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PubMed1993

Validation of acoustic rhinometry by using the Cavalieri principle to estimate nasal cavity volume in cadavers.

The ability of acoustic rhinometry to provide valid estimates of nasal cavity volume has been tested using cadaveric heads. Values obtained for the cavities in five intact heads were compared with unbiased estimates of the volumes of the same specimens. An unbiased estimate is one which does not depart in a systematic manner from the true value. Here, unbiased estimates were made by applying the Cavalieri principle to uniform random samples of 4-7 macroscopic slices per specimen. Using acoustic rhinometry, the mean volume (left and right sides combined) amounted to 31.3 ml with a co-efficient of variation of 77%. On the same specimens, the Cavalieri estimate of mean volume (both cavities plus the adjacent nasopharynx) was 31.1 ml (66%). There was a significant and positive correlation between the two data sets (correlation co-efficient 0.97). Repeated acoustic measurements on the same cavities gave a measuring error of about 4%. We conclude that acoustic rhinometry can provide valid and efficient estimates of the volume of the nasal cavity plus nasopharynx.

Acoustics↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Inverted papillomas of the paranasal sinuses and the nasal cavity: DNA indices and HPV infection.

Inverted papillomas are rare tumors of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. These tumors are commonly regarded as benign lesions; nevertheless, malignant transformation occurs in up to 13% of cases. In the present retrospective study, specimens from 21 patients with inverted papillomas of the paranasal sinuses and the nasal cavity were investigated in order to analyze the distribution of genetic imbalance and to classify chromosomal aneuploidy in these tumors as a predictor for their biological behavior. Currently, human papilloma viruses (HPVs) are accepted as tumor-inducing and -promoting agents involved in benign and malignant tumors of mucosal tissues in the upper aerodigestive tract. To date more than 80 HPV types have been identified by differences in the nucleotide sequences. Several types (e.g., HPV16, HPV18) are associated with an increased risk for developing cancer. Other types (e.g., HPV6/11) are identified more frequently in benign lesions of stratified mucous membranes. We detected HPV genomes by universal and specific primer polymerase chain reaction. Using degenerated primers derived from the L1 major envelope gene, an amplification of HPV DNA fragments of the correct size was observed in 7 of 21 cases. In one specimen, where an inverted papilloma associated with a squamous cell carcinoma was histologically confirmed, HPV18-specific primers detected the HPV18 genome. The tumors in which an amplification of HPV DNA fragments were observed showed the highest proliferation scores along with the highest rate of aneuploid cells detected by quantitative DNA analysis.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Mucocutaneous angiomyolipoma. A report of 2 cases arising in the nasal cavity.

OBJECTIVE: Angiomyolipoma (AML) is a distinctive tumor that usually occurs in the kidney and rarely in the liver. Angiomyolipoma of other sites is extremely rare, and, to our knowledge, only 2 cases have been described in the nasal cavity. We present 2 additional cases of AML of the nasal cavity and discuss the difference between them and renal AML. CASE REPORTS AND PATHOLOGIC FINDINGS: Two tumors in a 66-year-old man and an 88-year-old woman without tuberous sclerosis are described. They showed 20-mm, well-circumscribed, polypoid shapes. Histologically, they were composed of mature smooth muscle cells, fat cells, and various-sized blood vessels. In addition, aggregated small lymphocytes were noted. Neither epithelioid smooth muscle cells nor HMB45 immunoreactivity was seen in either case. CONCLUSIONS: The clinicopathologic features of AML of the nasal cavity are distinct from renal and hepatic AML and are common to those of AML arising in the skin and oral and pharyngeal mucosa. The term mucocutaneous angiomyolipoma is thought to be appropriate to express these characteristic tumors.

Aged↗
PubMed1977

Non-epithelial tumors of the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses and nasopharynx: a clinicopathologyic study. VIII. Adipose tissue tumors (lipoma and liposarcoma).

In a study of 256 non-epithelial neoplasms involving the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses and nasopharynx, only two lesions were classified as adipose tissue tumors (one lipoma and one liposarcoma). The lipoma was found incidentally when tissue removed from the maxillary sinus was studied histologically, the patient having been treated with a Caldwell-Luc procedure for maxillary sinusitis. The liposarcoma produced a large mass involving the nasal cavity, maxillary sinus, ethmoid area, hard palate and maxillary, temporal and sphenoid bones. The tumor extended into the cranial cavity and eventually led to the patient's death. The problems involved in histologically differentiating liposarcomas from other lesions are discussed. Even though adipose tissue tumors are among the most common soft tissue neoplasms, these lesions rarely occur in the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses and nasopharynx.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Spontaneous neoplasms of the nasal cavity in rats.

