all and nothing"; he attributed the irritability to the whole animal life; he identified the pupillar reflexes to the light, the reflex of accommodation, the consensual reflex, the psycho-emotive mydriasis and at last the myosis of sleep. He made experimental searches about nerves and recognised their regeneration, he enumerated various pathological intracranial masses, he made an important anatomopathological research about hydatid cyst in the brain of the sheep affected by "capostorno" and madness, he demonstrated their parasitical nature (he said that the hydated cysts were covered inside by small animals), he come out to formulate the hypothesis that some neuropsychiatric diseases of man can depend from similar aetiology. He declared that passions may have pathological effects (psyco-somatic aetiology), but he has also drawned the attention against the danager of aprioristical generalisation of neurogenical causes in all diseases. The A.A. give to Fontana the palm of precursor of modern neurosciences and of neurology intended as synthesis and unified corpus of these sciences.

Cell Biology↗

PubMed1995

[Intracerebral microdialysis and its application in neurosciences].

As a new technique for sampling the extracellular fluid in vivo, the microdialysis is recently attractive to neuroscientists. Coupled with high sensitivity techniques for chemical microanalysis, it has been successfully used for monitoring chemical changes in extracellular environment of intact brain, and applied to some fields of neuroscience studies. In this article, its principle and some methodological aspects were described systematically, and a brief overview of its applications in neurosciences and some new advances was also given. Besides, the scope and limitations of microdialysis was discussed in the light of our own experience.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Hypnosis and neuroscience: a cross talk between clinical and cognitive research.

Despite its long use in clinical settings, the checkered reputation of hypnosis has dimmed its promise as a research instrument. Whereas cognitive neuroscience has scantily fostered hypnosis as a manipulation, neuroimaging techniques offer new opportunities to use hypnosis and posthypnotic suggestion as probes into brain mechanisms and, reciprocally, provide a means of studying hypnosis itself. We outline how the hypnotic state can serve as a way to tap neurocognitive questions and how cognitive assays can in turn shed new light on the neural bases of hypnosis. This cross talk should enhance research and clinical applications.

Attention↗

PubMed1999

A philosopher looks at neuroscience.

The last two centuries, and the last fifty years in particular, have seen a dramatic increase in our understanding of the brain. More recently, philosophers have rekindled the debate about the nature of the mind and have begun to ask how and to what extent the features of the conscious mind, of the self, can be described in solely neurobiological terms. This essay describes a few ways in which neuroscientific research has changed the way philosophers think about the mind and also suggests some ways in which the methods and questions of philosophers might affect neuroscience.

Humans↗

PubMed2002

Survey of gross anatomy, microscopic anatomy, neuroscience, and embryology courses in medical school curricula in the United States.

Directors of courses in the basic anatomical sciences in allopathic and osteopathic medical schools in the United States were surveyed regarding the present composition of their courses. Results indicate the majority of gross anatomy courses are in the range of 126 to 200 total course hours, and that laboratory dissection is a key component of these courses. The majority of microscopic anatomy courses are in the range of 61 to 100 total course hours, generally divided equally between lecture and laboratory components. Additionally, despite the availability of computer technology, microscopes are still used in the vast majority of microscopic anatomy courses. The majority of neuroscience courses are in the range of 71 to 90 total course hours, with most of these hours devoted to lectures. Embryology is usually taught in conjunction with gross anatomy, although some schools present it with the microscopic anatomy course or as a separate course. Most embryology courses are in the range of 6 to 20 total course hours, with only a few having a laboratory component.

Anatomy↗

PubMed2006

Reflections on eponyms in neuroscience terminology.

Eponyms have played a very significant linguistic role in technical and scientific terminology. They are an important feature of language that have contributed for a long time to engraving in history the names of those researchers who have devoted their lives to scientific discovery. In the field of medical terminology, they are an asset, although their semantic effectiveness has constituted a long-standing debate. We will analyze how language contributes to the advance of science and technology and the current position of eponyms in the health sciences. Eponymy in neuroscience has been used for a long time as a way to identify and recognize scientific issues, such as diseases, syndromes, methods, processes, substances, organs, and parts of organs as a way to honor those who, in a certain way, contributed to the progress of science. However, sometimes those honors do not correspond to the real contributors, thus receiving a nondeserved acknowledgment. Another problem with eponymic references is the lack of information about the matter in hand, because eponyms do not provide any clear information leading to the identification of the situation under study, as they are not reasonably descriptive. The aim of this article is to encourage the use of descriptive terms instead of eponyms and to establish a system of scientific nomenclature to consolidate the use of the language as a means of conveying scientific information among experts.

Communication↗

PubMed2001

A tale of three blind men on the proper subject matter of clinical science and practice: commentary on Plaud's behaviorism vs. Ilardi and Feldman's cognitive neuroscience.

Plaud (J Clin Psychol 57, 1089-1102, 1109-1111, 1119-1120) and Ilardi and Feldman (J Clin Psychol 57, 1067-1088, 1103-1107, 1113-1117, 1121-1124) argue for two very different approaches to clinical science and practice (i.e., behavior analysis and cognitive neuroscience, respectively). We comment on the assets and liabilities of both perspectives as presented and attempt to achieve some semblance of balance between the three protagonists embroiled in this current debate. The vision of clinical science we articulate is more ecumenical and evolutionary, rather than paradigmatic and revolutionary. As we see it, the problem clinical psychology faces is much larger than the authors let on; namely, how best to make clinical science meaningful and relevant to practitioners, consumers, the general public, and the behavioral health-care community. Clinical psychology's immediate internal problem is not pluralism with regard to subject matter, worldview, methodology, or school of thought, but pluralism in clinical psychologists' adherence to a scientific epistemology as the only legitimate form of clinical psychology. On this latter point, we still have a very long way to go.

