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PubMed2005

Phytosterol composition of nuts and seeds commonly consumed in the United States.

Phytosterols were quantified in nuts and seeds commonly consumed in the United States. Total lipid extracts were subjected to acid hydrolysis and then alkaline saponfication, and free sterols were analyzed as trimethylsilyl derivatives by capillary GC-FID and GC-MS. Delta5-Avenasterol was quantified after alkaline saponification plus direct analysis of the glucoside. Sesame seed and wheat germ had the highest total phytosterol content (400-413 mg/100 g) and Brazil nuts the lowest (95 mg/100 g). Of the products typically consumed as snack foods, pistachio and sunflower kernel were richest in phytosterols (270-289 mg/100 g). beta-Sitosterol, Delta5-avenasterol, and campesterol were predominant. Campestanol ranged from 1.0 to 12.7 mg/100 g. Only 13 mg/100 g beta-sitosterol was found in pumpkin seed kernel, although total sterol content was high (265 mg/100 g). Phytosterol concentrations were greater than reported in existing food composition databases, probably due to the inclusion of steryl glycosides, which represent a significant portion of total sterols in nuts and seeds.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed1998

Anaphylactic reaction to ingestion of Quercus ilex acorn nut.

BACKGROUND: A patient experienced an anaphylactic reaction after eating acorn nuts, fruit of the holm oak (Quercus ilex), one of the most abundant trees in Spain. Several urticaria episodes upon ingestion of peanuts were also referred. OBJECTIVE: To assess the hypersensitivity reaction to acorn and to characterize the allergenic proteins involved. METHODS: Cutaneous tests were performed using the skin-prick technique, using a large variety of grass, tree and weed pollens as well as fresh nuts and nut extracts. Specific IgE determination was assessed by RAST. IgE binding bands were determined by SDS-PAGE immunoblotting. RESULTS: Skin-prick tests were strongly positive with acorn and peanut. Olea europaea, Quercus alba, Quercus ilex and grass pollens also elicited a weal higher than negative control. Patient serum had measurable levels of IgE antibodies especially to acorn, peanut and grass pollens. Only one protein band, of 17.9 kDa molecular mass, showed IgE-binding properties in the acorn extract. The possible homology of this strong allergenic protein with the group 1 tree pollen allergens was evidenced by the partial inhibition of the western blot with Bet v 1. CONCLUSIONS: We present a case of anaphylaxis to acorn ingestion as demonstrated by in vivo and in vitro results. A 17.9 kDa IgE-binding band, showing some homology to group 1 pollen tree allergens, was recognized by patient serum.

Anaphylaxis↗
PubMed2000

Peanut and tree nut allergy.

Among foods causing allergic reactions in children, peanut (a legume) and tree nuts (ie, walnut, hazel nut, Brazil nut, pecan) have attracted considerable attention for several reasons. Allergies to these foods are common, frequently have an onset in the first few years of life, generally persist, and account for severe and potentially fatal allergic reactions. Furthermore, the ubiquity of these foods in the diet makes avoidance difficult and accidental ingestions, with reactions, common. This review discusses recent and emerging information on the prevalence, clinical characteristics, natural history, genetic basis, and current treatment of these allergies. In addition, recent advances in the molecular and immunologic characteristics of these allergens, and novel therapeutic options under investigation in animal models, are reviewed.

Arachis↗
PubMed1994

Nuts: a new protective food against coronary heart disease.

Recent epidemiological findings indicate that frequent nut consumption offers protection from fatal and non-fatal coronary heart disease events. Although human nutrition studies seem to indicate that nut consumption lowers total and LDL cholesterol, the unique nutrient composition of nuts invites speculation on other mechanisms of protection.

Coronary Disease↗
PubMed2003

Air-driven Brazil nut effect.

A large heavy object may rise to the top of a bed of smaller particles under the influence of vertical vibration, the "Brazil nut effect." Recently it has been noted that interstitial air can influence the Brazil nut rise time. Here we report that the air movement induced by vertical vibration produces a very strong Brazil nut effect for fine granular beds. We use a porous-bottomed box to investigate the mechanism responsible for this effect and to demonstrate that it is related to the piling of fine beds, first reported by Chladni and studied by Faraday. Both effects are due to the strong interaction of the fine particles with the air, as it is forced through the bed by the vibration.

