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PubMed2024

CRISPR/Cas9-driven double modification of grapevine MLO6-7 imparts powdery mildew resistance, while editing of NPR3 augments powdery and downy mildew tolerance.

The implementation of genome editing strategies in grapevine is the easiest way to improve sustainability and resilience while preserving the original genotype. Among others, the Mildew Locus-O (MLO) genes have already been reported as good candidates to develop powdery mildew-immune plants. A never-explored grapevine target is NPR3, a negative regulator of the systemic acquired resistance. We report the exploitation of a cisgenic approach with the Cre-lox recombinase technology to generate grapevine-edited plants with the potential to be transgene-free while preserving their original genetic background. The characterization of three edited lines for each target demonstrated immunity development against Erysiphe necator in MLO6-7-edited plants. Concomitantly, a significant improvement of resilience, associated with increased leaf thickness and specific biochemical responses, was observed in defective NPR3 lines against E. necator and Plasmopara viticola. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that both MLO6-7 and NPR3 defective lines modulated their gene expression profiles, pointing to distinct though partially overlapping responses. Furthermore, targeted metabolite analysis highlighted an overaccumulation of stilbenes coupled with an improved oxidative scavenging potential in both editing targets, likely protecting the MLO6-7 mutants from detrimental pleiotropic effects. Finally, the Cre-loxP approach allowed the recovery of one MLO6-7 edited plant with the complete removal of transgene. Taken together, our achievements provide a comprehensive understanding of the molecular and biochemical adjustments occurring in double MLO-defective grape plants. In parallel, the potential of NPR3 mutants for multiple purposes has been demonstrated, raising new questions on its wide role in orchestrating biotic stress responses.

Vitis↗
PubMed2003

Quantitative trait locus analysis of fungal disease resistance factors on a molecular map of grapevine.

A full-sibling F1 population comprising 153 individuals from the cross of 'Regent' x 'Lemberger' was employed to construct a genetic map based on 429 molecular markers. The newly-bred red grapevine variety 'Regent' has multiple field-resistance to fungal diseases inherited as polygenic traits, while 'Lemberger' is a traditional fungus-susceptible cultivar. The progeny segregate quantitatively for resistances to Plasmopara viticola and Uncinula necator, fungal pathogens that threaten viticulture in temperate areas. A double pseudo-testcross strategy was employed to construct the two parental maps under high statistical stringency for linkage to obtain a robust marker frame for subsequent quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis. In total, 185 amplified fragment length polymorphism, 137 random amplified polymorphic DNA, 85 single sequence repeat and 22 sequence characterized amplified region or cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence markers were mapped. The maps were aligned by co-dominant or doubly heterozygous dominant anchor markers. Twelve pairs of homologous linkage groups could be integrated into consensus linkage groups. Resistance phenotypes and segregating characteristics were scored as quantitative traits in three or four growing seasons. Interval mapping reproducibly localized genetic factors that correlated with fungal disease resistances to specific regions on three linkage groups of the maternal 'Regent' map. A QTL for resistance to Uncinula necator was identified on linkage group 16, and QTLs for endurance to Plasmopara viticola on linkage groups 9 and 10 of 'Regent'. Additional QTLs for the onset of berry ripening ("veraison"), berry size and axillary shoot growth were identified. Berry color segregated as a simple trait in this cross of two red varieties and was mapped as a morphological marker. Six markers derived from functional genes could be localized. This dissection of polygenic fungus disease resistance in grapevine allows the development of marker-assisted selection for breeding, the characterization of genetic resources and the isolation of the corresponding genes.

Chromosome Mapping↗
PubMed2006

cDNA clone, fusion expression and purification of the novel gene related to ascorbate peroxidase from Chinese wild Vitis pseudoreticulata in E. coli.

