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PubMed2004

[Paracetamol poisonings in Norway 1990-2001].

BACKGROUND: After the introduction of new regulations in 1981 and 1990 in Norway, over-the-counter sales of paracetamol and acetylsalicylic acid have been limited to 10 grams. From 1990 the sale of paracetamol has increased dramatically; that of acetylsalicylic acid has accordingly been reduced. We have investigated the morbidity and mortality from overdoses of analgesics, especially paracetamol, in the period 1990-2001. MATERIAL AND METHOD: We collected data from the inquiries received by the National Poisons Information Centre in Norway. Data on hospital admissions and deaths have been recorded from the Norwegian Patient Register. These data have also been used to collect anonymous case records from all patients who died following intake of paracetamol. We also sent questionnaires to 57 hospital departments in a survey of deaths from paracetamol poisoning. RESULTS: Calls concerning paracetamol poisonings to the National Poisons Information Centre doubled to about 400 calls per year over the period. In 30% of cases serious poisoning was suspected. Hospital admissions diagnosed primarily as analgesic poisoning increased from 848 to 1162. On average, 52% of poisonings were caused by paracetamol, 13% by opioids, 5% by acetylsalicylic acid; in 27% the analgesic involved was not specified. 59 deaths were diagnosed as poisoning from analgesics as primary cause, 13 of them due to paracetamol, 26 to opioids, 2 to acetylsalicylic acid; in 18 cases the analgesic involved was not specified. The questionnaires gave insignificant additional information. INTERPRETATION: The number of paracetamol poisonings has increased since 1990 in accordance with the dramatic increase in sales of paracetamol in Norway. Although the mortality of paracetamol poisoning is low (1-2 deaths annually), it represents the most critical poisoning problem among non-opioid analgesics. It is important to monitor the morbidity and mortality of paracetamol poisoning, as new regulations introduced from 2003 will increase the availability of paracetamol and other selected non-opioid analgesics.

Acetaminophen↗
PubMed1992

[Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae among women seeking abortion in Norway. Results from a nationwide study].

In April and May 1991 all women requesting abortion in Norway were screened for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. During the study period 2,194 abortions were carried out. The study included 2,110 women with representative tests for C trachomatis from the cervix uteri. Only 1,702 women were tested for N gonorrhoeae. The prevalence of N gonorrhoeae was 0.5% (8:1,702), and of C trachomatis 5.4% (113:2,100). The prevalence of C trachomatis decreased from 9.1% among women less than or equal to 19 years to 2.0% among women greater than or equal to 35 years of age. Prevalence of C trachomatis was significantly lower among subjects resident in health region no. IV (mid-western part of Norway) than among candidates for abortion from the other four health regions. Being less than 25 years of age was the best single parameter for identifying chlamydia-positive cases. The prevalence of N gonorrhoeae among women seeking abortion in Norway is so low that screening is not recommended. However, the prevalence of C trachomatis is still high enough to recommend screening of all women less than 25 years of age who request abortion. Chlamydia-positive cases should be tested for N gonorrhoeae.

Abortion Applicants↗
PubMed1992

[Morbidity and social class in Finland, Sweden and Norway].

Investigations of living standards in Norway, Sweden and Finland in 1986-1987 yielded new comparative data on public health and disease as related to social class. Long-term troublesome illness was less common in Sweden than in Finland and Norway. In all three countries the jobless category and skilled working women accounted for the highest morbidity. Among men, morbidity was greatest for agricultural workers in Finland and Norway, and lowest for Swedes of social class 1--i.e., highly placed and highly educated white collar workers.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

First births by age and education in Britain, France and Norway.

Progressively later starting of childbearing has been a feature of cohort change in fertility across Europe and elsewhere over recent decades. Growing differences in the age patterns of childbearing between the Anglo-American and continental European countries, however, have also been found. The present study uses large linked-record databases in Britain, France and Norway to analyse these differences in more detail, focussing on age at entry to motherhood (first childbearing) by level of educational attainment among women born in the 1950s and in the 1960s. The shift between these two cohorts towards a later pattern of first childbearing in Britain was confined to women with secondary school qualifications and above. For women born in the 1960s, the peak age for risk of first childbearing among those with secondary school qualifications grew to be between seven and eleven years later than among women without secondary school qualifications. In France and Norway, the peak ages for risk of first childbearing shifted more uniformly across education levels between the two cohorts. For these 1950s and 1960s cohorts, improvements in women's educational levels also occurred more uniformly in France and Norway, moving more women into education categories characterised by later patterns of first childbearing.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

[Curative treatment of prostatic cancer in Norway in 1998 and 2001].

