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At least 271 records · Page 15Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

[What has tuberculosis medical care contributed to modern medicine in Japan].

About 40 years ago, we had a huge number of tuberculosis patients which were about three to five millions. And a great deal of effort has been given in order to conquer tuberculosis. The philosophy and the technology used in there efforts are thought to have made considerable contributions to the development of modern medicine in other fields in Japan. The controlled clinical trial used to test new antituberculous agents has been a basis for a modern judgment on the effectiveness of any new drugs and it has brought good clinical practices. Scientific procedures for diagnosis, bronchoscopy and pulmonary function tests started in the field of tuberculosis to have more detailed diagnosis included differential one, preoperative evaluation, and evaluation for respiratory failure. Philosophy and methods of modern rehabilitation for the patients started from the care for the patient with pulmonary tuberculosis. Occupational therapy has been used for confirmation of curability of tuberculosis and restoration of the physical strength. Physiotherapy also started from exercises preventing deformities of the thorax after thoracoplasty. Terminal care for patients with cancer and other incurable diseases is now most new medical way, but in the field of tuberculosis before chemotherapeutic era, these were good experiences for this kind of care. A pain control using morphine or cocaine for spinal caries and laryngeal tuberculosis, and also telling the truth to the patients were the good examples. Holistic medicine, which is also a modern topic, has been considered in tuberculosis medical care, because the disease has so much psycho-social problems.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Clinical Medicine↗
PubMed1990

Cranial thickness of modern and neolithic populations in Japan.

Cranial vault thicknesses were measured directly with a spreading caliper at six anatomical reference points in the modern Japanese and Neolithic Jomon series. Because no statistically significant correlation was found between age and cranial thickness in our study, the age-related change in thickness was not indicated in the modern Japanese. The cranial thicknesses at the frontal and parietal eminences were significantly greater in the female than in the male in modern Japanese. In the male series the cranial thickness of the Neolithic Jomon was significantly greater than that of modern Japanese. It is suggested that the temporal change that has occurred in Japan during the last 2000 years is consistent with the trend toward decreasing cranial thickness during the last 10,000 years in many parts of the world.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Modernization theory revisited: a cross-cultural study of adolescent conformity to significant others in Mainland China, Taiwan, and the USA.

This paper examines modernization theory's explanation of adolescent conformity behavior to determine patterns in three different cultural settings. Questionnaire survey data were collected from college students in mainland China, Taiwan, and the U.S. LISREL models were used to analyze the data. It was fund that modernization theory was not well supported by the data. Analyses of the findings suggested that modernization theory tests with cross-cultural data should take into consideration cultural characteristics, since much of human behavior is culturally determined. Contrary to modernization theory's predictions, the social institution of education is less important, but religion is highly valued in American society, while the reverse was found in the two Chinese societies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

The modern library: lost and found.

The modern library, a term that was heard frequently in the mid-twentieth century, has fallen into disuse. The over-promotion of computers and all that their enthusiasts promised probably hastened its demise. Today, networking is transforming how libraries provide--and users seek--information. Although the Internet is the natural environment for the health sciences librarian, it is going through growing pains as we face issues of censorship and standards. Today's "modern librarian" must not only be adept at using the Internet but must become familiar with digital information in all its forms--images, full text, and factual data banks. Most important, to stay "modern," today's librarians must embark on a program of lifelong learning that will enable them to make optimum use of the advantages offered by modern technology.

Computer Communication Networks↗
PubMed1997

Modern pharmaceutical biotechnology. Situation worldwide and in Germany 1995.