The histomorphological features of two adenocarcinomas and two adenomas of the nasal cavity observed in two female Wistar rats and a male Sprague-Dawley rat are described. In one of the Wistar rats, a second tumour, classified as an adenoma, occurred in the posterior part of the nasal cavity.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed2006

[Pathologic diagnosis of early syphilis in nasal cavity and oropharynx].

OBJECTIVE: To study the pathologic changes in nasal and oropharyngeal mucosa caused by treponema pallidum (TP) infection. METHODS: Twenty-five cases of nasal and oropharyngeal syphilis were retrieved from the archival files of Department of Pathology of Beijing Tong Ren Hospital collected during the period from June 1996 to September 2005. The hematoxylin and eosin-stained slides were reviewed. Histochemical study using modified Warthin-Starry stain and immunohistochemical study using polyclonal antibody for TP were carried out. The diagnosis of early syphilis was confirmed by rapid plasma regain (RPR) and TP hemagglutination (TPHA) tests. RESULTS: Among the 25 cases studied, 20 showed neutrophil infiltration, microabscess formation and plasma cell infiltration in the lamina propria. Endothelial swelling of small blood vessels and syphilitic vasculitis was also seen. Tonsillar ulcers associated with abundant plasma cells, lymphocytes and histiocytes were noted in 14 cases. One of which demonstrated florid reactive lymphoid proliferation, with transforming lymphoid cells of various stages identified. Pseudoneoplastic squamous cell proliferation was seen in one case. Spirochetes were detected by modified Warthin-Starry stain in mucosal microabscesses and squamous epithelium in 20 cases, around small blood vessels in 5 cases, and on the surface of tonsillar ulcers in 14 cases. Abundant TP were also found in smears of exudates in 6 cases. TP antigen was detected in 4 cases by immunohistochemical staining. All the 25 cases studied were RPR (1:8 to 128) and TPHA-positive. CONCLUSIONS: Early syphilis involving nasal cavity and oropharynx has distinctive pathologic features. Detailed histologic examination, together with modified Warthin-Starry stain for demonstration of spirochetes, is important to obtain a correct diagnosis.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Efficacy of cobalt-60 radiation therapy for the treatment of nasal cavity nonkeratinizing squamous cell carcinoma in the dog.

The purposes of this study were to evaluate the efficacy of cobalt-60 radiotherapy in the treatment of nonkeratinizing squamous cell carcinoma of the nasal cavity in dogs and to compare this treatment group to historical controls. Six dogs with histopathologically confirmed nasal cavity nonkeratinizing squamous cell carcinoma were treated with cobalt-60 radiotherapy to a total dose of either 63 Gy or 54 Gy. Overall survival times ranged from 30 days to 330 days, with a median survival time of 165 days. Nasal cavity nonkeratinizing squamous cell carcinoma in the dog is an aggressive tumor that responds poorly to radiotherapy.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

[Histopathologic observation and 3DCT reconstruction of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses in children with cleft palates].

The morphologic characteristics of nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses in children with cleft palate were studied by means of histopathology, CT scan, computer-aided image analysis and three-dimensional CT (3DCT) reconstruction. Our results suggested (1) incompetent velopharynx is the main reason for high incidence of sinusitis in children with cleft palate; (2) computer-aided image analysis, together with 3DCT reconstruction, may calculate and demonstrate the volume and shape of the paranasal sinuses. We believe this method may be useful in the future to study the development of the paranasal sinuses in children. 3DCT reconstruction provides a better understanding of the size and invasion of the lesion located in nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. This method may be used as an aid to teaching and surgical planning.

Child↗
PubMed1994

Nasal cavity area in term infants determined by acoustic rhinometry.

The present study was undertaken to determine whether a modification to commercially available acoustic rhinometry (AR) instrumentation might allow equipment designed for use in adults to determine accurately the nasal cavity configuration of infants and children. The standard wave tube was replaced with a version having a narrow (0.312-cm2) internal diameter (ID). Before use with neonates, the accuracy of this instrument was evaluated using the nasal cavity of a full-term infant cadaver. Acoustic nasal area curves were compared to area measurements of polyvinylsiloxane nasal casts and direct volume measurements of the specimen. AR correlated well with nasal cast data (r = .88) for total nasal cavity area. The acoustic method underestimated the total area at the nasal valve by only 1.8 mm2 (22.1 mm2 vs. 23.9 mm2) and overestimated choanal area by 10 mm2 (56.9 mm2 vs. 46.9 mm2). In addition, AR measured total nasal volume to within 5.2% of the value obtained by direct measurement. In a cohort of 10 normal, term infants, the mean acoustic value for total nasal valve area was 19.2 +/- 0.05 mm2 and for total nasal volume was 1.76 +/- 0.53 cm3. This, the first report of nasal area and volume information in live infants, suggests that the modified AR device has utility both in airway research and as a nasal patency screening tool in the pediatric population.