Powdery mildew, caused by Uncinula necator Burr, is one of the most seriously damaging diseases of grapevine all over the world. To gain the novel gene and investigate the resistance mechanism in Chinese Wild Vitis pseudoreticulata clone Baihe-35-1, mRNA differential display was employed to study the differential expression of the resistant gene to the disease of it when inoculated by Uncinula necator under natural field conditions, 5' RACE and 3' RACE have been used to clone the whole cDNA sequences of VpAPX, the novel gene related to Ascorbate Peroxidase which involved in resistant to the disease, is composed of specific sequence 1077 bp and has an open reading frame of 750 bp coding for 250 amino acid residues with a molecular weight of 27.566 kDa. The VpAPX gene was obtained by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with the special primers synthesized according to the sequences of cDNA, and further cloned it into the pGEM-T easy vector. The cloned VpAPX gene was cut out again with two restriction enzymes and was inserted into the prokaryotic expression vector pGEX-4T-1, then transferred into E. coli BL21. As result, GST-VpAPX fusion protein was successfully expressed by induction of IPTG and purified by GST affinity resin. After injecting rabbit, the polyclonal antibodies were produced. Western blot analyses showed that the antibody reacted specifically to GST-VpAPX fusion protein and the titer for this antibody is 10(5). This research made the foundation to transform the VpAPX gene into grape plants for follow research in processing.

Ascorbate Peroxidases↗
PubMed2006

Evaluation of transgenic 'Chardonnay' (Vitis vinifera) containing magainin genes for resistance to crown gall and powdery mildew.

Magainins, short peptides with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity in vitro, were assayed for their ability to confer resistance to pathogens in transgenic grapevines. Embryogenic cell suspensions of 'Chardonnay' (Vitis vinifera L.) were co-transformed by microprojectile bombardment with a plasmid carrying the npt-II gene and a second plasmid harboring either a natural magainin-2 (mag2) or a synthetic derivative (MSI99) gene. Magainin genes and the marker gene were driven by Arabidopsis ubiquitin-3 and ubiquitin-11 promoters, respectively. A total of 10 mag2 and 9 MSI99 regenerated lines were studied by Southern blot hybridization, which showed 1-6 transgene integration events into the plant genome. Semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) revealed a variable range in transcription levels among mag2 and MSI99 lines. A positive correlation between number of integration events and transcription level was observed (p<0.05). Plants were acclimated and challenged in the greenhouse with either Agrobacterium vitis strains (bacterial crown gall pathogen) at 10(8) cfu/ml or Uncinula necator (fungal powdery mildew pathogen) at 10(5) conidia/ml for evaluation of disease resistance. A total of 6 mag2 and 5 MSI99 lines expressing the antimicrobial genes exhibited significant reductions of crown gall symptoms as compared to non-transformed controls. However, only two mag2 lines showed measurable symptom reductions in response to U. necator, but not strong resistance. Our results suggest that the expression of magainin-type genes in grapevines may be more effective against bacteria than fungi. Additional strategies to enhance transgene expression and the spectrum of resistance to grape diseases are suggested.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1978

Studies on the intestinal parasites in African patients in Owamboland, South West Africa.

The paper gives the results of a survey of intestinal parasites among 501 in-patients drawn from four mission hospitals in Owambo and Kavango in northern South West Africa. Most of the patients (90%) were examined twice by the formol-ether concentration method, while the remaining 10% had one stool specimen examined. 10 species of helminths and 3 species of potentially-pathogenic protozoa were recorded--Necator americanus, Strongyloides stercoralis, Strongyloides fuelleborni, Hymenolepis nana, Taenia saginata, Trichuris trichura, Enterobius vermicularis, Fasciola gigantica, Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium, and Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia and Balantidium coli. The loads of Necator americanus were recorded in a few cases. The results are compared with those of some other Central and Southern African countries. 96 blood smears were examined for filaria and 46 patients were tested for bilharzia using the bilharzial skin test. Both groups gave only negative results.

