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PubMedDate not supplied

Student pharmacist perspectives of rural pharmacy practice.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the level of interest of upper-level doctor of pharmacy students in rural pharmacy practice, rural pharmacy ownership, and a proposed rural pharmacy practice model. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Minnesota, North Dakota, and South Dakota in October through December 2003. PARTICIPANTS: Third- and fourth-year professional student pharmacists at the University of Minnesota, North Dakota State University, and South Dakota State University. INTERVENTION: Self-administered questionnaire completed by study participants. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Student interest in rural pharmacy practice and potential future directions for maintaining access to medications and the knowledge of pharmacists in rural communities. RESULTS: Of 177 respondents, 62.7% has given serious consideration to practice in rural communities with populations of 5,000 or fewer residents. Of these 111 students, 81% would be interested in the proposed practice model explained in the survey. Of the 108 total students expressing interest in the proposed rural pharmacy practice model, 63% had not previously given serious consideration to pursuing ownership (full or partnership) of a community pharmacy. CONCLUSION: Students from the schools that have traditionally supplied the majority of Minnesota rural pharmacists indicated an interest in practicing in rural areas as long as opportunities align with their personal and professional interests.

Community Pharmacy Services↗
PubMed1983

A continuing education program for rural communities: evaluating cognitive and behavioral change.

A total of 133 laboratory workers from 60 institutions participated in a unique continuing education project in North Dakota. Cognitive and behavioral changes of the participants were measured in an attempt to evaluate the effectiveness of the Laboratory Education for North Dakota (LEND) program, which included self-instructional programs (SIPs), telelectures, and workshops. The effects of variables such as institutional size, educational level of participants, topic presented, and type of participation were studied. Institutional size had no significant effect on cognitive change (P greater than .05) but had some effect on behavioral change. Educational level was found to significantly affect pretest scores (P less than .05), but was not a major factor in post-test scores. Certain topics presented (i.e., quality assurance and microbiology) resulted in significantly more behavioral changes than other categories. Behavioral changes and degree of cognitive change did not always correspond. Significant correlation was shown between attendance at wet workshops and the number of behavioral changes.

Behavior↗
PubMed1993

Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) associated with white-tailed deer habitat and livestock operations in the northern Great Plains.

Twelve Culicoides species were collected from white-tailed deer habitat and cattle operations in the Northern Great Plains as part of an ongoing study of the geographical distribution and seasonal occurrence of C. variipennis and other species in North Dakota. C. variipennis, C. obsoletus, and C. stellifer were collected in both western and eastern counties. C. arboricola, C. hinmani, C. nanus, and C. palmerae are reported for the first time from North Dakota.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Breezing up--an interdisciplinary health professions course for high school juniors and seniors and college freshmen.

Recruiting students into the health professions is an ever growing problem as young people are faced with many attractive options for career choices. At the same time, a rapidly growing elderly population will require more health professionals to maintain the health system. To address this recruitment issue an interdisciplinary health professions course delivered to high schools and college campuses in North Dakota via the Internet was developed at the University of North Dakota (UND) School of Medicine and Health Sciences (SMHS). The participating high schools embedded the course in the health professions curriculum and students were given the option of receiving college credit. The course features presentations by professionals representing 16 different health professions and were developed using a new software called Macromedia Breeze that allows for easy recording of PowerPoint audio presentations and imputing video content into the presentation. Blackboard was utilized for course management.

Career Choice↗
PubMed1996

Case study: comorbidity among Tourette's syndrome, autistic disorder, and bipolar disorder.