BACKGROUND: The two major therapeutic options for early diagnosed prostate cancer are radical prostatectomy or radiation therapy. The National Program for Prostate Cancer in Norway conducted this study in order to document the use of treatment with curative intention in five geographical regions in Norway. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study is based on data from the Cancer Registry of Norway on patients diagnosed with prostate cancer in 1998 and 2001. The departments of oncology have provided relevant information about radiation therapy. Treatment with curative intention is defined as radical prostatectomy or radiation therapy with > or = 64 Gy. RESULTS: About one third of all patients under the age of 75 years with recently diagnosed prostate cancer were treated with curative intention in 1998 and 2001 (1998: 28%, 2001: 33%); the total number increased from 440 in 1998 to 556 in 2001. There were marked variations between the geographical regions in the use of treatment with curative intention and in the use of radical prostatectomy versus radiation therapy. INTERPRETATION: The fact that no more than one third of the patients were treated with curative intention is probably due to uncertainty about the therapeutic benefit in relation to side effects. The regional variations probably reflect different opinions on the true effect of early diagnosis and treatment.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed2007

[Has the obesity epidemic reached Norway?].

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of obesity has increased worldwide during the last decades. The goal of this article is to explore whether the obesity epidemic has reached Norway. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We have conducted a literature review where we identified and summarized recent population studies of prevalence, distribution and development trends of obesity among adults in Norway. We searched for articles from the last 5 years in PubMed, Google, Kvasir and Yahoo, with the search words "obes*", "prevalence" and "BMI". We included seven Norwegian population studies. RESULTS: In the studies from 2000-2003, the prevalence of obesity (BMI > or = 30) was 11-29% (median 19.5%) for men and 9-38% (median 20%) for women. The prevalence of obese men aged 40-45 years has increased steadily from 1965-69 until today. The prevalence of obese women decreased from 1965-69 to 1984 before it started to increase steadily up till 2000-2003. INTERPRETATION: Our review shows that the obesity epidemic has reached Norway, but the prevalence among all age groups should be established before we can determine the epidemic's extent.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Studies on inborn errors of metabolism in Norway.

Some 50 years ago, Müller described hypercholesterolemia, xanthomas, and coronary heart disease as symptoms of a genetic disorder. In the 1930s, other important discoveries concerning inborn errors of metabolism were made in Norway. Følling described phenylketonuria, and Refsum examined his first patients with heredopathia atactica polyneuritiformis (phytanic acid storage disease). Several other inborn errors of metabolism have been discovered in Norway: familial lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency, methylmalonic acidemia, beta-methylcrotonyl-coenzyme A carboxylase deficiency, pyroglutamic aciduria, and N-acetyl aspartic aciduria. Metabolic and biochemical studies in these patients have revealed new and important metabolic pathways. Studies on patients with inborn errors not first described in Norway have also given important information on key enzymes in metabolic pathways. Thus, studies on patients with cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis and those with Zellweger's syndrome have revealed the normal metabolic route for conversion of cholesterol to bile acids. The discoveries and the clinical and biochemical research in former days were mostly good examples of serendipity combined with excellent clinical alertness. In more recent years, several of the discoveries have resulted from systematic biochemical screening of urine, plasma, or other body fluids from patients with unusual clinical syndromes.

Cholesterol↗
PubMed1989

[Measles in Norway. Epidemiology before and after the introduction of routine vaccination].

Twenty years after routine vaccination against measles was introduced in Norway its incidence has been reduced by over 97%. Measles encephalitis has not been reported in Norway since 1982 and the last registered death from the disease was in 1985. There is evidence of a certain increase in the age of measles patients since the introduction of vaccination but this has not led to any increase in the death-to-case ratio. The vaccines (measles vaccine from 1969 and MMR from 1983) have proved safe in use, with few reported probable or possible reactions. The vaccination programme has resulted in a large reduction in measles morbidity but if the goal of eradicating endemic measles in Norway by 1990 is to be achieved, then coverage must be further improved.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Mortality of patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma in Norway. The influence of sex, age, tumor stage, histologic type and residence at the time of diagnosis].

