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PubMed1975

Functional deficiency of splenic adherent cells in New Zealand black mice.

New Zealand Black (NZB) mice hyporespond after in vitro immunization to sheep erythrocytes but not after in vivo immunization. The difference between in vitro and in vivo immunization was found to involve a non-antigen-specific change in the spleen which occurs in vivo soon after priming. Adherent spleen cells from young NZB or control strain mice were compared in their ability to cooperate with nonadherent cells in the induction of a primary immune response to sheep erythrocytes in vitro. The results support the hypothesis that there is a functional deficiency of adherent cells in the spleens of unprimed NZB mice.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Recombinant interleukin-2 therapy of systemic lupus erythematosus in the New Zealand black/New Zealand white mouse.

New Zealand Black/New Zealand White (NZB/W) mice, a model of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), have age-dependent loss of interleukin-2 (IL-2) production. To determine if replacement therapy would influence the course of autoimmune disease, we injected groups of NZB/W mice with low-dose (1,500 units/day) or high-dose (15,000 units/day) purified human recombinant IL-2. Parameters of active SLE and populations of splenocytes were not altered consistently by long-term treatment with either dose of IL-2.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Proteins associated with B lymphocyte hyperactivity in New Zealand black mice.

New Zealand Black (NZB) mice exhibit polyclonal B cell activation and elevated immunoglobulin production, an abnormality associated with the spontaneous autoimmune disease that affects this strain. To further our understanding of this abnormality of B cell differentiation and maturation, we have employed two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to analyze the proteins synthesized by lymphocytes of several strains. Two proteins were produced by lymphocytes from NZB mice but not those from normal strains. One was a 16 kd protein with a pI of 5.1, and the other was a 27.5 kd protein with a pI of 4.5. The presence of the xid gene on the NZB background suppressed production of both proteins. They were synthesized by spleen cells but not by bone marrow or lymph node cells, and production was restricted to enlarged B lymphocytes. p16 was synthesized by normal mouse strain B cells upon stimulation with LPS. The 27.5 kd protein was shown to be secreted. On the basis of partial amino acid sequence determination of proteins eluted from gels, p27.5 was identified as J chain and p16 as the C terminal fragment of mu-chain. The synthesis of two other proteins, 13 kd and 18 kd in size, was elevated in NZB spleen lymphocytes. The 18 kd protein was identified as translation initiation factor eIf-4D. The increased level of this protein may be related to the upregulation of immunoglobulin synthesis.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2000

Low outcrossing rates and shift in pollinators in New Zealand pohutukawa (Metrosideros excelsa; Myrtaceae).

New Zealand pohutukawa (Metrosideros excelsa), a member of the Myrtaceae, is a large, mass-flowering tree endemic to northern New Zealand coastlines. Mainland populations have been reduced to fragmented stands, and the original suite of bird pollinators has been largely replaced by introduced species. The native pollinator fauna on several offshore islands is largely intact and includes three species of the New Zealand honeyeaters (Meliphagidae) and native, solitary bees. We estimated multilocus outcrossing rates for three mainland and two island populations and found that they were among the lowest in the Myrtaceae (t(m) = 0.22-0.53). The shift in pollinators had no measurable effect on the mating system. Mass-flowering facilitates geitonogamous selfing, and inbreeding depression in seedling height was detectable at 6 mo of growth. F(s) [Wright's (1965) Fixation Index] was consistently higher than F(m) in all populations, indicating that selection may eliminate selfed offspring from populations prior to achieving reproductive maturity. Results suggest that increased selfing in mainland populations due to pollinator changes is not responsible for current patterns of poor regeneration of this species.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1996

"Why strengthen the city wall when the enemy has poisoned the well?" An assay of anti-homosexual discourse in New Zealand.

Proposed changes to New Zealand law on homosexuality made the issues a matter of widespread public debate in the mid-1980s. The present study, which was designed as an exploratory assay of anti-homosexual discourse, draws on a large body of public submissions to the New Zealand Government Select Committee on Homosexual Law Reform of 1985. The data are subjected to discourse analysis, and a series of themes or patterns carried in the public submissions are described. To conclude, a limited attempt to test the relevance of the findings to other contexts is made by presenting an analysis of an example of a politician's radio interview from 1993.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1980

Particulate contamination in New Zealand intravenous solutions.

