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At least 271 records · Page 15Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

The VD1/RPD2 neuronal system in the central nervous system of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis studied by in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry.

VD1 and RPD2 are two giant neuropeptidergic neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. We wished to determine whether other central neurons in the CNS of L. stagnalis express the VD1/RPD2 gene. To this end, in situ hybridization with the cDNA probe of the VD1/RPD2 gene and immunocytochemistry with antisera specific to VD1 and RPD2 (the alpha 1-antiserum, Mab4H5 and ALMA 6) and to R15 (the alpha 1 and 16-mer antisera) were performed on alternate tissue sections. A VD1/RPD2 neuronal system comprising three classes of neurons (A1-A3) was found. All neurons of the system express the gene. Division into classes is based on immunocytochemical characteristics. Class A1 neurons (VD1 and RPD2) immunoreact with the alpha 1-antiserum, Mab4H5 and ALMA 6. Class A2 neurons (1-5 small and 1-5 medium sized neurons in the visceral and right parietal ganglion, and two clusters of small neurons and 5 medium-sized neurons in the cerebral ganglia) immunoreact with the alpha 1-antiserum and Mab4H5, but not with ALMA 6. Class A3 neurons (3-4 medium-sized neurons and a cluster of 4-5 small neurons located in the pedal ganglion) immunoreact with the alpha 1-antiserum only. All neurons of the system are immunonegative to the R15 antisera. The observations suggest that the neurons of the VD1/RPD2 system produce different sets of neuropeptides. A group of approximately 15 neurons (class B), scattered in the ganglia, immunostained with one or more of the antisera, but did not react with the cDNA probe in in situ hybridization.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
PubMed2000

Hypofractionated moderate dose radiation, intrathecal chemotherapy, and repetitive reinduction/reconsolidation systemic therapy for central nervous system relapse of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children.

BACKGROUND: We assessed efficacy and morbidity of chemotherapy and 1, 800 cGy of hypofractionated craniospinal irradiation (CSI) in children with central nervous system (CNS) relapse following first remisssion of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). PROCEDURE: Nineteen patients with isolated CNS relapse and 4 with combined CNS/marrow or CNS/testicular relapse received treatment according to Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) protocols CHP-449 and CHP-497. CNS treatment included intrathecal methotrexate, cytarabine, and hydrocortisone and 1,800 cGy CSI in 16 fractions over 12 months. Systemic therapy consisted of reinductions with vincristine, prednisone, and daunorubicin and reconsolidations with cytarabine, etoposide, and L-asparaginase every 56 days for 2 years. Outcome measures were event-free survival (EFS), survival, growth, and neuropsychologic assessment or school performance. RESULTS: Follow-up of survivors from first relapse ranges from 52 to 133 months(median 91 months). Actuarial survival and EFSat 10 years are 58% (CI95 = 38-78%) and 54% (CI95 = 32-76%). Events include 2 second CNS, 4 marrow, 1 testicular, and 2 testicular/marrow relapses and 1 secondary leukemia. EFS is 100% (CI95 = 93-100%) in 9 patients with recurrence more than 26 months from diagnosis. Three patients have significant treatment-related reduction in stature. Median full-scale IQs of 6 patients tested were 112 pretreatment and 111 posttreatment among surviving patients. All 17 survivors attend regular school, but 2 receive supplementary special services. CONCLUSIONS: Lower dose, hypofractionated CSI, intrathecal chemotherapy, and moderately intensive systemic chemotherapy provide excellent disease control for patients with late isolated CNS or combined marrow and CNS relapse. Children with brief first remissions remain at substantial risk of subsequent relapse with this therapy, especially in the marrow and testes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Multiple mechanisms of fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the enteric nervous system.