A variety of new diagnostics and drugs have been developed with the aid of modern biotechnology which has opened up new medical possibilities and will yield novel solutions in the future. The remarkable dynamics of the innovation process in the pharmaceutical sector is reflected by the number of drugs under development. In 1995, 771 projects were known to be in development worldwide. The leadership of North America in research and development of drugs from modern biotechnology is clearly demonstrated. Whereas the number of development recombinant DNA products remained practically constant in the triade (North America, Europe, Japan), the number of preclinical and clinical somatic gene therapy projects increased considerably in 1995 compared to 1994 in the United States and in Europe; Japan is virtually absent in this new emerging research field. In Europe, the vast majority of drugs from modern biotechnology, are developed in Great Britain, Germany, Switzerland, France, the Netherlands, and Italy. The number of gene therapy projects show a remarkable growth of more than 60% in 1995 compared with 1994; at the same time, the absolute and relative share of recombinant DNA products decreased distinctly. In Germany, about two thirds of the development of biotechnological drugs are conducted in cooperation with a foreign partner, mostly hightech companies from the United States. A variety of drugs manufactured with modern biotechnology, however, has not only provided significant medical progress and has closed therapeutic gaps but has also demonstrated considerable economic success. In 2000, further significant growth is expected especially for growth factors and cytokines.

Biotechnology↗
PubMed1997

General practice--a post-modern specialty?

The 'modern' view of the world is based on the premise that we can discover the essential truth of the world using scientific method. The assumption is made that knowledge so acquired has been 'uncontaminated' by the mind of the investigator. Post-modern theory, however, is concerned with the process of knowing and how our minds are part of the process, i.e. our perceptions of reality and the relationships between different concepts are important influences on our ways of knowing. The values of post-modern theory are those of uncertainty, many different voices and experiences of reality and multifaceted descriptions of truth. These values are closer to our experience of general practice than the 'modern' values of scientific rationalism and should be reflected in a new curriculum for general practice.

Curriculum↗
PubMed2003

The origin of modern human behavior.

Archaeology's main contribution to the debate over the origins of modern humans has been investigating where and when modern human behavior is first recognized in the archaeological record. Most of this debate has been over the empirical record for the appearance and distribution of a set of traits that have come to be accepted as indicators of behavioral modernity. This debate has resulted in a series of competing models that we explicate here, and the traits are typically used as the test implications for these models. However, adequate tests of hypotheses and models rest on robust test implications, and we argue here that the current set of test implications suffers from three main problems: (1) Many are empirically derived from and context-specific to the richer European record, rendering them problematic for use in the primarily tropical and subtropical African continent. (2) They are ambiguous because other processes can be invoked, often with greater parsimony, to explain their character. (3) Many lack theoretical justification. In addition, there are severe taphonomic problems in the application of these test implications across differing spans of time. To provide adequate tests of these models, archaeologists must first subject these test implications to rigorous discussion, which is initiated here.

Archaeology↗
PubMed1995

The survival of ancient medicine in modern French psychiatry.

Modern French psychiatry was born at the end of the eighteenth century. This medical specialty, which was separating from general medicine, had a foundation in ancient medicine. Ancient theories died slowly but not so surely. These strange theories will be considered useless and even dangerous by the modern reader but they enabled modern psychiatry to understand that madness existed, that it was a disease and a subject for research. So the insane person was no longer considered a criminal or possessed by the devil: he was, at last and at least, a patient.

France↗
PubMed1999

Ben cao tu jing (Illustrated Canon of Herbology) and the origin of modern identification of Chinese materia medica.

There is certain relation between the development of modern identification of Chinese materia medica and Ben cao tu jing. The purpose of Su Song's compilation of this book and the tasks of modern identification of Chinese materia medica, including the verification of genuineness, superiority of the drugs to ensure their qualities, are quite similar, and quite close in their contents. Suffice it to say that Ben cao tu jing made considerable contribution to modern identification of Chinese drugs, with a role of linking the past with the present.

Chin↗
PubMed1996

[Searching for science. A critique of experimental and mathematical traditions in the early modern period].

The article revisits the claim by Thomas Kuhn, that early modern science really consisted of two separate traditions, each with its own development: a mathematical and an experimental (or Baconian) tradition. It is argued that on close inspection, the grounds for this division appear rather arbitrary. Kuhn's Baconian tradition seems to have been modelled after an idealised concept of science that developed in circles of the Royal Society. It should be stressed, however, that such ideas were not the natural products of a tradition, but constructions which responded to local circumstances. The various forms of scientific practice are by no means an indication of parallel development. In fact, during the early modern era disciplinary boundaries were extremely fluid; the divisions of knowledge that were acknowledged do not have the character of modern disciplines. After all, science was as yet non-existent. It came into being as a result of intellectual experimentation and boundary-crossing, bringing together elements from various fields, rather than by the development of one or two traditions.