The New Zealand Department of Health sampled intravenous solutions readily available, February to April 1978, for testing at DSIR. Four out of a sample of 12 production batches taken from five manufacturers failed to comply with the requirements for particulate matter of the British Pharmacopoeia 1973 and of the New Zealand Transfusion Advisory Committee. A further 15 batches were rejected when retesting products of two manufacturing units where problems with particulate contamination had been descovered. Subsequently, action has been taken to deal with these problems.

Drug Contamination↗
PubMed1970

Demonstration of biological activity of a murine leukemia virus of New Zealand black mice.

Although New Zealand Black mouse embryo and adult tissues show evidence of murine leukemia viral particles and antigens, efforts to demonstrate biological activity of a murine leukemia virus by standard methods have proved negative. Cocultivation of tissues of these mice with non-virus-yielding hamster cells transformed by Moloney sarcoma virus, however, has resulted in the rescue of a pseudotype sarcoma virus, presumably carrying the New Zealand Black mouse leukemia virus coat. This virus has an unusual host restriction, producing foci of cell alteration only in rat cells.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Growth substrate selection and biodegradation of PCP by New Zealand white-rot fungi.

Nine New Zealand native white-rot fungi were studied for their ability to grow and survive on different substrates formulated from bark, wheat straw, sawdust, apple pomace and maize products in order to identify their pentachlorophenol (PCP) biodegradation potential and to select a fungal carrier for bioaugmentation of polluted soils. Isolates were also evaluated to mineralize (14)C-PCP in liquid culture and in soil. The American fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium outgrew the native fungi on the substrates tested, but the high colonisation did not result in superior PCP dechlorination as measured by chloride release. Whilst Trametes versicolor inocula produced on wheat straw and SCS (sawdust-corn meal-starch-mix) gave the highest chloride release, colonization of these two substrates as measured by biological potential was lower compared to the pomace and pomace-sawdust-mix. Neither lignin peroxidase nor manganese peroxidase production were measured for New Zealand white-rot fungi during the experiments. Laccase was the only enzyme detected. In liquid culture, the mineralisation rate was higher for T. versicolor isolates compared to P. chyrysoporium. Very little to no pentachloroanisole (PCA) was captured in the volatile fraction of T. versicolor isolates, whereas 75% of the volatile fraction of P. chrysosporium consisted of PCA. The soil microcosms studies, using contaminated soil from a timber treatment site, clearly showed that the New Zealand T. versicolor isolates mineralized PCP. Degradation of PCP in non-sterile soil was higher in the presence of white-rot fungi than in soil without white-rot fungus. This demonstrates that viable white-rot fungus is necessary for significant PCP degradation and that T. versicolor isolates showed PCP remediation potential. Wheat straw and SCS could be suitable carriers for New Zealand native T. versicolor isolates for bioremediation of PCP polluted soil sites.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗
PubMed2006

Regulation of chicken contamination is urgently needed to control New Zealand's serious campylobacteriosis epidemic.

New Zealand's campylobacteriosis epidemic reached a new peak in May 2006 with the annualised national notification rate exceeding 400 per 100,000 for the first time, the highest national rate reported in the literature. The epidemic is estimated to cause at least 1 fatality a year, >800 hospitalisations, and >100,000 cases in the community, and cost the New Zealand economy 75 million dollars per annum. There is overwhelming epidemiological and laboratory evidence that fresh chicken is the dominant source of human infection. The seriousness of this epidemic justifies rapid, decisive action to reduce human exposure to this pathogen. There is good international evidence to support removal of fresh chicken from the food supply, with its reintroduction only when it can be shown to pose a very low risk to human health. Because freezing can substantially reduce Campylobacter levels, frozen chicken could be substituted to allow continued consumption of this popular food. Efforts to reduce Campylobacter colonisation of poultry flocks and contamination during chicken processing and distribution, along with continued consumer education, are important, but do not appear sufficient to control this epidemic in the short to medium term.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Drotrecogin alfa (recombinant human activated protein C) in severe sepsis--a New Zealand viewpoint.

