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PubMed1978

Continued use of contraception among Philippine family planning acceptors: a multivariate analysis.

The factors that contribute to continued use of contraception are examined through a multivariate analysis of data gathered in the course of the Philippine 1974 National Acceptor Survey. Twenty-five independent variables were utilized in the analysis, of which only three were found to have an appreciable effect upon continuation: the method accepted, age, and husband's attitude regarding family planning. When the sample was divided into method subgroups, several features of the service process explained variance in pill continuation, and fecundability explained variance in rhythm continuation. The findings suggest that there is considerable potential for improving the effectiveness of the Philippine program through administrative action. Better IUD services and information, more emphasis on the needs of husbands, and improvements in the ongoing support of pill users could substantially improve the amount of contraceptive protection offered by the program.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

I got rhythm: Gershwin and birth control in the 1930s.

Gershwin's song 'I Got Rhythm' serves here as a backdrop representing the social context of the inter-war years. On center stage is a particular aspect of the history of birth control--the application of a new theory of ovulation to contraception. Starting in 1928, a series of experiments revealed a biochemical rhythm in the female reproductive cycle, which contradicted the widespread idea that ovulation and pregnancy could occur at any time. This discovery was applied to a new contraceptive method, the rhythm method, which enjoyed significant popularity during the 1930s, especially among Catholics. For a short period, women could join Ethel Merman in the refrain 'I got rhythm, I got my man, who could ask for anything more?' But the rhythm method has not lived to its promise, and the play goes on em leader

Contraception↗
PubMed1999

Personal hormone monitoring for contraception.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effectiveness and acceptability of personal hormone monitoring for contraception. DESIGN: A large prospective study was carried out on personal hormone monitoring for contraception when used with abstinence during the identified fertile days. SETTING: Three country study under the auspices of the departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the Universities of Birmingham, Dublin and Dusseldorf SUBJECTS: Seven hundred and ten women, median age 30, were recruited from the general population. They were required to have regular menstrual cycles (23-35 days) and to be delaying their next pregnancy. INTERVENTIONS: Personal hormone monitoring consists of a hand held monitor and disposable test sticks which measure changes in urinary concentrations of oestrone-3-glucuronide and luteinising hormone. An algorithm estimated the fertile days which were displayed by a red light. OUTCOME MEASURES AND RESULTS: One hundred and sixty two pregnancies occurred in 7209 cycles of use, of which 67 were method related pregnancies. The 13 cycle life-table method pregnancy rate (95 per cent CI) was 12. 1 per cent (9.3-14.8). The system allowed analysis of the effect of changes to the algorithm to modify the defined fertile period. As a result the algorithm was changed to increase the median warning of the luteinising hormone surge to six days. With the revised algorithm, half of the method pregnancies would have been prevented giving a calculated method pregnancy rate of 6.2 per cent (4.2-8.3) and method efficacy of 93.8 per cent. The continuation rate after 13 cycles was 78 per cent. CONCLUSION: Personal hormone monitoring proved simple to use and will be of value to women who do not want to use other methods of contraception.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

New acceptors reach 72% of target according to IMCH mid-year report.

Cumulative number of new acceptors since January-June was 49,958, 72% of the target of average number of 331 reporting clinics. Average number of new acceptors recruited per clinic per month was 24. Method profile showed the same trend as previous year but with increasing number of acceptors for fertility termination and IUD. Total caseload was 467,112 with an average caseload of 235/clinic/month. Total number of old acceptors serviced was 382,036 with an average of 211/clinic/month. On the trend and level of return visits, there were 434,477 return visits of which 58.9% was for the purpose of getting supplies, 32.0% for routine checkup, and 8.9% for medical consultation or checkup. Total number of shifters was 12,609 of which 33% shifted to condom, 28% to pills, 13.9% to sterilization, 10.9% to IUD, and 10% to rhythm. It is interesting to note that 909 pill users shifted to IUD and 371 condom users to IUD. Continuing users reported was 94,987, about 25% of total number of old acceptors serviced during the 6 months. Dropouts - 2438 of which about 48% were pill dropouts, 27% condom, 12% rhythm, and 9.2% IUD. Failures - 4696, 45% of which were pills, 37% condom, 12.5% rhythm, and 2.7 IUD. Sterilization services - a total of 3486 sterilizations of which 569 were vasectomies and 2947 were tubal occlusions. 7% of total new acceptors registered during the 6-month period were for sterilization and about 14% of shifters shifted to sterilization. Expansion of family planning services through utilization of nurses and midwives in IUD insertion and pill dispensing: Average number of nurses and midwives reporting performance was 266/month. The total number of pill acceptors serviced was 10,767 about 41% of the 26,431 number of pill acceptors recruited. There were 739 who complained of side effects and were managed by the midwives. For comprehensive service - out of the 694 nurses and midwives, only 22 were trained in comprehensive service. Average number of midwives reporting performance was 15 and had serviced 652 IUD acceptors (18%) and 618 pill acceptors (12%). The impact of the service could hardly be felt because of the limited number of staff trained in comprehensive service. However, there is an increasing trend for IUD method.

Ambulatory Care Facilities↗
PubMed2005

Expanding family planning options: offering the Standard Days Method to women in Istanbul.

