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PubMed2001

Pharmacogenetics research network and knowledge base: 1st annual scientific meeting.

The National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health recently established a collaborative group of scientists, called the Pharmacogenetics Research Network. Central to the network is a shared, state-of-the-art data repository, the Pharmacogenetics Knowledge Base (PharmGKB), which is housed at Stanford University. Network investigators deposit pharmacogenetic data into PharmGKB, after all individually identifying information has been removed. Contents of PharmGKB will be freely accessible to the scientific community, with the goal of forging new links between gene variation and drug response. An open scientific meeting was held recently to introduce the research community to the network and to invite academic and industry-based researchers to deposit data into PharmGKB. Featured at the meeting were summaries of research progress to date, as well as discussions of issues intimately related to pharmacogenetics research, namely ethics and relations with the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Topological properties of citation and metabolic networks.

Topological properties of "scale-free" networks are investigated by determining their spectral dimensions d(S), which reflect a diffusion process in the corresponding graphs. Data bases for citation networks and metabolic networks together with simulation results from the growing network model [A.-L. Barabasi and R. Albert, Science 286, 509 (1999)] are probed. For completeness and comparisons lattice, random and small-world models are also investigated. We find that d(S) is around 3 for citation and metabolic networks, which is significantly different from the growing network model, for which d(S) is approximately 7.5. This signals a substantial difference in network topology despite the observed similarities in vertex-order distributions. In addition, the diffusion analysis indicates that the citation networks are treelike in structure, whereas the metabolic networks contain many loops.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Path finding strategies in scale-free networks.

We numerically investigate the scale-free network model of Barabási and Albert [A. L. Barabási and R. Albert, Science 286, 509 (1999)] through the use of various path finding strategies. In real networks, global network information is not accessible to each vertex, and the actual path connecting two vertices can sometimes be much longer than the shortest one. A generalized diameter depending on the actual path finding strategy is introduced, and a simple strategy, which utilizes only local information on the connectivity, is suggested and shown to yield small-world behavior: the diameter D of the network increases logarithmically with the network size N, the same as is found with global strategy. If paths are sought at random, D is equivalent to N(0.5) is found.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Transdisciplinary studies of surgical oncology trial accrual: A National Institutes of Health/National Cancer Institute Roadmap-affiliated project update.

BACKGROUND: A key objective of the National Institutes of Health Roadmap Initiative during the past 2 years has been to address scientific problems and issues through innovative research collaborations that cut across disciplines, traditions, and agendas. METHODS: Recognizing an opportunity to focus on the growing problem of low accrual to cancer surgical trials, the authors organized a multidisciplinary network of 21 clinical researchers and social/behavioral scientists to meet, review the issues, and organize working groups to study the problem. The authors, as representatives of the Karmanos Cancer Institute (Detroit, MI) and the American College of Surgeons Oncology Group, were awarded a Roadmap-affiliated grant from the National Cancer Institute under the "Meetings and Networks for Methodological Development in Interdisciplinary Research" funding mechanism. RESULTS: The overarching objective that guided the methodological developments of this network was to apply state-of-the-science methodologies and analytical strategies to examine the biobehavioral and interpersonal factors that facilitate or impede patients' treatment decision-making. CONCLUSIONS: In this brief report, the authors describe the objectives of their multidisciplinary network and their progress to date.

Advisory Committees↗
PubMed1989

[The cortical column, a new processing unit for cortex-like networks].

We propose in this paper a new connectionnist model which is the result of a collaboration between computer science and neurobiology researchers. This model is based upon a cortical-like network close to cortical function simulation. We present its functional and architectural characteristics together with the very encouraging results obtained for the first simulations on the visual and auditory cortical functions in speech and character recognition.

Auditory Cortex↗
PubMed1996

Distance education through the Internet: the GNA-VSNS biocomputing course.

A prototype course on biocomputing was delivered via international computer networks in early summer 1995. The course lasted 11 weeks, and was offered free of charge. It was organized by the BioComputing Division of the Virtual School of Natural Sciences, which is a member school of the Globewide Network Academy. It brought together 34 students and 7 instructors from all over the world, and covered the basics of sequence analysis. Five authors from Germany and USA prepared a hypertext book which was discussed in weekly study sessions that took place in a virtual classroom at the BioMOO electronic conferencing system. The course aimed at students with backgrounds in molecular biology, biomedicine or computer science, complementing and extending their skills with an interdisciplinary curriculum. Special emphasis was placed on the use of Internet resources, and the development of new teaching tools. The hypertext book includes direct links to sequence analysis and databank search services on the Internet. A tool for the interactive visualization of unit-cost pairwise sequence alignment was developed for the course. All course material will stay accessible at the World Wide Web address (Uniform Resource Locator) http://+www.techfak.uni-bielefeld.de/bcd/welcome .html. This paper describes the aims and organization of the course, and gives a preliminary account of this novel experience in distance education.