Hookworm Infections↗
PubMed2006

Effects of recombinant precursor pathway variations on poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate] synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Different recombinant R-3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA (3-HB) synthesis pathways strongly influenced the rate and accumulation of the biopolymer poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate] (PHB) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It has been previously shown that expression of the Cupriavidus necator PHB synthase gene leads to PHB accumulation in S. cerevisiae [Leaf, T., Peterson, M., Stoup, S., Somers, D., Srienc, F., 1996. Saccharomyces cerevisiae expressing bacterial polyhydroxybutyrate synthase produces poly-3-hydroxybutyrate. Microbiology 142, 1169-1180]. This finding indicates that native S. cerevisiae expresses genes capable of synthesizing the correct stereochemical substrate for the synthase enzyme. The effects of variations of 3-HB precursor pathways on PHB accumulation were investigated by expressing combinations of C. necator PHB pathway genes. When only the PHB synthase gene was expressed, the cells accumulated biopolymer to approximately 0.2% of their cell dry weight. When the PHB synthase and reductase gene were co-expressed, the PHB levels increased approximately 18 fold to about 3.5% of the cell dry weight. When the beta-ketothiolase, reductase and synthase genes were all expressed, the strain accumulated PHB to approximately 9% of the cell dry weight which is 45 fold higher than in the strain with only the synthase gene. Fluorescent microscopic analysis revealed significant cell-to-cell heterogeneity in biopolymer accumulation. While the population average for the strain expressing three PHB genes was approximately 9% of the cell dry weight, some cells accumulated PHB in excess of 50% of their cell volume. Other cells accumulated no biopolymer. In addition, the recombinant strain was shown to co-produce ethanol and PHB under anaerobic conditions. These results demonstrate that the technologically important organism S. cerevisiae is capable of accumulating PHB aerobically and anaerobically at levels similar to some bacterial systems. The easily assayed PHB system also creates a convenient means of probing in vivo the presence of intracellular metabolites which could be useful for studying the intermediary metabolism of S. cerevisiae.

Cell Proliferation↗
PubMed1997

Epizootiology of protozoans in farmed salmonids at northern latitudes.

Protozoan ectoparasites were examined in a northern salmonid fish farm over a 10-year period, June 1984-May 1994, by the same researcher, with similar catching and sampling procedures throughout. Husbandry procedures remained constant during the study, e.g., fingerlings were kept in steel tanks and yearlings in both steel tanks and earth ponds. Ichthyobodo necator, Chilodonella hexasticha and Ichthyophthirius multifiliis infections were treated with formalin, salt and malachite green-formalin baths, respectively, whenever any parasites were found. Altogether 10,790 randomly sampled salmon (Salmo solar), sea trout (S. trutta m. trutta) and brown trout (S. trutta m. lacustris) were studied. Higher prevalences were found in yearlings than in fingerlings, except in I. necator infections, which were higher in fingerlings (e.g., 26% vs 6% in sea trout). C. hexasticha occurred less often and was found most commonly on brown trout fingerlings. Trichodina nigra occurred more often in salmon of both age groups and Riboscyphidia arctic in trout. The results show that the occurrence of protozoan parasites in a fish farm is predictable and is influenced by the fish species, the age group of the fish, the season and the tank type. Parasite burden increased up to 7 species per brown trout, e.g., when fish were studied from hatching until stocking at the age of 2 years.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2006

The ultrastructure of hypersymbionts on the monogenean Gyrodactylus salaris infecting Atlantic salmon Salmo salar.

There is increasing pressure to develop alternative control strategies against the pathogen Gyrodactylus salaris, which has devastated wild Atlantic salmon Salmo salar in Norway. Hyperparasitism is one option for biological control and electron microscopy has revealed two ectosymbionts associated with G. salaris: unidentified rod-shaped bacteria, and the protist, Ichthyobodo necator. No endosymbionts were detected. The flagellate I. necator occurred only occasionally on fish suffering costiosis, whereas bacterial infections on the tegument of G. salaris were observed throughout the year, but at variable densities. Bacteria were seldom observed attached to fish epidermis, even when individuals of G. salaris on the same host were heavily infected. Wounds on salmon epidermis caused by the feeding activity of bacteria-infected G. salaris did not appear to be infected with bacteria. On heavily infected gyrodactylids, bacteria were most abundant anteriorly on the cephalic lobes, including the sensory structures, but no damaged tissue was detected by transmission electron microscopy in the region of bacterial adherence. Furthermore, transmission and survival of infected G. salaris on wild salmon did not appear to be influenced by the bacterial infection. The lack of structural damage and impact on G. salaris biology indicates that these bacteria are not a potential agent for control of gyrodactylosis. However, this may not be the case for all gyrodactylid-bacterial interactions and a review of bacterial infections of platyhelminths is presented.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

An updated view of kinetoplastid phylogeny using environmental sequences and a closer outgroup: proposal for a new classification of the class Kinetoplastea.