Acoustics↗
PubMedDate not supplied

"Colonic type" adenocarcinoma of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.

Primary "colonic type" tumors of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses are adenocarcinomas with histologic features similar to those of colonic cancers. Their behavior is one of local invasion and recurrence. Unlike tumors of the colon, they rarely metastasize. Surgical resection by means of lateral rhinotomy with or without radiation is the treatment of choice. Prognosis is poor. This type of tumor should be recognized by pathologists and its implications should be known to head and neck surgeons.

Adenocarcinoma, Papillary↗
PubMed1999

Anatomo-topographic landmarks on the lateral wall of nasal cavity used in endonasal surgery.

INTRODUCTION: A dissection of the lateral wall of nasal cavity that imitates a true endonasal operation was the design of the present study. The object of the study was by measuring the distance between a pivot landmark and important anatomical structures revealed successively during an endonasal operation to create additional highlights that will minimise the hazard of injuring vital structures. METHODS: Twenty anatomical preparations of sagittally sectioned heads from cadavers (elderly males of Bulgarian origin) were dissected to study the topographic relationships between the great paranasal cavities (maxillary, frontal, and sphenoidal sinus) and the ethmoidal labyrinth. Using punctum subnasale as a pivot landmark, the distances to crucial microendoscopic landmarks (i.e., nasolacrimal duct, uncinate process, ethmoidal bulla, base of the skull, anterior wall of the sphenoid sinus, orifice of the maxillary sinus) were measured at different angles to the horizontal plane. RESULTS: The mean distances from punctum subnasale to the natural ostium of the maxillary sinus and anterior wall of the sphenoidal sinus, measured at an angle of 30 degrees to the floor of the nasal cavity, were 48.25 +/- 0.75 and 67.105 +/- 0.794 mm, respectively. At an angle of 45 degrees, the mean distance to the nasolacrimal duct was 38.056 +/- 0.591 mm; to the uncinate process 45.25 +/- 0.57 mm; to the ethmoidal bulla 50.25 +/- 0.57 mm; and to the base of the skull 66.053 +/- 0.818 mm. Mean distance of 43.158 +/- 0.568 mm to the lacrimal sac and 60.25 +/- 0.68 mm to the base of the skull were measured at an angle of 60 degrees. CONCLUSION: The analysis of the results imply that the selected distances will contribute to a more precise application of this contemporary surgical method.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Diagnosis and treatment of congenital defects and abnormalities of the nasal cavity in children and adults].

In 300 patients with congenital defects and abnormalities of the nasal cavity development, physiological functions of the nose were investigated, using advanced methods, e. g. rhinofibroscopy, microrhinoscopy, rhinopneumometry, olfactometry, thermometry of the nasal mucosa, and pH measurement of the nasal mucus. Disorders in respiratory, olfactory, and protective functions were revealed. This led to surgical intervention in more than 300 cases. Original methods and modified procedures were developed as applied to specific pathologies. Physiological measurements before and after surgery demonstrated that correction of development defects and abnormalities of the nasal cavity contributed to the recovery of nose functions.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

[Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses: clinicopathologic study of ten cases].

Ten patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma originated in the nasal cavity (four patients) and in the paranasal sinuses (six patients) were treated mainly with irradiation and combination chemotherapy including adriamycin. According to the TNM AJC staging system, four patients were in stage T1-T2, and six patients were in stage T3-T4. Nine patients, other than one with stage IV (Ann Arbor) disease, achieved complete remission. Death due to lymphoma occurred in four patients, 4 to 39 months following diagnosis. Three of these patients developed systemic extranodal dissemination, and died in a short time after relapse. Death due to second malignancies occurred in two patients. One died of acute myelogenous leukemia, and the other died of colon cancer, 26 and 53 months after diagnosis, respectively. Four patients were alive and disease-free, from 23 to 68 months following diagnosis (median 40 months). Out of four patients who died of disease, three were in stage T3-T4, and one was in stage T1. Two patients with stage T1 originated in the nasal cavity were both alive and disease-free. Except for lymphomas with stage T1 originated in the nasal cavity, more intensive chemotherapy should be instituted in an attempt to achieve better disease-free survival.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Malignant lymphomas of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. A clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study.