BACKGROUND: This study introduced the Standard Days Method (SDM), a fertility awareness-based method of family planning, to couples in a region of Istanbul, Turkey who were using a method of low effectiveness or no family planning method. The objective was to determine potential demand for, and satisfaction with, the SDM. METHODS: A total of 657 couples were selected by systematic sampling and offered the SDM. Those accepting this method were interviewed 1 and 3 months after starting the SDM. RESULTS: Some 47% of the participants were satisfied with the method and intended to continue using it. CONCLUSIONS: Potential demand for the SDM was 80.3% (278/346 eligible women) among couples who were using a method of low effectiveness or no family planning method. Our results suggest that adding the SDM to the contraceptive method mix may benefit Turkish women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Contraceptive failure and continuation among married women in the United States, 1970-75.

Using data from the National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG), this study reports differentials in contraceptive use-failure and continuation among married women aged 15-44 years in the United States. Failure rates differed by contraceptive intention. Within categories of intention, these rates differed by method, age, race, and parity. Users of modern methods had higher continuation rates than users of traditional methods. These results indicate that a woman's motivation is an important factor in long-term successful use of available contraceptive methods and that more effective and easier to use methods need to be developed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

The rhythm method and embryonic death.

Some proponents of the pro-life movement argue against morning after pills, IUDs, and contraceptive pills on grounds of a concern for causing embryonic death. What has gone unnoticed, however, is that the pro-life line of argumentation can be extended to the rhythm method of contraception as well. Given certain plausible empirical assumptions, the rhythm method may well be responsible for a much higher number of embryonic deaths than some other contraceptive techniques.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1989

The vaginal contraceptive diaphragm and the condom--a reevaluation and comparison of two barrier methods with the rhythm method.

The use-effectiveness and continuation rates of two barrier methods of contraception, the diaphragm and condom, were studied during a two-year follow-up in a group of 85 and 98 women, respectively. All were highly motivated. Results were compared to a group of 64 women using the periodic abstinence or rhythm method, i.e. not using any contraceptive. The patients selected the method of contraception they preferred and were instructed in their proper use. Results showed good continuation rates in the groups using a diaphragm and the condom for 2 years, for a total follow-up of 5570 cycles. Pregnancy rate after 24 months of use, as calculated by Pearl's formula, was 2.48 for the diaphragm, 3.21 for the condom, and 5.19 in the rhythm group. No serious side effects or complications occurred in either group. The study demonstrated a fair acceptability and use-effectiveness for barrier contraceptive. We suggest that these harmless and complication-free methods may still be reasonable alternatives for the "modern" methods, the pill and the IUD.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Creighton Model NaProEducation Technology for avoiding pregnancy. Use effectiveness.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the use effectiveness of Creighton Model (CrM) NaProEducation Technology for avoiding pregnancy. STUDY DESIGN: CrM is a medical model of natural procreation education that is a fully standardized modification of the Billings ovulation method. This system has been used as a means to avoid pregnancy and has been prospectively evaluated in five use effectiveness studies. A prospective life-table analysis of the five studies (meta-analysis) was undertaken, yielding both net and gross rates. Discontinuation rates were also calculated. These studies were conducted at CrM centers in Omaha, St. Louis, Wichita, Houston, and Milwaukee. RESULTS: A total of 1,876 couples used CrM NET for a total of 17,130.0 couple months of use. The method and use effectiveness rates for avoiding pregnancy were 99.5 and 96.8 at the 12th ordinal month and 99.5 and 96.4 at the 18th ordinal month, respectively. The discontinuation rate was 11.3% at the 12th ordinal month and 12.1% at the 18th ordinal month. CONCLUSION: CrM is highly effective as a means of avoiding pregnancy in both its method and use effectiveness. The method effectiveness has remained stable over the years of the studies, but the use effectiveness for avoiding pregnancy appears to have improved over the study period.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Periodic abstinence in developing countries: an assessment of failure rates and consequences.

It is estimated that 27 million couples, representing 2.6% of all couples in the reproductive span, use periodic abstinence (PA). Using data from 15 national surveys in low and middle-income countries, this article assesses characteristics of PA users, knowledge of the fertile period, accidental conceptions while using PA and the reproductive consequences of these conceptions. Current users of PA (predominantly the simple calendar variant) tend to be more educated and urban than users of other methods. The method is preferred by young single women and older married women. The proportion of users with correct knowledge of the timing of ovulation ranges from 8% to 91%, with a median value of 62%. The median 12-month gross failure rate was 24 per 100 episodes. Net of other predictors of failure, correct knowledge of the timing of ovulation was associated with a 12% decrease in failure probabilities. Couples who experienced PA failure were more likely than couples who experienced failure with another method to carry the pregnancy to term. Nevertheless, PA still contributes to one-sixth of all abortions (or miscarriages) following contraceptive failure.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The dynamics of contraceptive use in Peru.

In 1986, the Demographic and Health Surveys project administered the first six-year calendar history of events that included women's contraceptive use and their reasons for discontinuation in experimental surveys in Peru and the Dominican Republic. In this report the experimental survey from Peru is examined to demonstrate how the calendar data can be used to calculate multiple increment-decrement life table rates of contraceptive discontinuation--including contraceptive failure, method switching, and abandonment of use--and of resumption of method use following discontinuation. These analyses reveal that nearly half of all Peruvian women who begin to use a method will stop using it within one year; 29 percent of women discontinue method use for nonpregnancy-related reasons within one year of initiating use. Women who switch methods do so frequently, and many will return to a method used previously, or move on to a third method. Women who become pregnant after abandoning contraceptive use have similar contraceptive-use patterns to women who experience a contraceptive failure.

Adult↗