Behaviorism↗

PubMed2001

The cognitive neuroscience paradigm: a unifying metatheoretical framework for the science and practice of clinical psychology.

The emerging discipline of cognitive neuroscience (CN) enjoins the efforts of cognitive psychologists, neuroscientists, computer scientists, clinical neurologists, neurophilosophers, and many others working collaboratively across traditional disciplinary boundaries to elucidate the manner in which the physical operations of the brain give rise to the vast panoply of human mental and behavioral events. The present article describes the foundational tenets of the CN metatheoretical framework and contends that the CN framework is capable of providing a coherent, unifying scientific paradigm for the discipline of clinical psychology. Clinical psychology's adoption of the CN paradigm would facilitate (a) its consilient linkage with the natural sciences, (b) resolution of long-standing internecine theoretical schisms, and (c) enhanced understanding and treatment of numerous forms of psychopathology. Nevertheless, psychology's historically influential radical behavioral (RB) perspective is not easily reconciled with the CN paradigm. However, unlike CN, RB (a) is not fully consilient with the natural sciences, (b) fails to articulate the proximal causal mechanisms that mediate environment-behavior relations, and (c) engages in "greedy reductionism" in its disavowal of informational levels of complexity in the patterning of neural activity. The article concludes with a discussion of the possibility of theoretical rapprochement between CN and RB.

Behaviorism↗

PubMed2005

Neuroscience and accelerator mass spectrometry.

Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) is a mass spectrometric method for quantifying rare isotopes. It has had a great impact in geochronology and archaeology and is now being applied in biomedicine. AMS measures radioisotopes such as 3H, 14C, 26Al, 36Cl and 41Ca, with zepto- or attomole sensitivity and high precision and throughput, allowing safe human pharmacokinetic studies involving microgram doses, agents having low bioavailability or toxicology studies where administered doses must be kept low (<1 microg kg(-1)). It is used to study long-term pharmacokinetics, to identify biomolecular interactions, to determine chronic and low-dose effects or molecular targets of neurotoxic substances, to quantify transport across the blood-brain barrier and to resolve molecular turnover rates in the human brain on the time-scale of decades. We review here how AMS is applied in neurotoxicology and neuroscience.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2003

A systems neuroscience approach to autism: biological, cognitive, and clinical perspectives.

Autism is a behaviorally defined disorder characterized by a broad constellation of symptoms. Numerous studies directed to the biological substrate demonstrate clear effects of neurodevelopmental differences that will likely point to the etiology, course, and long-term outcomes of the disorder. Consistently replicated research on the neural underpinnings of autism is reviewed. In general, results suggest several main conclusions: First, autism is a heterogeneous disorder and is likely to have multiple possible etiologies; second, structural brain studies have indicated a variety of diffuse anatomical differences, reflective of an early developmental change in the growth or pruning of neural tissue, rather than localized lesions; similarly, neurochemical studies suggest early, neuromodulatory discrepancies rather than gross or localized abnormalities; and finally, there are a number of limitations on studies of brain activity that to date preclude definitive answers to questions of how the brain functions differently in autism. The large number of active research programs investigating the cognitive neuroscience of autism spectrum disorders, in combination with the exciting development of new methodologies and tools in this area, indicates the drama and excitement of work in this area.

Autistic Disorder↗

PubMed1997

Neuroscience and appetitive behavior research: 25 years.

Neuroscience techniques have made major contributions to the understanding of appetitive behavior. Highlights in six areas are summarized to illustrate progress during the 25 years of the Columbia Appetitive Behavior Seminar: (1) discovery of angiotensin and aldosterone in the control of thirst and salt appetite; (2) electrophysiological decoding of chemoreceptive information in the brain; (3) a new foundation in the hypothalamus built on peptides, such as neuropeptide Y and galanin, interacting with monoamines and steroids in the control of appetite for macronutrients; (4) discovery of numerous peptides that mediate and integrate satiety, such as cholecystokinin, insulin, leptin and enterostatin, and other systems that suppress eating during illness; (5) better understanding of appetite suppressant drugs, and (6) exploration of a circuit that translates hypothalamic signals into behavioral action through connections to brainstem reflex arcs and forebrain instrumental response systems.

Appetite↗

PubMed1996

Contributions of inhibitory mechanisms to unified theory in neuroscience and psychology.

Findings from many areas of psychology and neuroscience indicate that inhibitory mechanisms may contribute to relationships between numerous causal variables and an equally diverse set of outcome variables. Outcome variables that implicate inhibition include measures from physiology, perception, attention, action, learning and episodic memory, semantic memory, emotion, and psychopathology. Inhibition-related causal variables include childhood development and aging, hypoxia and other brain insults, and socialization. If confirmed by further research, a theoretical framework with inhibition as one of its core mediating constructs has several strengths, including unified explanations for diverse relationships, mechanistic models for phenomena, insight into the principles that underlie observed relationships, and mechanistic translations of existing abstract, theoretical constructs.

Affect↗