Air↗
PubMed2005

Efficacy of a management plan based on severity assessment in longitudinal and case-controlled studies of 747 children with nut allergy: proposal for good practice.

BACKGROUND: There are few data on the long-term management of children with peanut/nut allergy. Advice is variable and often inadequate; further reactions are common. There is no consensus on the criteria for prescription of rescue medication, particularly adrenaline. METHOD: A longitudinal prospective and case-control study in a tertiary allergy clinic. Patients/parents/school staff of 747 children with confirmed peanut or tree nut allergy received detailed verbal and written advice on nut avoidance, training in recognition and (self-) treatment of reactions and a written treatment plan. The severity of nut allergy was graded (mild-severe) and emergency medication was allocated according to our criteria: all received oral antihistamines, injected adrenaline (EpiPen) was given to those with reactions with airway narrowing, milder reactions to low-dose exposure or concomitant asthma. At annual follow-up over 25 906 patient-months (median: 39 months) retraining was given and details of further reactions (frequency, severity and treatment) were obtained. Criteria for allocation of EpiPen were evaluated. RESULTS: The worst reaction pre-enrolment was mild in 64% and moderate/severe in 36% (airway narrowing). Of 615 subjects followed up, 21% had a further reaction (eightfold reduction in frequency), mostly mild. There was a 60-fold reduction in the frequency of severe reactions. Of those with a moderate-severe initial reaction, 99.5% had no or a less severe follow-up reaction. No child with a mild or severe index reaction had a severe follow-up reaction. Only 1/615 (0.2%) had a severe follow-up reaction and only 2/615 (0.3%) used adrenaline, both successfully and had it available according to our criteria. Of mild-moderate reactions, 77% required oral antihistamines alone and 15% no treatment. Children who had follow-up reactions had more frequent and severe reactions pre-enrolment. CONCLUSION: The management plan greatly reduced the frequency and severity of further reactions and was successful for all children. Our criteria for selective prescription of EpiPen in the context of this management plan were appropriate. This is the first study to provide evidence on which to inform practice.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed1993

The significance of hypersensitivity to nuts in patients with birch pollen allergy.

This study was performed in patients with allergic rhinitis/conjunctivitis to birch pollen to determine whether patients with additional hypersensitivity to nuts and apples differed from patients without such hypersensitivity; the determination was in terms of results of skin prick test (SPT), specific IgE antibodies (RAST), and symptoms during the pollen season. Forty-seven patients with birch pollen allergy were investigated by RAST against birch and hazel pollen and by SPT. They were treated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study with fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray or placebo. The area of the SPTs was larger and the specific IgE values higher in patients with hypersensitivity to nuts and apples. These patients also had more symptoms during the pollen season. We conclude that hypersensitivity to nuts is an indication of a more severe allergy in patients with birch pollen allergic rhinitis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Hyposensitization to poison ivy after working in a cashew nut shell oil processing factory.

19 adults were patch tested to urushiol, the allergen in poison ivy/oak, to determine their sensitivity to this allergen after working in a cashew nut shell oil (CNSO) processing plant. The cashew nut tree and poison ivy/oak are in the same botanical family. Anacardiaceae, and they share similar chemicals which cause allergic contact dermatitis. 13 of the 19 workers had a preemployment history of poison ivy sensitivity, with 10 developing CNSO dermatitis. After working in this factory for several months, 9 of the 13 noticed a decreased sensitivity or no sensitivity to poison ivy/oak. When tested to urushiol extract, only 3 reacted positively, 2 minimally. These results imply that hyposensitization to poison ivy/oak occurred in these employees after development of hardening to cashew nut shell oil.