Computational Biology↗
PubMed1997

Design considerations in migrating an obstetrics clinical record to the Web.

Recently the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) embarked on an effort to promote the development of nationally networked obstetrical records. The Laboratory of Computer Science (LCS) is collaborating with them to help achieve this goal through the development of a web-based prototype of an electronic medical record (EMR) which would allow the entry and display of typical clinical information for the obstetric patient. The process of porting a stand alone application to the web environment necessitated the development of a robust software scheme that could exploit the strengths of Web-based technologies and avoid some of the drawbacks inherent in a stateless environment.

Computer Communication Networks↗
PubMed2002

Description and analysis of metabolic connectivity and dynamics in the human red blood cell.

The human red blood cell (hRBC) metabolic network is relatively simple compared with other whole cell metabolic networks, yet too complicated to study without the aid of a computer model. Systems science techniques can be used to uncover the key dynamic features of hRBC metabolism. Herein, we have studied a full dynamic hRBC metabolic model and developed several approaches to identify metabolic pools of metabolites. In particular, we have used phase planes, temporal decomposition, and statistical analysis to show hRBC metabolism is characterized by the formation of pseudoequilibrium concentration states. Such equilibria identify metabolic "pools" or aggregates of concentration variables. We proceed to define physiologically meaningful pools, characterize them within the hRBC, and compare them with those derived from systems engineering techniques. In conclusion, systems science methods can decipher detailed information about individual enzymes and metabolites within metabolic networks and provide further understanding of complex biological networks.

Biophysical Phenomena↗
PubMed2006

Bringing basic research on early experience and stress neurobiology to bear on preventive interventions for neglected and maltreated children.

A major focus in developmental psychopathology is on understanding developmental mechanisms and, armed with this information, intervening to improve children's outcomes. Translational research attempts to bridge the distance between understanding and intervention. In the collaborations that have formed the core of our research network on early experience, stress, and prevention science, we have focused on translating basic research on early experiences and stress neurobiology into preventive interventions for neglected and abused children. Our experiences in attempting to move from bench to bedside have led us to recognize the many challenges that face translational researchers. This review provides a brief synopsis of the animal model literature on early experience and stress neurobiology from which we glean several key bridging issues. We then review what is currently known about the impact of childhood neglect and abuse on stress neurobiology in human adults and children. Next, we describe how this work has informed the evaluation of our preventive interventions with maltreated children. Finally, we discuss several considerations that should facilitate a more complete integration of basic research on early experience and stress neurobiology into preventive intervention strategies.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed2005

The saltation illusion demonstrates integrative processing of spatiotemporal information in thermoceptive and nociceptive networks.

In sensory saltation, first reported by Geldard and Sherrick (Science 178:178-179, 1972), a stimulus is displaced towards a second one following closely in time and space as a function of the delay between the stimuli. The distance between stimulus locations is restricted by the extension of sensory fields in the primary somatosensory cortex. Saltation is assumed to reflect dynamic changes in these cortical representations. The present study demonstrates for the first time saltation in thermoceptive and nociceptive pathways with CO(2) laser stimulation. Stimuli were presented to the dorsal forearms of 18 healthy subjects at two intensities. Saltation patterns consisted of a reference stimulus S0 near the wrist, the first test stimulus S1 at the reference location after a fixed onset delay of 1,000 ms, and a second test stimulus S2 at a location 105 mm distant from reference after a variable onset delay of 60-516 ms. Perceived positions were indicated by the subjects without skin contact with a 3D tracker. As expected, subjects mislocalized S1 towards S2. Mean S1 displacement was 51+/-36 mm. Decreasing delays between S1 and S2 resulted in increasing displacements, independent of intensity. However, since no clear-cut discrimination of thermal versus nociceptive activation could be achieved definite conclusions about differences between the two modalities cannot be drawn. In addition, effects of body site on the saltation characteristics were observed. The saltation paradigm constitutes a promising approach to the functional analysis of spatiotemporal dynamics in thermoceptive and nociceptive networks to supplement brain-mapping approaches to cortical sensory fields.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Automated recognition of corrupted arterial waveforms using neural network techniques.