The enteric nervous system (ENS) can control gastrointestinal function independent of direct connections with the central nervous system. Enteric nerves perform this important function using multiple mechanisms of excitatory neurotransmission in enteric ganglia. Fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the autonomic nervous system (ANS) is largely mediated by acetylcholine (ACh) acting at nicotinic cholinergic receptors but in the ENS there are noncholinergic fast excitatory neurotransmitters. There are two broad types of neurons in the ENS: S neurons and AH neurons. S neurons are interneurons and motoneurons while AH neurons are sensory neurons. Three subsets of S neurons in the myenteric plexus can be distinguished on the basis of the neurotransmitters producing fast excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs) in each subset. In one subset, fEPSPs are mediated solely by ACh acting at nicotinic cholinergic receptors. In a second subset of S neurons, ATP acting at P2X purine receptors and ACh contribute to the fEPSP while in a third subset, fEPSPs are mediated by 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) acting at 5-HT(3) receptors and ACh. Some AH neurons also receive fast excitatory synaptic input. The fEPSPs recorded from AH neurons are mediated ACh and also by glutamate acting at alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate (AMPA) receptors. Multiple mechanisms of fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the ENS are likely to contribute to its capacity to regulate complex gastrointestinal functions.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Mechanisms of excitatory synaptic transmission in the enteric nervous system.

The enteric nervous system can control gastrointestinal function independent of direct connections with the central nervous system. Enteric nerves can perform this task as there are multiple mechanisms of excitatory neurotransmission in enteric ganglia. There are two broad types of excitatory synaptic transmission, fast and slow excitatory synaptic responses. Fast excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs) are recorded from "S" type neurons and some AH type neurons. S neurons are interneurons and motorneurons while AH neurons are intrinsic sensory neurons. Slow excitatory postsynaptic potentials (sEPSPs) can be recorded from some S neurons and also from AH type neurons. The fEPSPs recorded from S neurons and mediated largely by acetylcholine acting at nicotinic cholinergic receptors (nAChRs). However, ATP acting at P2X purine receptors contributes to the fEPSP in many S neurons. The fEPSPs recorded from AH neurons are also mediated largely by nAChRs but glutamate acting at AMPA receptors contributes to fEPSPs in some AH neurons. The sEPSPs in AH neurons are mediated by one or more neuropeptides and 5-hydroxytryptamine. The sEPSPs in AH neurons are due to inhibition of two types of resting potassium channels and activation of a chloride channel or a nonspecific cation channel. The multiple mechanisms of excitatory synaptic transmission in the enteric nervous system contribute to its capacity to regulate complex gastrointestinal functions.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Pharmacological studies on the interrelation between the dopaminergic, GABAergic and opioid peptidergic systems in the central nervous system of the rat.

To elucidate the functional connections between dopaminergic, GABAergic and opioid peptidergic systems in rats, electrophysiological, behavioral, neurochemical and histological investigations have been undertaken, focusing on the changes in drug sensitivity in the central nervous system (CNS). Changes in sensitivity in the CNS can be induced by denervation, chronic administration of antagonists or agonists, and by the inhibition of the axoplasmic transport system. It is conceivable that the changes in sensitivity of the CNS to transmitters may be related to the etiology of mental illnesses such as schizophrenia and mania and may be related to the symptoms of Parkinson's disease. Investigation of changes in sensitivity of the CNS to transmitters or drugs may provide the key for elucidating the biological nature of mental illness.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Functional anatomy of the autonomic nervous system.

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) via its sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions influences the function of nearly all organ systems. Via autonomic reflexes, the ANS is responsible for maintaining homeostasis of the internal environment. This is achieved by a rather complex integration of autonomic sensory information, somatic sensory information, and descending influences from higher central nervous system centers.

Autonomic Nervous System↗
PubMed2000

Incidence and risk factors of central nervous system relapse in histologically aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma uniformly treated and receiving intrathecal central nervous system prophylaxis: a GELA study on 974 patients. Groupe d'Etudes des Lymphomes de l'Adulte.