A multivariate analysis of relative survival and prognostic factors in differentiated thyroid cancer, based on all 2,625 cases reported to the Cancer Registry of Norway 1970-85, showed that age and tumour stage had a strong and individual impact on survival, while sex and histology had only a minor influence. The incidence of thyroid cancer has previously been shown to differ between different geographical locations and types of community in Norway, being highest in Northern Norway and in fishing communities, compared with southern parts and agricultural and industrial communities. These residence-related features had no influence on survival, implying that prognosis may depend on other factors than place of residence.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Recent developments in the care, treatment, and rehabilitation of the chronic mentally ill in Norway.

As in most other Western nations, the ideology shaping mental health care in Norway has shifted since World War II from a traditional institutional approach to a community-based concept of treatment for the chronic patient. And as in many other countries, communities have been poorly equipped to deal with the influx of deinstitutionalized patients. Few appropriate community alternatives have been developed to care for hospitalized patients, many of whom must remain institutionalized. The author reports on a 1979 census of Norway's mental patients which showed that about half of the mental hospital patients could be expected to remain in the hospital because adequate community facilities did not exist. However, the author says, there is a new interest in Norway in reducing the number of hospital beds and transferring more patients to community programs; one large mental hospital has recently been closed. Legislation focusing on patients' rights and new research on "quality of life" of patients are also pushing mental health care into the community, he says.

Chronic Disease↗
PubMed1995

[On-duty medical service regulation in Norway, Sweden, Finland and Denmark].

Out of hours services are under discussion in the Nordic countries, and their organisations in Norway, Sweden, Finland and Denmark are compared in the article. Only in Denmark all such services are free of charge. In Denmark and in most parts of Norway, the patient must first phone a call-in service manned by a physician who acts as receptionist cum dispatcher. House calls are very rarely made in Sweden and Finland but account for approximately 20 percent of the out of hours workload in Norway and Denmark.

Denmark↗
PubMed1994

[Mass vaccination against tuberculosis--is it necessary in Norway?].

The benefit of the BCG mass-vaccination program has not been widely questioned in Norway, ever though corresponding programmes have been discontinued in Sweden and Denmark. Today, the risk of becoming infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis is very low in Norway, and effective treatment is available. However, it is uncertain how Norway will be affected by the increasing incidence of tuberculosis in other countries. The efficacy of the BCG-vaccine is controversial, and widespread use of the vaccine makes it impossible to use the Pirquet-test as a tool in diagnosis. It is necessary to evaluate the BCG-program critically. Better education of physicians in diagnostic and preventive measures may be a more appropriate way of controlling tuberculosis than mass-vaccination.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

[Use of antimicrobial agents in Norway 1980-92].

Use of systemic antimicrobial agents in Norway shows a moderate increase from 1980 to 1992, from 13.5 to 16.9 defined daily doses (DDDs) per 1,000 inhabitants per day. Comparing the Nordic countries, the use of these drugs is second lowest in Norway, after Denmark. In relative terms the use of tetracyclines is highest in Norway. Use of co-trimoxazole is also relatively high, while use of macrolides is low. The share of penicillin V and G is highest in Sweden. Several new and important antimicrobial agents have been introduced on the Norwegian market during the period, while almost as many have been withdrawn. Penicillin V and G constitutes the main subgroup. However, the use of tetracyclines is almost as high, for a short period in fact higher. Taking into account the development of drug resistance and adverse events, it is recommended that use of tetracyclines and co-trimoxazole be reduced, mainly to the advantage of penicillins. The use of cephalosporins seems to be reasonable, but penicillins should be considered more often as an alternative. The use of antimycotic and antiviral drugs is low in terms of DDDs. In 1992 the cost of antimicrobial agents for systemic use was in 1992 approx. NOK 400 million, retail price. The largest subgroup, cephalosporins, constituted almost 20%, as against only 2% of DDDs. Antimicrobial agents represent a substantial part of the total drug budget in hospitals. A shift from expensive to cheaper alternatives should be considered as a routine. Moreover, an optimal change from parenteral to oral administration could help to reduce costs.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1994

[Administration of naloxone to newborn infants at obstetric departments in Norway].