Given their ecological and medical importance, the classification of the kinetoplastid protists (class Kinetoplastea) has attracted much scientific attention for a long time. Morphology-based taxonomic schemes distinguished two major kinetoplastid groups: the strictly parasitic, uniflagellate trypanosomatids and the biflagellate bodonids. Molecular phylogenetic analyses based on 18S rRNA sequence comparison suggested that the trypanosomatids emerged from within the bodonids. However, these analyses revealed a huge evolutionary distance between the kinetoplastids and their closest relatives (euglenids and diplonemids) that makes very difficult the correct inference of the phylogenetic relationships between the different kinetoplastid groups. Using direct PCR amplification of 18S rRNA genes from hydrothermal vent samples, several new kinetoplastid-like sequences have been reported recently. Three of them emerge robustly at the base of the kinetoplastids, breaking the long branch leading to the euglenids and diplonemids. One of these sequences belongs to a close relative of Ichthyobodo necator (a fish parasite) and of the 'Perkinsiella amoebae'-like endosymbiont of Neoparamoeba spp. amoebae. The authors have studied the reliability of their basal position and used all these slow-evolving basal-emerging sequences as a close outgroup to analyse the phylogeny of the apical kinetoplastids. They thus find a much more stable and resolved kinetoplastid phylogeny, which supports the monophyly of groups that very often emerged as polyphyletic in the trees rooted using the traditional, distant outgroup sequences. A new classification of the class Kinetoplastea is proposed based on the results of the phylogenetic analysis presented. This class is now subdivided into two new subclasses, Prokinetoplastina (accommodating the basal species I. necator and 'Perkinsiella amoebae') and Metakinetoplastina (containing the Trypanosomatida together with three additional new orders: Eubodonida, Parabodonida and Neobodonida). The classification of the species formerly included in the genus Bodo is also revised, with the amendment of this genus and the genus Parabodo and the creation of a new genus, Neobodo.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Protozoan Response to the Addition of Bacterial Predators and Other Bacteria to Soil.

Representatives of several categories of bacteria were added to soil to determine which of them might elicit responses from the soil protozoa. The various categories were nonobligate bacterial predators of bacteria, prey bacteria for these predators, indigenous bacteria that are normally present in high numbers in soil, and non-native bacteria that often find their way in large numbers into soil. The soil was incubated and the responses of the indigenous protozoa were determined by most-probable-number estimations of total numbers of protozoa. Although each soil was incubated with only one species of added bacteria, the protozoan response for the soil was evaluated by using most-probable-number estimations of several species of bacteria. The protozoa did not respond to incubation of the soil with either Cupriavidus necator, a potent bacterial predator, or one of its prey species, Micrococcus luteus. C. necator also had no effect on the protozoa. Therefore, in this case, bacterial and protozoan predators did not interact, except for possible competition for bacterial prey cells. The soil protozoa did not respond to the addition of Arthrobacter globiformis or Bacillus thuringiensis. Therefore, the autochthonous state of Arthrobacter species in soil and the survival of B. thuringiensis were possibly enhanced by the resistance of these species to protozoa. The addition of Bacillus mycoides and Escherichia coli cells caused specific responses by soil protozoa. The protozoa that responded to E. coli did not respond to B. mycoides or any other bacteria, and vice versa. Therefore, addition to soil of a nonsoil bacterium, such as E. coli, did not cause a general increase in numbers of protozoa or in protozoan control of the activities of other bacteria in the soil.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2026

STRONGYLID COINFECTIONS IN SYMPATRIC CHIMPANZEES AND GORILLAS FROM THE REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO REVEALED BY FECAL METAGENOMICS.