AIM: Sepsis is a serious and increasing worldwide intensive care problem. In response to intensivists' concerns over the benefits, risks and financial implications of the use of drotrecogin alfa (recombinant human activated protein C), the first adjunctive therapy for sepsis licensed in New Zealand, the New Zealand Region of the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society (ANZICS) requested an advisory statement from a working party of New Zealand intensivists. METHODS: We reviewed (a) the PROWESS study of drotrecogin alfa recombinant; (b) the submission made by the sponsoring company to the FDA; (c) recent discussions and an economic evaluation of the use of the agent; (d) Australian pharmaceutical benefits scheme positive recommendations; (e) guidelines produced by the Eli Lilly Australian Advisory Board; (f) Australian hospital decisions on availability; and (g) New Zealand pricing and payment arrangements. We then formulated suggested New Zealand guidelines. RESULTS: We recommend that hospital pharmacy and therapeutics committees review the agent now. If the agent is made available for use, we recommend that: (a) specialists prescribing the agent be required to contribute clinical data to a national register of patients, (b) patients considered for treatment should first be treated with all appropriate surgical and medical therapy for severe sepsis with high illness severity in an intensive care unit by an intensivist; (c) patients considered for treatment should not have severe comorbidity or predetermined treatment limitations or contraindications to the agent in the original phase III study; and (d) patients should be considered only if seen to be not clearly improving after a six-hour period of intensive treatment. Once a decision has been made to treat with drotrecogin alfa, treatment should commence as soon as possible and within 24 hours of meeting criteria. Although the agent is recommended for use in adults, it may be reasonable to treat some older children. CONCLUSIONS: Despite high cost and moderate benefit, it may be reasonable to treat highly selected New Zealand patients with drotrecogin alfa.

Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal↗
PubMed1981

New Zealand's cetaceans and pinnipeds.

The 8 species of baleen whale in New Zealand waters range in length from 6 to 30+ metres, and the 25 species of toothed whale range up to 18 metres. A single porpoise species is known in New Zealand sub-Antarctic waters. The baleen whales and many of the toothed whales are migratory, and New Zealand straddles their well-defined routes: a combination which allowed whaling to flourish. The toothed whales are the more gregarious and may indulge in mass strandings. Current research aims to investigate the biology of all of the whale species. The otariid, or eared seals found in the New Zealand region are the New Zealand sealion and the New Zealand fur seal. The commonest of the phocid, or earless seals on the New Zealand coast are the elephant and leopard seals. All of these breed in the southern parts of the region but range further north. The fur seal population is rising slowly, but the small population size of the New Zealand sealion gives cause for concern. Marine mammals form an important part of the fauna of the New Zealand region, and veterinary knowledge and general research should be increased.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

A retrospective study of New Zealand case law involving assisted reproduction technology and the social recognition of 'new' family.

The New Zealand Human Assisted Reproductive Technology (HART) Act became law in 2004. In this article, we provide a retrospective analysis of New Zealand case law from September 1990 to March 2004, leading up to the creation of the HART Act. We examine the new understandings of parenting (developed through the routine use of ART in New Zealand) which the case law attempted to test. We examine these concepts against the previous understandings of family enshrined in the pre-existing legislation, which formed the basis for judicial rulings in the various cases to which we refer. In conclusion, we provide a brief summary of the 2004 HART legislation and draw comparisons between the old and new legislative and bureaucratic frameworks that define and support New Zealand family structure. We suggest that a change in cultural backdrop is occurring from the traditional western ideology of the nuclear family towards the traditional Maori concept of family formation, which includes a well-accepted traditional practice of guardianship and a more open and extended family structure. This 'new' structure reflects the contemporary lived experience of family kinship in western societies as individualized and open to choice.

Adoption↗
PubMed2006

New Zealand's health practitioners disciplinary tribunal.