Recommendations for the dosage of naloxone to reverse opiate depression in neonates were revised by the American Academy of Pediatrics in 1989. In order to ascertain the extent to which these new recommendations have been implemented in Norway, we sent questionnaires to the maternity centres by mail. The responses from 60 different centres covered 88% of the total births in Norway in 1991. The dosages of naloxone used varied from 0.01-0.1 mg/kg, and the reported frequency of use in newborns varied between < 10-50%. Similarly, the use of opiate analgesia in parturients varied considerably, with frequencies ranging from < 10 to 90%. We conclude that there is wide variation in use of naloxone to treat neonates in Norway and in the prescribed dose, and suggest that most centres should re-evaluate the dose. Some centres also need to re-evaluate the rate of usage.

Analgesia, Obstetrical↗
PubMed1993

Declining trends in some sexually transmitted diseases in Norway between 1975 and 1991 with special reference to a Lapp population.

Trends of N. gonorrhoeae (1975-1991) and C. trachomatis (1988-1991) infections in Norway were analysed by the National Institute of Public Health (SIFF) using data reported by physicians. The validity of the reporting system was evaluated by comparing reported data from the three northernmost counties and particularly the Kautokeino community to SIFF with confirmed positive specimens analysed by the two microbiological laboratories serving this area. The incidence of gonorrhoea in Norway has declined continuously from 300 cases per 100,000 annually in 1976 to 15 in 1991, whereas C. trachomatis infections with annual rates of 300 cases per 100,000 during the last 4 years has shown no significant decrease. The incidence of gonorrhoea in the county of Finnmark has shown the same declining trend as for the rest of the country, but is still four times higher than the national average. C. trachomatis infections show no obvious declining tendency in any part of the country and is three to four times higher in Finnmark than the average for the country. Kautokeino experienced a dramatic decrease in gonococcal infections from more than 1000 cases per 100,000 in 1976 to almost eradication in 1991, whereas C. trachomatis infections show a four times higher annual incidence than the national average. Although gonorrhoea is almost eradicated in Norway, C. trachomatis infections remain an important public health problem. This study indicates that young, sexually active individuals need to be targeted for effective health education in order to modify behaviour patterns which put them at risk of acquiring STDs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

[Smoking habits among pregnant women in Norway--suggestions for intervention].

Multiple surveys have shown that approximately 35 percent of women in Norway are daily cigarette consumers during their pregnancies. Smoking is the single most important risk factor in pregnancy leading to excessive rates of low birth weight, prenatal neonatal and infant mortality, sudden infant death syndrome and learning problems in school. Norway provides a decent prenatal care program free of charge to all pregnant women. But efforts to reduce smoking have been inadequate. A multilevel strategy including a media campaign, the policy changes recommended in the Action Plan "Smokefree Norway by the year 2000" and a standardized intervention program using generally available resources is suggested as a possible way to reduce the problem throughout the country.

Female↗
PubMed1993

[100 years of pediatrics in Norway. The history up to 1950].

The first department of pediatrics in Norway was opened at Rikshospitalet (The National Hospital of Norway) in January 1893. This marked the start of pediatrics as an independent discipline and specialty in Norwegian medicine. Upon this centennial we present the history of the department (and of pediatrics in Norway) up to 1950.

History, 19th Century↗
PubMed1996

[The HIV-epidemic in Norway 1996--mainly heterosexual transmission].

Up to 1996, a total of 1,537 individuals had been reported as having HIV infection in Norway (population 4.3 million). 511 of these had developed AIDS and 410 had died from AIDS. 223 persons had acquired HIV heterosexually. Less than a fifth of these had acquired the infection from persons who themselves had been infected with HIV heterosexually in Norway. Named testing of pregnant women, recruits and blood donors confirms the limited spread of HIV. We estimate that the annual incidence of heterosexually acquired HIV infection has remained at 20-30 for the last ten years. Earlier prognoses for the epidemic in Norway were grossly erroneous, mainly owing to lack of knowledge about the factors determining the spread of HIV. Given the low rate of transmission of the virus and the sexual behaviour of Norwegians, there was never any real danger of a large heterosexual HIV epidemic in this country. The future efforts to combat the epidemic should focus on maintaining features that make Norwegian society less vulnerable to HIV.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