The clinicopathologic and immunohistological features of 20 Japanese patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHLs) limited to the sinonasal area were studied using a broad panel of T- and B-cell markers on paraffin-embedded and fresh frozen tissue. All cases showed a diffuse growth pattern. Nine cases were B-cell lymphomas (immunoblastic n = 4, centroblastic n = 3, immunocytoma n = 1, centrocytic n = 1), and nine were T-cell lymphomas (pleomorphic medium and large cell n = 8, angioimmunoblastic n = 1). In two cases, the cell lineage could not be determined. No morphologic features of angiocentric/angiodestructive lymphoproliferative lesions or lymphoepithelial lesions in ductal or glandular epithelium were seen in our series. Eight (89%) of the nine T-cell tumors and four (44%) of the nine B-cell neoplasms involved both the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. Six of the nine T-cell neoplasms showed a clinical presentation of rhinitis, whereas all of the B-cell neoplasms showed tumor masses in the nasal cavity and/or paranasal sinuses. The two-year survival rate for T-cell lymphomas was poorer than that for B-cell lymphomas. The five-year survival of patients with NHLs involving both the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses was also poorer than that of patients in whom NHLs were limited to the nasal cavity.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Epithelioid haemangioendothelioma arising in the nasal cavity.

We report here the case of an epithelioid haemangioendothelioma (EHE) arising in the nasal cavity which is, to the best of our knowledge, the first ever described example in the world literature in that particular site. The patient is a 23-year-old male who presented with repeated episodes of epistaxis from the nasal cavity and with a 1.5 cm reddish, polypoid, smooth, spontaneously bleeding nodule in the right middle meatus. This lesion was histologically diagnosed as epithelioid haemangioendothelioma. Immunohistochemically the neoplasm displayed striking positivity for CD31, CD34 and vimentin. A surgical approach was performed by 'facial degloving', removing the right inferior turbinate, the anterior two-thirds of the middle turbinate and the medial wall of the ethmoid bone. After 12 months follow-up the patient is disease-free, without any local or distant recurrence.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.

Small cell neuroendocrine carcinomas (SNECs) of the sinonasal tract are extremely uncommon tumors. We reviewed the clinicopathologic features of six cases of this neoplasm. There was no sex preponderance with three females and three males and a mean age at presentation of 51 years (range, 38 to 68). Two patients had disease limited to the nasal cavity, and in four the tumor involved the nasal cavity and maxillary or ethmoid sinuses. Involvement of the orbit was present in two patients. Surgery was the primary treatment. After a mean follow-up of 37 months, one patient died of local disease and liver metastases, four were alive with recurrent or metastatic disease, and one died of unrelated causes. The tumors were composed of sheets, nests, and trabeculae with extensive areas of necrosis and hemorrhage. The individual cells were small to intermediate in size and had scanty cytoplasm. The nuclei were oval or round and hyperchromatic with absent or inconspicuous nucleoli. Nuclear molding and crush artefact were present in five cases. All tumors had a high mitotic rate with frequent abnormal mitotic figures. All cases stained for Cam 5.2, neuron-specific enolase, and chromogranin. Five cases were positive for AE1:AE3, and four for synaptophysin. No case stained for S-100 protein, or neurofilaments. O-13 stained one case. No case contained EBV-RNA. SNECs of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses are aggressive tumors with pathological features similar to those of anaplastic small cell carcinomas of the lung. They exhibit morphological and immunophenotypic features different from olfactory neuroblastoma and should be distinguished from this tumor.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Transport of cephalexin to the cerebrospinal fluid directly from the nasal cavity.

The aim of the present study has been to confirm the existence of a transport pathway for a drug (cephalexin) to the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) directly from the nasal cavity, by comparing the drug's concentrations in CSF after intranasal (i.n.), intravenous (i.v.) and intraduodenal (i.d.) administration. Higher levels of the drug were found in CSF following i.n. administration compared with the i.v. and i.d. routes, even though its plasma concentrations were similar. These findings suggest the existence of a direct transport pathway for cephalexin from the nasal cavity to the CSF. The concentration of drug in CSF at 15 min after i.n. administration was higher than that at 30 min. In contrast, its concentrations in CSF at 15 min after i.v. and i.d. administration were not significantly different from those at 30 min. The results confirm the presence of a direct transport pathway to CSF from the nasal cavity. This pathway may represent a new delivery route to CSF and possibly to brain parenchyma.

Administration, Intranasal↗