On 17 September 2004 New Zealand created a multidisciplinary Health Practitioners Disciplinary Tribunal. The new Tribunal hears disciplinary charges laid against all registered health professionals in New Zealand. It is believed the New Zealand Health Practitioners Disciplinary Tribunal is the only organisation of its kind functioning at the moment There are 19 categories of health professionals registered in New Zealand who may be subject to the Tribunal's jurisdiction. This paper will: Describe the rationale for the establishment of a single Tribunal to hear disciplinary charges against all registered health professionals; Explain the structure of the new organisation; Examine the procedures followed by the Tribunal; Assess the likely impact of the Tribunal on the regulation of health professional standards in New Zealand.

Humans↗
PubMed1980

Aspects of early medical organisation in Auckland, New Zealand.

It is usually accepted the New Zealand Medical Association was founded in 1887. It is not generally known this was the second association so named, the first having been formed in Dunedin in 1876. There were at least three medical societies in New Zealand prior to 1877. This paper reviews the evolution of medical organisation in New Zealand with special reference to Auckland. Practitioners, hospitals, coroner's court and primarily non-medical organisations were each important facets in such medical organisations.

History, 19th Century↗
PubMed2000

The future shape of primary health care in New Zealand.

The Minister of Health in New Zealand earlier this year released a discussion document titled "The Future Shape of Primary Health Care" which outlines some far-reaching proposals for the provision of primary health care services within New Zealand. This article sets the discussion document in the context of primary health care within New Zealand by examining current arrangements for primary health care, previous arrangements and the proposals outlined in the discussion document.

Persons with Disabilities↗
PubMed2002

Comparison of cancer mortality and incidence in New Zealand and Australia.

AIMS: To compare cancer mortality and incidence data from New Zealand and Australia, in order to gauge the potential for reducing deaths from cancer in New Zealand. METHODS: For 1996 and 1997, numbers of deaths from cancer, numbers of new cases, and population data were stratified in 5-year age-groups. Numbers observed in New Zealand were compared with numbers expected from Australian rates. Age-standardized mortality and incidence rates for each sex were analysed. RESULTS: New Zealanders of both sexes experienced more deaths from cancer than expected in every age group. If Australian rates had applied, there would have been 215 fewer cancer deaths per year in New Zealand males, and 616 fewer in females. The largest differences related to breast cancer and lung cancer in women, and colorectal cancer in both sexes. The overall incidence of cancer was higher in New Zealand, but mortality/incidence ratios were also higher for many sites--suggesting that survival after treatment has been poorer in New Zealand than in Australia. CONCLUSIONS: Considerable scope exists for reducing cancer mortality in New Zealand. For a national cancer control strategy, it will be essential to clarify reasons for the high incidence of cancer and to study survival following treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

New Zealand's medical manslaughter.

Doctors in New Zealand may be prosecuted for manslaughter if patients die as a consequence of the doctor's failure to exercise reasonable knowledge, skill and care. The requirement to use reasonable knowledge, skill and care has been held to be breached in New Zealand if a doctor is merely careless. No distinction is made between 'criminal negligence' and the negligence standard applicable in civil law. This article examines New Zealand's law relating to medical manslaughter with particular reference to the case of R v Yogasakaran [1990] 1 NZLR 399 which was the subject of a petition to the Privy Council on 30 January 1991.

Anesthesiology↗
PubMed1995

Meningococcal disease epidemiology and control in New Zealand.

Epidemiology, surveillance and research New Zealand has a high quality surveillance system for meningococcal disease that successfully integrates notification and laboratory data. Since 1991, New Zealand has had elevated incidence rates of meningococcal disease rising to 6.2 per 100,000 population in 1994. This represents a rate that is four times that recorded in 1989/90. Serogroup B infection predominates and international experience suggests that these elevated rates may continue for 5 to 15 years. Rates of meningococcal disease in Maori and Pacific Islands populations were three times higher than in Europeans at 10.0 and 12.3 per 100,000 respectively in 1994. The rates were particularly high for infants with the rate in Maori infants under 1 year reaching 120 per 100,000. The case fatality rate at 5.3% for 1994 would appear to be relatively low by international standards. Case control studies could be used to investigate potentially modifiable primary risk factors for disease. Intensive case review studies to investigate the role of such factors as preadmission antibiotics in reducing severe outcomes may be of benefit. The Ministry of Health or research funding organisations should consider the potential value of such studies in more detail.

Adolescent↗