A data acquisition system that automatically discards corrupted or undesirable signals would save untold hours of drudgery for researchers. Continuous recording of variables to provide detailed behavior patterns generates huge amounts of raw data. Unfortunately waveforms usually require visual inspection for isolating desired behavior or validating signal integrity. This tedious and time-consuming step can potentially be eliminated using a novel computer science technique. We have trained a simulated neural network to recognize corrupted arterial pressure waveforms. Our system can now evaluate the validity of the arterial waveform without human intervention with an average false positive error rate of 2.2% and an average false negative error rate of 12.6%.

Artifacts↗
PubMed2005

Mother-child health research (IRN-MCH): achievements and prospects of an international network.

The Inter-Academy Panel (IAP) is critical about the scarce support to mother-child health (MCH) research in developing countries. At the request of the IAP, a group of members of the French and Swedish Academies of Science have arrived at the conclusion that an efficient network between scientists in resource-poor and industrialized countries will facilitate MCH research in developing countries. The priorities for such a network have been listed as follows: The present organization for the MCH website at the Pasteur Institute in Paris should be adapted to better promote collaboration between scientists from industrialized and developing countries. To provide short-term courses for young scientists from developing countries in the design of research protocols, and in the writing of scientific reports and manuscripts. To organize workshops on various topics of relevance for MCH in developing countries in order to create new research networks for scientific collaboration between industrialized and resource-poor countries. To establish collaboration between non-governmental organizations (NGOs) that support MCH research in developing countries. Topics for such collaborative studies and the way in which they may be performed are summarized.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Secure and protected network connection between medical and external networks.

Internal and world-wide communication, access to medical databases, and information services are essential demands in the science of medicine not only for research, but also for improving patient care. A network connection between the medical network of the Erlangen University Hospital and other international networks was examined as a concept within the scope of a Erlangen Hospital Communication System (EKKS) project and tested with an actual installation.

Computer Communication Networks↗
PubMed1989

[Research fronts in medicine].

Citation mapping of communicating structures of science and derived indices of the most active research fronts make it possible to adopt and create factographic bases for operative management and prognosis of fundamental medical research. Information data bases and printed registers for systematic use of these materials can be processed according to published analyses of priority trends of science, using methods of aggregated quotations or using networks of descriptors. The referred investigations pertain to the problem of allergy, AIDS, biomedical engineering, hyperthermia, hypnosis, risk pregnancy, epidemiology, modelling, bacterial bioluminescence, prostaglandins, aberrant genes, theory of immune systems, monoclonal antibodies, cholesterol metabolism, immunogenetics and neurobiology, incl. association to the work of Nobel prize winners. The science atlases for biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology and molecular genetics, and in new series for pharmacology, biochemistry, immunology, clinical and neurological and psychological disciplines provides a new type of standardized prognostic surveys with identification of the foremost world science fronts.

Information Systems↗
PubMed1986

Tufts academic health information network: concept and scenario.

Tufts University School of Medicine's new health sciences education building, the Arthur M. Sackler Center for Health Communications, will house a modern medical library and computer center, classrooms, auditoria, and media facilities. The building will also serve as the center for an information and communication network linking the medical school and adjacent New England Medical Center, Tufts' primary teaching hospital, with Tufts Associated Teaching Hospitals throughout New England. Ultimately, the Tufts network will join other gateway networks, information resource facilities, health care institutions, and medical schools throughout the world. The center and the network are intended to facilitate and improve the education of health professionals, the delivery of health care to patients, the conduct of research, and the implementation of administrative management approaches that should provide more efficient utilization of resources and save dollars. A model and scenario show how health care delivery and health care education are integrated through better use of information transfer technologies by health information specialists, practitioners, and educators.

Academic Medical Centers↗
PubMed1999

The Sociobehavioural Cancer Research Network: background and progress report.

The Sociobehavioural Cancer Research Network (SCRN) was established in 1994 by the National Cancer Institute of Canada (NCIC) with funding from the Canadian Cancer Society (CCS). The network was created to facilitate the development of behavioural science studies that would contribute to a fuller understanding of the cancer experience, from prevention through detection, treatment and post treatment (including palliative care). This article describes the nature of network research, the development and organization of the Sociobehavioural Cancer Research Network and the challenges it faces.

Adolescent↗