OBJECTIVE: Several studies report a greater than expected concurrence for Tourette's syndrome (TS) with autistic disorder (AD). TS and bipolar disorder (BD) also may co-occur at a greater than expected rate. The authors assess whether there is a greater than expected concurrence for TS+AD+BD. METHOD: Four patients who had at some time in their lives diagnoses of TS, AD, and BD were identified. Three of these had concurrent TS+AD+BD. Diagnoses were made according to DSM-III-R criteria. Each of these patients was living in North Dakota and was in the authors' care at the time of this study. RESULTS: The point prevalence (risk) for concurrent TS+AD+BD in North Dakota is not less than 4.6 x 10(-6). The developmental sequence of syndromes in these four patients was AD, then TS and then BD. Data from the authors' previously published, population-based prevalence studies indicate that TS+AD+BD co-occur at a greater than chance expectation. CONCLUSIONS: Common etiological factors may be involved in the greater than chance concurrence of TS+AD+BD.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

A psbA mutation in Kochia scoparia (L) Schrad from railroad rights-of-way with resistance to diuron, tebuthiuron and metribuzin.

Kochia [Kochia scoparia (L) Schrad] has become resistant to many herbicides used in cropland and railroad rights-of-way in North Dakota and Minnesota. Kochia scoparia plants that had survived annual treatments with diuron and tebuthiuron were sampled along railroad rights-of-way in North Dakota and Minnesota. The samples were screened in the greenhouse for resistance to diuron, tebuthiuron, metribuzin and bromoxynil from 0.5x to 32x the recommended use rates. A resistant K scoparia accession (MN-3R) was confirmed with resistance up to 16-fold higher than recommended use rates for tebuthiuron and diuron and up to 4-fold higher for metribuzin. However, the resistant K scoparia accession was susceptible to bromoxynil even at 50% of the recommended use rate. The herbicide binding region of the psbA gene fragment of eight resistant (R) and seven susceptible (S) K scoparia accessions was PCR-amplified and sequenced for detection of mutations. The psbA gene of four R K scoparia accessions was mutated at residue 219 with substitution of isoleucine for valine (GenBank accession number AY251265). The seven S K scoparia accession sequences were wild-type at this residue (GenBank accession number AY251266). The other four R accessions sequences showed a previously known triazine R mutation with substitution of glycine for serine at residue 264. All 15 K scoparia accessions were wild-type at all other psbA residues within the region analyzed. Resistance to diuron, tebuthiuron and metribuzin among the railroad rights-of-way K scoparia is probably due to the mutation at residue 219 of the psbA gene in some plants, but due to the previously reported Ser(264)Gly substitution in other plants. Target-site resistance associated with a change of valine to isoleucine at residue 219 of the psbA target-site in weeds has previously been reported for Poa annua L selected in diuron-treated grass seed fields, and for Amaranthus powelli S Wats selected in linuron-treated carrot fields. This is the first report of the mutation in herbicide-resistant K scoparia.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Comorbid Down's syndrome, Tourette syndrome and intellectual disability: registry prevalence and developmental course.

The co-occurrence of Tourette syndrome (TS) and Down's syndrome (DS) has been previously reported in the literature. In the present study, a retrospective record review was conducted using the North Dakota TS registry in order to ascertain the number of cases of TS and DS, and to develop case descriptions. We identified five cases from North Dakota. Two of these patients were simply comorbid for TS and DS. One was additionally comorbid for bipolar disorder, another for childhood disintegrative disorder and a third had a D/G group translocation. The association between DS and TS occured in 2% of TS patients. Contrary to the situation in patients with pervasive developmental disorders, the presence of TS in DS may be a negative prognostic indicator.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Spirometry reference values for American Indian adults: results from the Strong Heart Study.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To derive spirometry normative values from a large population of American Indian adults and compare them to reference values for white adults. DESIGN: Pulmonary function was assessed using spirometry in participants of the Strong Heart Study, a multicenter, community-based, prospective study of cardiovascular risk factors and disease in American Indians, utilizing American Thoracic Society guidelines and a vigorous quality assurance program. SETTING: Central Arizona, southwestern Oklahoma, central South Dakota, and northeastern North Dakota. PARTICIPANTS: Acceptable spirometry results were obtained from 1,619 women and 1,005 men aged 45 to 74 years. RESULTS: Internal reference values and normal ranges for FEV(1), FVC, and the FEV(1)/FVC ratio were derived from a healthy subgroup of 253 women and 190 men, identified by excluding participants with factors associated with a lower FEV(1). Ten percent of the entire cohort (269 of 2,624 subjects) had airways obstruction, as defined by an FEV(1)/FVC below the lower limit of the normal (LLN) using the internal reference equations. After allowing for measurement "noise," 31 participants were below the LLN using reference equations for white adults from the large National Health and Nutrition Examination Study (NHANES) III study but were normal using the internal reference equations (1.3% false-positive), while 27 participants were classified as normal using NHANES III equations but had airways obstruction using the internal reference equations (1.2% false-negative). Similarly low misclassification rates were seen for a low FVC (prevalence, 17.6%). CONCLUSION: For clinical purposes, NHANES III spirometry reference equations for white adults may be used when testing American Indian women and men aged 45 to 74 years.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Diagnostic and molecular evaluation of three iridovirus-associated salamander mortality events.