Catechols↗
PubMed1996

Cohort study of peanut and tree nut sensitisation by age of 4 years.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of sensitisation to peanuts and tree nuts in all children born during one year in one geographical area. DESIGN: Birth cohort study with structured review at ages 1, 2, and 4 years. SETTING: All children born on the Isle of Wight between January 1989 and February 1990. SUBJECTS: Of 1456 children originally included, 1218 were reviewed at age 4 years. Of these, 1981 had skin prick tests. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Positive skin test results, clinical atopic disease, and risk factors for the development of atopy. RESULTS: 15 of 1218 (1.2%) children were sensitised to peanuts or tree nuts (13 to peanuts). Six had had allergic reactions to peanuts (0.5% of the population), one to hazelnuts, and one to cashew nuts; three had had anaphylactic reactions. Seven children had positive skin test results or detectable IgE to peanuts without clinical symptoms. Two children who reacted to peanut in infancy had lost their sensitivity by 4 years. Family history of atopy, allergy to egg (odds ratio 9.9, 95% confidence interval 2.1 to 47.9, and eczema (7.3, 2.1 to 26.1) were important predictors for peanut allergy. CONCLUSIONS: IgE mediated allergy to peanuts is common in early childhood. In many the allergy persists but a minority may develop tolerance.

Arachis↗
PubMed1999

Nut allergy: symptom and severity reporting.

Nut allergy, in particular peanut allergy, is becoming more common in children. Immune sensitisation to nuts appears to be occurring earlier in life. High incidence of other allergic diseases in children with nut allergy. Onset of anaphylactic symptoms is quick but symptoms last for a short time. Necessity for hospital admission due to severity of allergic reaction is low.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed2003

Therapeutic effect of Semecarpus anacardium Linn. nut milk extract on carbohydrate metabolizing and mitochondrial TCA cycle and respiratory chain enzymes in mammary carcinoma rats.

Semecarpus anacardium Linn. of the family Anacardiaceae has many applications in the Ayurvedic and Siddha systems of medicine. We have evaluated the effect of S. anacardium nut milk extract on carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes and mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid cycle and respiratory enzymes in liver and kidney mitochondria of dimethyl benzanthracene-induced mammary carcinoma in Sprague-Dawley rats. Mammary carcinoma-bearing rats showed a significant rise in glycolytic enzymes (hexokinase, phosphoglucoisomerase and aldolase) and a simultaneous fall in gluconeogenic enzymes (glucose-6-phosphatase and fructose 1,6-diphosphatase). The activities of mitochondrial enzymes isocitrate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, NADH-dehydrogenase and cytochrome C oxidase were significantly lowered in mammary carcinoma-bearing rats when compared with control rats. S. anacardium nut extract administration to tumour-induced animals significantly lowered the glycolytic enzyme activities (hexokinase, phosphoglucoisomerase and aldolase) and there was a rise in gluconeogenic enzymes (glucose-6-phosphatase and fructose 1,6-diphosphatase), which indicated an antitumour and anticancer effect. Comparison of normal control rats and rats administered S. anacardium only as drug control animals showed no significant variations in enzyme activities. S. anacardium nut extract administration to dimethyl benzanthracene-tumour-induced animals significantly increased the activities of mitochondrial enzymes, thereby suggesting its role in mitochondrial energy production.

9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene↗
PubMed1999

Antioxidant concentration effect on stability of Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa) crude oil.

Shelled and broken Brazil nuts easily lose quality, if not properly stored. Pressing is an alternative use of these nuts and the crude oil stability was studied. Our previous studies demonstrated that TBHQ (200 mg kg-1) was very efficient to prevent rancidity development in oils bottled in brown and clear glass. As TBHQ has higher price than other phenolic antioxidants like BHT and BHA, an oven test (at 63 degrees C) was conducted to determine the economical and best concentration of TBHQ for Brazil nut crude oil. An assay at ambient temperature was conducted in brown and clear glass flasks with and without the economical concentration of TBHQ calculated (83 mg kg-1) for 90 days. Acid, peroxide, and iodine indices and the absorptivity at 232 nm were determined. TBHQ, even at this low dosage, was very efficient in both brown and clear glass flasks. Peroxide value increased from 11.5 meq O2 kg-1 to average 15 and 35, in TBHQ and control samples after 90 days. The absorptivity at 232 nm remained at 1.3 in samples with TBHQ while the control increased to 1.6.

Brazil↗
PubMed1997

Hypersensitivity of cashew nut.