History, Modern 1601-↗
PubMed2000

[A brief history of the several missionary hospitals in the modern Anhui province].

In the modern Anhui province, the west missionary established clinics and hospitals to 74 in Anhui. There were four hospitals in those had been longer time and larger scale and more entirely manage system. It was larger influence for the formation and development of the modern Anhui western medicine. In the courses, the missionary - doctors promoted the spreading of the west medicine in the modern Anhui, but large quantities of Chinese doctors and nurses made with the activity contributes for these.

China↗
PubMed1998

Prevalence of skin disease in rural Tanzania and factors influencing the choice of health care, modern or traditional.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of skin disease in a rural Tanzanian community and to investigate the health-seeking behavior of this community. DESIGN: The study was in 3 parts: (1) 120 heads of households were interviewed to determine the factors that influence the families' health-seeking behavior; (2) the 800 members of these families were examined for evidence of skin disease; and (3) a focus group discussion was held with influential members of the community to get a broader view of health-seeking behavior. SETTING: A rural village in the southwestern area of Tanzania: Individuals were interviewed and examined in their own homes. RESULTS: A total of 34.7% of 800 villagers had one or more skin diseases, the most common of which were tinea capitis, tinea corporis, scabies, acne, and eczema. Modern and traditional health facilities were equally used, but heads of the households older than 55 years who had never been to school and individuals who were not Christians favored traditional medicine. It was cheaper to go to a traditional healer, but modern medicine was thought to be more scientific. CONCLUSIONS: Skin disease was a problem in this village and was perceived to be a problem by both individuals and the community. There is a need to assess the clinical and diagnostic skills of both modern and traditional health practitioners and to instigate a preventive health education program to eradicate the common infections and infestations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Early origins of modern birds and mammals: molecules vs. morphology.

Recent claims from molecular evidence that modern orders of birds and mammals arose in the Early Cretaceous, over 100 million years (Myr) ago, are contrary to palaeontological evidence. The oldest fossils generally fall in the time range from 70-50 Myr ago, with no earlier finds. If the molecular results are correct, then the first half of the fossil record of modern birds and mammals is missing. Suggestions that this early history was played out in unexplored parts of the world, or that the early progenitors were obscure forms, are unlikely. Intense collecting over hundreds of years has failed to identify these missing fossils. Control experiments, in the form of numerous Cretaceous-age fossil localities which yield excellently preserved lizards, salamanders, birds, and mammals, fail to show the modern forms. The most likely explanation is that they simply did not exist, and that the molecular clock runs fast during major radiations.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Origins and affinities of modern humans: a comparison of mitochondrial and nuclear genetic data.

To test hypotheses about the origin of modern humans, we analyzed mtDNA sequences, 30 nuclear restriction-site polymorphisms (RSPs), and 30 tetranucleotide short tandem repeat (STR) polymorphisms in 243 Africans, Asians, and Europeans. An evolutionary tree based on mtDNA displays deep African branches, indicating greater genetic diversity for African populations. This finding, which is consistent with previous mtDNA analyses, has been interpreted as evidence for an African origin of modern humans. Both sets of nuclear polymorphisms, as well as a third set of trinucleotide polymorphisms, are highly consistent with one another but fail to show deep branches for African populations. These results, which represent the first direct comparison of mtDNA and nuclear genetic data in major continental populations, undermine the genetic evidence for an African origin of modern humans.

Africa↗
PubMed1994

Craniometric variation among modern human populations.