In 1998 viruses were isolated from tiger salamander larvae (Ambystoma tigrinum diaboli and A. tigrinum melanostictum) involved in North Dakota and Utah (USA) mortality events and spotted salamander (A. maculatum) larvae in a third event in Maine (USA). Although sympatric caudates and anurans were present at all three sites only ambystomid larvae appeared to be affected. Mortality at the North Dakota site was in the thousands while at the Utah and Maine sites mortality was in the hundreds. Sick larvae were lethargic and slow moving. They swam in circles with obvious buoyancy problems and were unable to remain upright. On the ventral surface, near the gills and hind limbs, red spots or swollen areas were noted. Necropsy findings included: hemorrhages and ulceration of the skin, subcutaneous and intramuscular edema, swollen and pale livers with multifocal hemorrhage, and distended fluid-filled intestines with areas of hemorrhage. Light microscopy revealed intracytoplasmic inclusions, suggestive of a viral infection, in a variety of organs. Electron microscopy of ultra thin sections of the same tissues revealed iridovirus-like particles within the inclusions. These viruses were isolated from a variety of organs, indicating a systemic infection. Representative viral isolates from the three mortality events were characterized using molecular assays. Characterization confirmed that the viral isolates were iridoviruses and that the two tiger salamander isolates were similar and could be distinguished from the spotted salamander isolate. The spotted salamander isolate was similar to frog virus 3, the type species of the genus Ranavirus, while the tiger salamander isolates were not. These data indicate that different species of salamanders can become infected and die in association with different iridoviruses. Challenge assays are required to determine the fish and amphibian host range of these isolates and to assess the susceptibility of tiger and spotted salamanders to heterologous virus isolates.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1998

Fetal alcohol syndrome: maternal and neonatal characteristics.

UNLABELLED: Alcohol is the most common identifiable teratogenic cause of mental retardation in North America. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is a major public health problem, which is frequently under diagnosed by physicians. OBJECTIVE: To identify and quantify the maternal risk factors and neonatal characteristics of children with FAS. DESIGN: A retrospective case-control study using birth certificate data of North Dakota children diagnosed with FAS. Five controls were selected for each patient. Controls were selected from the computerized birth registry and matched by gender, year and month of birth. SUBJECTS AND SETTING: A list of all the children diagnosed with FAS from the North Dakota FAS Registry was sent to the State Health Department. We were able to locate the birth certificates for 132 (56%) of the 228 cases on the registry. RESULTS: Of the 132 FAS cases, 106 (80.3%) were Native Americans and 24 (18.2%) were Caucasians. In this sample 51 (38.6%) of the cases were male and 81 (61.4%) were female. Statistically significant maternal characteristics at p < 0.01 were: older mother's age, lower education level, fewer months of prenatal care, fewer prenatal visits, lower gestational age at time of delivery and less prenatal weight gain. Significant neonatal differences at p < 0.01 were lower birth weight and Apgar scores and higher incidence of congenital malformations. CONCLUSION: FAS is a completely preventable developmental disability. Consumption of alcohol during pregnancy can result in lifelong physical and mental impairments on the fetus. All pregnant women should be screened for alcohol use during prenatal visits. Women with positive screens or at high risk should be identified early by the primary care physician and referred for treatment and counseling.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

NDSU undergraduate design projects for the disabled.