BACKGROUND: Incidence of central nervous system (CNS) recurrence in patients with aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma who did not receive meningeal prophylaxis is about 5%. Controversy remains regarding risk factors associated with such an event preventing a rational approach of prophylactic strategies. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We analyzed a cohort of 974 patients with aggressive lymphoma in complete remission (CR). All the patients received a CNS prophylaxis consisting of intrathecal injections and intravenous high-dose methotrexate. The risk repartition on the basis of the international prognostic index (IPI) of these 974 CR-patients was low (L): 41%, low-intermediate (LI): 27%, high-intermediate (HI): 19%, high (H): 13%. RESULTS: The incidence of isolated CNS relapse was 1.6%. In a first multivariate logistic regression analysis an increased LDH (P = 0.05, RR = 5) and the presence of more than one extranodal site (P = 0.05, RR = 3) were identified as independent risk factors for isolated CNS relapse. Another multivariate analysis incorporating IPI as a unique parameter showed that only IPI remained significantly associated with a higher risk of CNS relapse (L-LI: 0.6% vs. HI H: 4.1%, P = 0.002; RR = 7). CONCLUSION: Prophylaxis notably reduces the risk of CNS recurrence in the higher risk patients. By contrast, we propose the deletion of prophylactic intrathecal injections in the lower risk patients.

Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Systemic paracoccidioidomycosis with central nervous system involvement].

A clinical case of a patient bearing systemic paracoccidioidomycosis with regional ganglionic and oral exposure and later pulmonary involvement is presented. The patient was treated with specific drugs (amphotericin B, itraconazole, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim) and followed throughout a 6-year period and eventually died showing an extensive involvement of the central nervous system.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Molecular ontogeny of major neurotransmitter receptor systems in the mammalian central nervous system: norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, acetylcholine, and glycine.

Neurotransmitter receptors are critical elements in intercellular signaling within the central nervous system and are divided into two major types based on their molecular structure and biophysical properties. The first are ionotropic receptors--ligand-gated ion channels that directly affect the membrane potential via passage of permeant ions (such as sodium and calcium) and mediate fast synaptic transmission. The second type are slower metabotropic receptors that are also ligand gated but depend on an interaction with guanine nucleotide-binding proteins and mediate signal transduction by activating second-messenger systems within the cell. In the past two decades, a wealth of information has emerged regarding the molecular biology and pharmacology of classic neurotransmitter receptors (including adrenergic, dopaminergic, serotonergic, cholinergic, glycine, gamma-aminobutyric acid [GABA(A)], and glutamate receptors). Further, the distribution of subunits comprising these receptors has been extensively studied. This review focuses on the molecular ontogeny of several of the major neurotransmitter receptor systems in the mammalian central nervous system, highlighting the role that some of these may play during brain development and in certain pathologic states.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Immunohistochemical demonstration of serotonin neuron system in the central nervous system of the Japanese dogfish, Scyliorhinus torazame (Chondrichthyes).

The distribution of serotonin immunoreactivity in the brain of the Japanese dogfish (Scyliorhinus torazame) was studied with the peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunohistochemical method with serotonin antiserum. The somata of the serotonin neurons were located in the raphe regions of the brain stem and the spinal cord. A small number of serotonergic neurons were also distributed as cerebrospinal-fluid contacting neurons in the organum vasculosum hypothalami (OVH) and the paraventricular organ (PVO). These neurons were classified into nine groups (S1-S9): spinal cord (S1), rhombencephalon (S2-S6), mesencephalon (S7), and prosencephalon (OVH, S8 and PVO, S9). Processes of the serotonin neurons were widely distributed in the central nervous system, forming dense networks in various regions. The highest concentrations of these fibers were in the dorsal area of the vagal lobe, the nucleus isthmi, the tuberculum posterium, the distal part of the PVO, and the dorsal regions of the olfactory tubercle.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Central nervous system Lyme disease.

Nervous system infection with Borrelia burgdorferi frequently causes meningitis and rarely causes encephalomyelitis. Altered cognitive function also can occur in the absence of central nervous system infection. Recently developed serodiagnostic tools, such as the C6 assay, and appropriate use of Western blotting promise to improve diagnostic accuracy. Treatment trials have demonstrated the efficacy of relatively brief courses of oral antimicrobial agents, even in peripheral nervous system infection and meningitis. Several well-performed studies have clearly shown that prolonged antimicrobial treatment of "post-Lyme disease" is ineffective. Diagnosis and treatment of Lyme disease continue to improve.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