Previous studies of genetic markers and mitochondrial DNA have found that the amount of variation among major geographic groupings of Homo sapiens is relatively low, accounting for roughly 10% of total variation. This conclusion has had implications for the study of human variation and consideration of alternative models for the origin of modern humans. By contrast, it has often been assumed that the level of among-group variation for morphological traits is much higher. This study examines the level of among-group variation based on craniometric data from a large sample of modern humans originally collected by W. W. Howells. A multivariate method based on quantitative genetics theory was used to provide an estimate of FST--a measure of among-group variation that can be compared with results from studies of genetic markers. Data for 57 craniometric variables on 1,734 crania were analyzed. These data represent six core areas: Europe, Sub-Saharan Africa, Australasia, Polynesia, the Americas, and the Far East. An additional set of analyses was performed using a three-region subset (Europe, Sub-Saharan Africa, and the Far East) to provide comparability with several genetic studies. The minimum FST (assuming complete heritability) for the three-region analysis is 0.065, and the minimum FST for the six-region analysis is 0.085. Both of these are less than the average FST from genetic studies (average estimates of 0.10-0.11). The smaller value of the minimum FST estimates is expected since it provides an estimate of FST expected under complete heritability. Using an estimate of average craniometric heritability from the literature provides an estimate of FST of 0.112 for the three-region analysis and 0.144 for the six-region analysis. These results show that genetic and craniometric data are in agreement, qualitatively and quantitatively, and that there is limited variation in modern humans among major geographic regions.

Africa↗
PubMed2006

Phylogenetic analysis of major African genotype (Af2) of JC virus: Implications for origin and dispersals of modern Africans.

Both mtDNA and the Y chromosome have been used to investigate how modern humans dispersed within and out of Africa. This issue can also be studied using the JC virus (JCV) genotype, a novel marker with which to trace human migrations. Africa is mainly occupied by two genotypes of JCV, designated Af1 and Af2. Af1 is localized to central/western Africa, while Af2 is spread throughout Africa and in neighboring areas of Asia and Europe. It was recently suggested that Af1 represents the ancestral type of JCV, which agrees with the African origin of modern humans. To better understand the origin of modern Africans, we examined the phylogenetic relationships among Af2 isolates worldwide. A neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree was constructed based on the complete JCV DNA sequences of 51 Af2 isolates from Africa and neighboring areas. According to the resultant tree, Af2 isolates diverged into two major clusters, designated Af2-a and -b, with high bootstrap probabilities. Af2-a contained isolates mainly from South Africa, while Af2-b contained those from the other parts of Africa and neighboring regions of Asia and Europe. These findings suggest that Af2-carrying Africans diverged into two groups, one carrying Af2-a and the other carrying Af2-b; and that the former moved to southern Africa, while the latter dispersed throughout Africa and to neighboring regions of Asia and Europe. The present findings are discussed with reference to relevant findings in genetic and linguistic studies.

Africa↗
PubMed2002

Out of Africa with regional interbreeding? Modern human origins.

A central issue in paleoanthropology is whether modern humans emerged in a single geographic area and subsequently replaced the preexisting people in other areas. Although the study of human mitochondrial DNAs supported this single-origin and complete-replacement model, a recent paper(1) argues that humans expanded out of Africa more than once and regionally interbred. However, both the genetic antiquity and the impact of the African contribution to modern Homo sapiens are so great as to view Africa as a central place of human evolution. Despite the possibility that out-of-Africa H. sapiens interbred with other populations, this evidence is more consistent with the uniregional hypothesis than the multiregional hypothesis of modern human origins.

Africa↗
PubMed2007

Structural characterization of modern and fossilized charcoal produced in natural fires as determined by using electron energy loss spectroscopy.

Charcoal produced in natural fires is widespread, but surprisingly little is known about its structure and stability. TEM and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) were used to characterize the organized graphite-like microcrystallites and amorphous nonorganized phases of modern charcoal that had been produced in natural fires. In addition, a semiordered structure was identified in two modern charcoal samples. Fossilized charcoal contains fewer graphite-like microcrystallites than modern samples. EELS spectra confirmed that the dominant structure in fossilized charcoal is amorphous carbon. EELS measurements also revealed that only the nonorganized phase contains oxygen, which indicates that the degradation of the fossilized charcoal structure occurs mainly through oxidation processes. The few graphite-like microcrystallites found in fossilized charcoal were composed of onion-like structures that are probably less prone to oxidation owing to their rounded structures.

Charcoal↗