Disabled persons of average means cannot afford custom made devices or adaptations to manufactured devices to meet their individual needs. Consequently, many disabled individuals have not been able to live as independently as society demands. At North Dakota State University, the need to give undergraduate electrical engineering students practical design experience has been fulfilled by requiring the students to design and build adaptive devices for the disabled. Consequently, the successful results of this effort have fulfilled the needs of two diverse human groups--student engineers and the disabled community. Presented is an effective approach used at North Dakota State University to manage senior design students.

Biomedical Engineering↗
PubMed1995

Diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in three American Indian populations aged 45-74 years. The Strong Heart Study.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate prevalence rates of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) in three American Indian populations, using standardized diagnostic criteria, and to assess the association of diabetes with the following selected possible risk factors: age, obesity, family history of diabetes, and amount of Indian ancestry. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study involved enrolled members, men and women aged 45-74 years, of 13 American Indian tribes or communities in Arizona, Oklahoma, and South and North Dakota. Eligible participants were invited to the clinic for a personal interview and a physical examination. Diabetes and IGT status were defined by the World Health Organization criteria and were based on fasting plasma glucose and oral glucose tolerance test results. Data on age, family history of diabetes, and amount of Indian ancestry were obtained from the personal interview, and measures of obesity included body mass index, percentage body fat, and waist-to-hip ratio. RESULTS: A total of 4,549 eligible participants were examined, and diabetes status was determined for 4,304 (1,446 in Arizona, 1,449 in Oklahoma, and 1,409 in the Dakotas). In all three centers, diabetes was more prevalent in women than in men. Arizona had the highest age-adjusted rates of diabetes: 65% in men and 72% in women. Diabetes rates in Oklahoma (38% in men and 42% in women) and South and North Dakota (33% in men and 40% in women), although considerably lower than in Arizona, were several times higher than those reported for the U.S. population. Rates of IGT among the three populations (14-17%) were similar to those in the U.S. population. Diabetes rates were positively associated with age, level of obesity, amount of Indian ancestry, and parental diabetes status. CONCLUSIONS: Diabetes is found in epidemic proportions in Native American populations. Prevention programs and periodic screening should be implemented among American Indians. Standards of care and intervention have been developed by the Indian Health Service for individuals in whom diabetes is diagnosed. These programs should be expanded to include those with IGT to improve glycemic control or to reduce the risk of development of diabetes as well as to reduce the risk of diabetic complications.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1997

Gambling and problem gambling among indigenous peoples.

This paper compares results from studies of gambling and problem gambling among indigenous groups in New Zealand and in North Dakota. The samples for each of these studies included substantial numbers of indigenous respondents, and the methods used in these studies were similar enough to allow comparisons of Caucasian and indigenous groups from these two distinct cultures. Analysis shows that gambling involvement, gambling expenditures, and gambling-related problems are far higher among indigenous respondents than among Caucasian respondents in both New Zealand and North Dakota. These comparisons suggest that differences between indigenous peoples and Caucasians in gambling behaviors may be due to factors distinct from culture or milieu.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Mitochondrial DNA variation among host races of Eurosta solidaginis Fitch (Diptera: Tephritidae).

Eurosta solidaginis Fitch (Diptera: Tephritidae) induces galls on two species of goldenrod, Solidago (Compositae), in the northern regions of the United States. Recent studies have demonstrated that E. solidaginis is comprised of two host races that differ in adult emergence times, mate preference, and host preference. However, it is not known how much genetic variation, if any, exists among E. solidaginis host-associated populations west of Minnesota where the two host races occur in sympatry. Sequencing analysis was used to characterize two mitochondrial gene fragments: (1) NADH1 dehydrogenase (ND1: 539 bp) and (2) cytochrome oxidase II + tRNA(Lys) + tRNA(Asp) (CO2KD: 396 bp) from sympatric, host-associated populations of E. solidaginis in North Dakota. Our results indicated that two genetically distinct lineages exist among E. solidaginis in North Dakota that correspond with host-plant association.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1987

The prevention of injury from motorcycle use: epidemiologic success, legislative failure.