Cashew nut hypersensitivity can cause severe reactions even life threatening. In the past few years, there are more cases of cashew nut allergy than before in Beijing. Thirty patients with cashew nut allergy were analyzed in this paper. Case history, skin test, specific IgE and oral blinded challenge were used in the diagnosis.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Detection of Aspergillus flavus penetration in tree nuts using fluorescent antibody technique.

Indirect fluorescent antibody technique was used for the detection of A. flavus entry in pistachio nuts where the kernel is protected with a hard, usually nonsplit, shell. Sound nuts were inoculated with a toxigenic species of A. flavus and stored at 88% RH for three weeks at 29 degrees C. Aflatoxins could be detected in the kernels at a level of 65 micrograms/kg at the end of this period. Antisera for A. flavus was produced using female New Zealand white rabbits. Cross sections of various parts of the shell were treated using indirect fluorescent antibody technique. Microscopic examinations revealed mycelial fragments only in sections taken from the vascular system. Presence of fluorescent mycelial fragments in the vascular bundles indicate that fungal invasion of tree nuts which are protected with a hard shell take place through the vascular system.

Aspergillus↗
PubMed2005

[Analysis of lead contents in edible nuts by AAS].

The contents of the pollutant element, lead, in edible nuts were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The linear relationship over the range of 0.00-2.00 microg x mL(-1) is good (r = 0.9991). The recovery is in the range of 94.0% - 102.0% and the RSD is below 4.64% (n = 5). The method is simple and the results are accurate. It can be used as a monitor method for lead in edible nuts. The results show that the pollutant element lead exists commonly in edible nuts. The plants were affected by water, soil and atomsphere during growing, and can absorb lead in environment.

Arachis↗
PubMed2006

[Surveillance on contamination of total aflatoxins in corn, peanut, rice, walnut and pine nut in several areas in China].

OBJECTIVE: To realize the contamination of total aflatoxins in corn, peanut, rice, walnut and pine nut in China, and provide the base data for establishing a China tolerance limit standard and an international control practice for total aflatoxins. METHODS: The samples of corn, peanut, rice, walnut and pine nut from Chongqing, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hubei, Jiangsu, Shanghai and Zhejiang provinces and municipalities were collected randomly from markets, with the totally 284 samples. The samples were grounded and added to acetonitrile/water mixture. After filtering, the extract was transferred into a purifying column and pressed slowly. Then the purified liquid was derivatized with trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) and detected by using a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). RESULTS: There was 70.27% corn having been detected out an average level of aflatoxins of 36.51 microg/kg and the highest level was 1098.36 microg/kg. At the same time, there was 14.86% corn exceeding the China national tolerance limit. In peanut, the aflatoxins detected rate was 24.24%. The average level was 80.27 microg/kg and the highest level was 437.09 microg/kg. While there was 3.03% peanut exceeding the China national and Codex tolerance limits. All of the rice, walnut and pine nut samples met the China tolerance limit for aflatoxins. CONCLUSION: Corn and peanut might be the severely contaminated foods with aflatoxins in China. The aflatoxin B(1) in foods might be can not delegate the contamination of aflatoxins completely. Surveillance of total aflatoxins in foods suggested an actual need of establishing the China national and international standards for total aflatoxins.

Aflatoxins↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Detection of cashew nut DNA in spiked baked goods using a real-time polymerase chain reaction method.

The detection of potentially allergenic foods, such as tree nuts, in food products is a major concern for the food processing industry. A real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method was designed to determine the presence of cashew DNA in food products. The PCR amplifies a 67 bp fragment of the cashew 2S albumin gene, which is detected with a cashew-specific, dual-labeled TaqMan probe. This reaction will not amplify DNA derived from other tree nut species, such as almond, Brazil nut, hazelnut, and walnut, as well as 4 varieties of peanut. This assay was sensitive enough to detect 5 pg purified cashew DNA as well as cashew DNA in a spiked chocolate cookie sample containing 0.01% (100 mg/kg) cashew.

Anacardium↗
PubMed1990

[Systemic allergic reaction after ingestion of pine nuts, Pinus pinea].

An in vivo open oral provocation with pine nuts (Pinus pinea) confirmed information about systemic reaction after ingestion of pine nuts. In vitro tests suggested a systemic IgE allergic reaction. Pine nuts are employed in sweets and cakes and, as in the present case, in green salads.

Adult↗