Soil-transmitted strongylid nematodes are common intestinal parasites of African great apes, yet most surveys have relied on microscopy or targeted PCR assays that are limited in taxonomic breadth and comparability across hosts. I reanalyzed 46 publicly available shotgun fecal metagenomes from sympatric central chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes; n = 18) and western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla; n = 28) in the Goualougo Triangle, Nouabal&#xe9;-Ndoki National Park, Republic of the Congo, to test whether host species structures genus-level strongylid community composition and relative read signal. Non-host reads were classified against a custom strongylid-focused database targeting 4 genera repeatedly reported from African apes: Ancylostoma, Necator, Oesophagostomum, and Trichostrongylus. All 4 focal genera were detected in every library under baseline filtering, and multi-genus detection remained robust under increasingly stringent read-count thresholds. However, host species differed strongly in community composition. Chimpanzee libraries had relatively even genus-level profiles, whereas gorilla libraries were consistently Necator-dominated. Gorillas also had substantially higher relative strongylid read abundance. The results show that shotgun metagenomic reanalysis can recover host-structured strongylid community signals from wildlife samples and can complement targeted parasitological surveys in conservation and One Health surveillance.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Anthelmintics.

This article describes the drugs used in helminthic infections and their therapeutic indications, mode of action, toxicity and other details of each of the recommended drugs, and discusses the nature and treatment of infection by helminths important in human medicine. Infestation due to the roundworms Enterobius vermicularis, Ascaris lumbricoides and the hookworms, Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus can all be treated effectively with pyrantel pamoate. For Enterobius vermicularis, however, a newer drug, mebendazole, is equally as effective. The advantage of these drugs in the indicated circumstances is that they can be administered in a single dose. Unfortunately, pyrantel pamoate is not a panacea and in the case of Necator it is not as effective as in the other roundworms. In that situation the use of tetrachlorethylene is preferable. For treatment of Strongyloides stercoralis, and important human parasite, because it can become disseminated and lead to fatal infections in immunoincompetent hosts, the only effective drug is thiabendazole. In treatment of Trichuris trichiura infection, mebendazole, administered over a period of 3 days, is the most effective available drug. For the roundworms inhabiting tissues--either as aberrant infections of man or as the normal part of their life cycle in man--therapy tends to be largely non-specific. For example, in visceral larva migrans, caused by the dog roundworm Toxocara canis, only palliative therapy with systemic anti-inflammatory agents and corticosteroids may be helpful. Cutaneous larva migrans, caused by the dog hookworms Ancylostoma brasiliensis and Ancylostoma caninum, is also treated primarily with symptomatic measures, but there is a suggestion that thiabendazole may kill the larvae and thus be effective. Trichinella spiralis may cause severe, even fatal infections in man, but only symptomatic therapy can be offered. Therapy for filarial infections is regrettably complicated and not completely effective. Diethylcarbamazine remains the best available drug, but in some of these infections local surgical excision may also be used. It is important to bear in mind that release of antigens from dying or dead worms may cause systemic inflammatory and allergic reactions that may require therapy with corticosteroids. Therapy for Cestodes is achieved most effectively with niclosamide, but the antimicrobial agent paromomycin has also been effective. For the aberrant cestode infections of man, such as echinococcal cysts or Taenia solium cycticerci, treatment is surgical if the affected areas are accessible. Treatment of schistosomal infections is quite toxic and, therefore, it is mandatory to determine viability of the worms before recommending therapy. If therapy is required, then Schistosoma mansoni infections are treated with stibophen and S. japonicum with antimony potassium tartrate, taking care in both of these instances to watch for the early signs of antimony toxicity; therapy of S. haematobium infections is based on administration of niridazole...