Following the repeal of the North Dakota mandatory motorcycle helmet law in 1977, the State Highway and Health Departments initiated a study to examine the impact of the change on driver safety. Motorcycle crash data gathered by the State Highway Patrol and other law enforcement agencies was augmented by death and injury reports submitted to the State Health Department by medical care providers. The combined data set produced 2934 crashes, 2162 traumatized victims, 3718 injuries and 53 deaths between January 1977 and December 1980. Reporting from medical providers increased the volume of crash reports, improved the reliability of the highway data and added an unrecognized population of victims to the data base. In spite of the clear indication that injuries and deaths had increased among motorcycle users who rode without helmet protection, legislative passage of a mandatory helmet law in either the 1979 or the 1981 North Dakota legislative session failed. The reasons behind the legislative rejection of efforts to improve highway safety are examined. The forces that affect politics are reviewed.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1998

Federal Employees Health Benefits Program, Medically Underserved Areas for 1999--OPM. Notice of medically underserved areas for 1999.

The Office of Personnel Management has completed its annual calculation of the States that qualify as Medically Underserved Areas under the Federal Employees Health Benefits (FEHB) Program for the calendar year 1999. This is necessary to comply with a provision of FEHB law that mandates special consideration for enrollees of certain FEHB plans who receive covered health services in states with critical shortages of primary care physicians. Accordingly, for calendar year 1999, OPM's calculations show that the following States are Medically Underserved Areas under the FEHB Program: Alabama, Idaho, Louisiana, Mississippi, New Mexico, North Dakota, South Carolina, South Dakota, and Wyoming. West Virginia has been removed from the 1998 list, and Idaho and North Dakota have been added.

Government Agencies↗
PubMed2003

Children and adolescents with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder: 1. Prevalence and cost of care.

The objective of this study was to use population-based data to estimate the prevalence and cost of treatment for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The North Dakota Department of Health Claims Database was used to estimate the administrative prevalence, annual cost of care per case, and total annual cost of care for subjects with ADHD compared with controls. The case population was 7745, and the mean prevalence rate was 3.9%, with a peak prevalence at 10 years of age. For children with ADHD, the annual cost of care was 649 dollars compared with that of controls at 495 dollars. Cost of care attributable to ADHD was 649 dollars - 495 dollars = 54 dollars (31%). Utilization by children with ADHD with publicly funded payers was increased 25 to 175% over that of children with privately funded coverage. In North Dakota, the annual cost of care for children with ADHD was 5.1 million dollars, 5.6% of all health care costs for children. The annual attributable cost of care was 1.79 million dollars. Thus, 1.9% of total health expenditures for children was attributable to ADHD. In the United States, the cost of care attributable to children with ADHD would be 2.15 billion dollars annually.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The Medicaid eligibility expansions for pregnant women: evaluating the strength of state implementation efforts.

Surveys of state Medicaid agencies and maternal and child health programs were conducted in late 1991 and in 1992 to evaluate the extent to which states carried out a series of federal policy changes intended to improve low-income women's access to prenatal care. The results show a great deal of variability in the aggressiveness with which states implemented these Medicaid eligibility expansions. Overall, North Carolina, Maryland, Massachusetts, New York and Arkansas moved most aggressively to carry out the expansions; Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota, North Dakota and Wyoming were ranked least aggressive. States with relatively high levels of poor birth outcomes or low-birth-weight deliveries prior to the Medicaid expansions were generally more likely than other states to have undertaken reforms intended to increase the number of women eligible for assistance and ease their enrollment. In addition, expansion efforts were greater in states where the federal government paid more of the cost of caring for Medicaid recipients.

Eligibility Determination↗