Anthelmintics↗
PubMed1978

[Epidemiological Study On The Hookworm Infections In Korea]

This study was undertaken to evaluate the present status of hookworm infections in Korea from October 1976 through September 1978. The stool specimens of 5,632 persons(male 3,689: female 1,943) collected from primary and middle schools, foundling asylums, and the general populations of various parts in Korea were examined The methods employed were brine floatation technique for the prevalence rate of hookworm infections, Kato's cellophane thick smear technique for the other helminthic infections, and Stoll's dilution egg counting technique for the intensity of hookworm infections. Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus infections were classified by polyethylene tube coproculture method and by the evacuated adult worms after administration of anthelmintics against the patients infected with hookworms. The following results were obtained in this study. 1. The prevalence rate of hookworm infections in rural area was higher than in urban area in the ratio of 2.4:1. And in the age group of over 20, the prevalence rate in significantly higher than that in urban area in the ratio of 5.8:1. 2. In the urban area, difference in the prevalence rate of hookworm infections between the age group of over 20 and that of under 19 was not observed. But in the rural area, the ratio of the prevalence rate between the age group of over 20 to that of under 19 was 8:1. 3. The prevalence rate of hookworm infections in female was higher than that in male in all age group except the age group of under 9 and 20~29. The ratio of the prevalence rate between female to male was 1.5:1 in total population. 4. The area which showed the mean E.P.G. of over 1,000 was not found and almost all of the patients who were infected with hookworms gave the mean E.P.G. between l~999. 5. Necator americanus was newly found in Dangjin Gun, Boseong Gun, Habcheon Gun and Weonseong Gun. In these 4 newly found areas, Dangjin Gun and Boseong Gun showed the composition rate of 25.5% and 83.4% respectively.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1981

Anthelmintic efficacy of amoscanate (C 9333-Go/CGP 4540) against various infections in rodents, dogs and monkeys.

The anthelmintic activity of Amoscanate (C 9333-GO/CGP 4540) has been studied in experimental infections with the human hookworm, Necator americanus, in hamsters; Nematospiroides dubius, Hymenolepsis nana and natural infections with Syphacia obvelata in mice; Ancylostoma caninum, A. ceylanicum in mongrel dogs; Oesophagostomum apiostumum and Strongyloides fuelleborni in rhesus monkeys. Single oral doses of 30-60 mg/kg eliminated 94 to 99% of the total Necator parasites in 37-day-old non-patent infection, while single oral doses of 25 mg/kg expelled the entire worm burden in patient infection in hamsters. When incorporated in feed at the 0.01% level and administered ad lib. to hamsters at 20, 27 and 34 days postexposure for 5 days, the worm burdens were reduced 88 to 94%. N. dubius was completely eradicated by a single oral dose of 200 mg/kg while S. obvelata and H. nana were expelled at doses of 12.6 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg, respectively. A dose of 25 mg/kg in dogs produced 100% fecal egg reduction in hookworm and 99% in ascarid infections. The drug at 3 x 2.5 mg/kg administered at 4-hour intervals produced similar effects in mixed A. caninum and A. ceylanicum infections. Against natural infections of S. fulleborni and Oe. apiostumum in rhesus monkeys the drug showed 100% efficacy at a dosage of 60 mg/kg administered thrice at 12-hour intervals.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1975

Biology of soil-transmitted helminths: the massive infection.

Soil-transmitted helminth infections when light-to-moderate usually are well tolerated, but heavy-to massive infections invariably cause disease. A massive infection with Ascaris lumbricoides may cause intestinal obstruction, liver abscess, or some other condition requiring surgical treatment; more regularly, however, ascaris disease is a form of malnutrition. Trichuris trichiura causes diarrhea and dysentery and, at times, rectal prolapse. The hookworms, Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale, cause blood-loss from the intestine resulting in anemia. Necator infection is acquired percutaneously, and is more frequently massive than is that of Ancylostoma which may be acquired percutaneously or orally. Estimates of egg output in the feces, based on egg-counts by dilution, direct smear, or thick-film techniques, provide a reliable index of light, medium, or heavy infection. Acquisition of heavy infection with Ascaris and Trichuris depends on favorable qualities of the soil, and on the sorting action of rain which transports and concentrates the eggs of helminths in locations where survival and transmission are favored. The high frequency of heavy hookworm infection in southeastern United States and probably elsewhere may depend largely on the presence of feces-burying dung beetles. Human infection with soil-transmitted helminths of dogs and cats has become a serious public health problem attributable to the persistence of rural mores in the urban setting.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Questionnaire survey and prevalence of intestinal helminthic infections in Barru, Sulawesi, Indonesia.

A questionnaire survey with parasitological study was carried out on the inhabitants of 4 villages in Barru district, Sulawesi, Indonesia from 1994 to 1995. The questionnaire dealt with life style and sanitary conditions. In 482 houses in the 4 villages, interviews for the items of the questionnaire were conducted with the owner, housekeeper and children of the same family. In Pancana and Lalolang, 37.7% and 50% respectively of man inhabitants surveyed were fishermen, while in Lompo Riaja and Pattappa, 38.6% and 65.5% respectively were farmers. The highest proportion of official workers was 33.7% in Lompo Riaja. Educational level was low; 88.4% in Pancana, 90.4% in Lalolang, 62.1% in Lompo Riaja and 91.2% in Pattappa had elementary or below elementary school education. In Lompo Riaja, 30.8% of the inhabitants graduated from senior high school or university. The percentage of families having their own latrine was 30.3% in Pancana, 13.2% in Lalolang, 31.9% in Pattapa and 60% in Lompo Riaja. The people without latrines usually defecated in rice fields, seaside or riverside. A total of 654 fecal samples was examined by the modified Kato-Katz thick smear method. Five nematode species, Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, Necator americanus, Strongyloides stercoralis and unidentified Rhabditoids of free-living nature were detected. Cestode, Hymenolepis nana infection was confirmed. All the hookworms examined by the modified Harada-Mori culture technic were Necator americanus. Trichuris infection was most common, followed by hookworm and Ascaris infections, both in young (aged 4-14) and older (aged over 15) age groups. The prevalence of hookworm infection was significantly higher in males than in females of older age. Among the older age group, the prevalence of Trichuris infection was significantly lower in Lompo Riaja, while hookworm infection was the highest in Pattappa. Among all the inhabitants examined for parasite infection, 17.4% had 3 kinds of nematode, Ascaris, Trichuris and hookworm. However, egg counts revealed that most of the inhabitants with Trichuris or hookworm had light infections. The inhabitants with higher education background had significantly lower infection rates of Ascaris and Trichuris. The prevalence of hookworm infection was not significantly different between the inhabitants owning latrine and without it, but the prevalence of Ascaris and Trichuris, differed significantly.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Comparative efficacy of single dose anthelmintics in relation to intensity of geohelminth infections.

The efficacy of a single dose of albendazole 400 mg, levamisole 2.5 mg/kg, mebendazole 500 mg, mebendazole 200 mg and pyrantel pamoate 10 mg/kg was evaluated in relation to the intensity of infection of Ascaris lumbricoides, Necator americanus and Trichuris trichiura. The study group comprised 667 3 to 12 year old children from poorer segments of the community. All 5 treatments produced high egg reduction rates ranging from 95.9% to 99.7% and substantial cure rates for Ascaris infection; the differences observed in the 5 treatment groups were not significant (p greater than 0.05). Although all treatment groups were effective against Necator, the number of patients was too small to draw useful conclusions. In Trichuris infections, although higher cure rates were obtained in light compared to heavy infections, the results were uniformly poor in all treatment groups. The few side effects encountered were mild and did not require any intervention.

Anthelmintics↗
PubMed1984

A survey of gastrointestinal parasites in a local government area of south-west Nigeria.

In the course of a survey of gastro-intestinal parasites among humans in Iwo Local Government area in South-Western Nigeria, eggs of helminths found were those of Ascaris lumbricoides, Necator americanus, Trichuria trichiura and Strongyloides stercoralis while protozoan cysts encountered were those of Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba coli. About 51% of the 283 faecal samples were positive for parasitic ova or cysts and 24% possessed mixed infection. Incidence of Ascaris was highest followed by Trichuris and Necator. Peak of Ascaris infection was among the 1-10 years age group while that of hookworm and Trichuris was in the 11-20 years age-group. Sixteen (16) combination of mixed infections were found of which that of hookworm and Trichuris was the commonest. Incidence of polyparasitism increases with age until it reached a peak in the 21-40 years age-group.

Adolescent↗