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PubMed1991

Susceptibility to aminoglycosides of 63 strains of Stomatococcus mucilaginosus isolated from sputum.

The MIC of 63 Stomatococcus mucilaginosus for 7 aminoglycosides was determined. Most of the strains were resistant to these antibiotics except to streptomycin. A natural resistance due to impermeability may be involved. One single strain was resistant to all these aminoglycosides where the concentration level of streptomycin was greater than 1000 mg/l. A chromosomal mutation is probably involved.

Aminoglycosides↗
PubMed1983

Contaminated first-aid dressings: report of a working party of the PHLS.

In a collaborative study 12 Public Health Laboratory Service laboratories and the Division of Hospital Infection, Central Public Health Laboratory, investigated the degree of contamination of standard dressings produced by manufacturers in India or in England by a comparison of the results of culture of 25 sterilized dressings with those of 25 untreated dressings. Of the 38 batches of dressings made in India 27 (71%) were judged contaminant and another six could be so judged when Bacillus species were examined. In two batches laboratory contamination precluded a judgement and only three batches passed the test. Of the 27 batches made in England, only three gave any evidence of contamination at the lowest level of significance. Repeat investigation of one of these batches gave no evidence of contamination. Organisms of the genus Bacillus and fungi were associated with contamination; micrococci and propionibacteria were laboratory contaminants. There was evidence for both failure and sterilization and of contamination after sterilization during the manufacture of dressings.

Aspergillus niger↗
PubMed1975

Endemic infection in surgical wards.

Endemic infection in male surgical wards has been studied during three periods. There was some infection due to gram-negative bacilli, though Staphylococcus aureus remained as the single most important pathogen even in the absence of epidemic spread. Beta haemolytic streptococci were isolated in large numbers from the lesions of four patients with deep wound infection. Changes introduced in the pattern of post-operative care reduced sepsis due to Staph. aureus, reduced the severity of wound infection and apparently decreased the need for antibiotic therapy. Patients who became infected were retained in hospital longer than those who escaped clinically apparent infection.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1976

Steric effects on penicillin-sensitive peptidoglycan synthesis in a membrane-wall system Gaffkya homari.

Residues 4 and 5 of the pentapeptide moiety, R-Ala1-DGlu2-Lys3-DAla4-DAla5, of peptidoglycan play an important role in the donor phase of cross-linked glycan synthesis. To assess the role of these residues in this phase, a series of UDP-MurNAc-peptides were biosynthesized with residues 4 and 5 replaced singly by either D-alpha-amino-n-butyric acid, D-norvaline, or D-valine. The six nucleotides were compared with UDP-MurNAc-Ala-DGlu-Lys-DAla-DAla (reference) in nascent (penicillin-insensitive) peptidoglycan synthesis and in penicillin-sensitive peptidoglycan synthesis. The synthesis of penicillin-sensitive peptidoglycan is catalyzed by membrane-walls isolated from Gaffkya homari and would appear to require the concerted action of transglycosylase and transpeptidase. The membrane-wall system shows a high degree of discrimination for the steric substituents, -CH3 and -CH2CH3, in residue 4. For example, for UDP-MurNAc-Ala-DGly-Lys-DAbu-DAla and -Ala-DGlu-Lys-DAla-DAbu, Vmax/km is 0.19 and 0.95 and Vmax is 0.03 and 0.52, respectively, of the value for the reference nucleotide. In contrast, for the synthesis of nascent peptidoglycan with these nucleotides Vmax/Km is 0.75 and 0.80, and Vmax is 0.71 and 1.0, respectively, of the value for the reference nucleotide. This trend was also illustrated with the other nucleotides in the time course experiments. These results indicate that the penicillin-sensitive enzyme(s), presumably the transpeptidase, has a higher degree of specificity in the donor phase for D-alanine in residue 4 than for D-alanine in residue 5 in the cross-linking stage of peptidoglycan synthesis.

Acetylglucosamine↗
PubMed2001

Spectroscopic observation of intermediates formed during the oxidative half-reaction of copper/topa quinone-containing phenylethylamine oxidase.

The catalytic reaction of copper/topa quinone (TPQ) containing amine oxidase consists of the initial, well-characterized, reductive half-reaction and the following, less studied, oxidative half-reaction. We have analyzed the oxidative half-reaction catalyzed by phenylethylamine oxidase from Arthrobacter globiformis (AGAO) by rapid-scan stopped-flow measurements. Upon addition of dioxygen to the substrate-reduced AGAO at pH 8.2, the absorption bands derived from the semiquinone (TPQ(sq)) and aminoresorcinol forms of the TPQ cofactor disappeared within the dead time (<1 ms) of the measurements, indicating that the reaction of the substrate-reduced enzyme with dioxygen is very rapid. Concomitantly, an early intermediate exhibiting an absorption band at about 410 nm was formed, which then decayed with a rate constant of 390 +/- 50 s(-1). This intermediate was detected more prominently in the reaction in D2O buffer (pD 8.1) and was assigned to a Cu(II)-peroxy species. The assignment was based on the observation that addition of H2O2 to the substrate-reduced AGAO under anaerobic conditions led to the formation of a new band at about 415 nm, accompanied by partial quenching of absorption bands derived from TPQ(sq). Other intermediates exhibiting absorption bands at about 310 and 340 nm were also observed in the oxidative half-reaction. Kinetics of the disappearance of these latter bands did not correspond with that of the Cu(II)-peroxy band at 410 nm but did well with that of the increase of the 480 nm absorption band due to the reoxidized TPQ. Rapid increase of the absorption in the 320-370 nm region was also observed for the reaction of the substrate-reduced, Ni-substituted enzyme with dioxygen. On the basis of these results, a possible mechanism is proposed for the oxidative half-reaction of the bacterial copper amine oxidase.

Amine Oxidase (Copper-Containing)↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Application of isotope coded affinity tag (ICAT) analysis for the identification of differentially expressed proteins following infection of atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) with infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) or Renibacterium salmoninarum (BKD).

Aquaculture and commercial fisheries worldwide suffer from significant economic loss due to diseases of net-pen reared fish. In British Columbia, infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN) and bacterial kidney disease (BKD) epidemics occur because there are currently no commercially available drugs or fully licensed vaccines to treat these diseases. With a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying these diseases, this circumstance might be significantly improved. In the present study, we have used a proteomics approach in an effort to identify and quantitate differentially expressed proteins in the liver and kidneys of diseased and healthy Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Isotope coded affinity tagging (ICAT), 2D gel electrophoresis, and multidimensional liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (2D-LC MS/MS) were used to identify hundreds of differentially expressed proteins. While the direct significance of changes in expression levels of many proteins remains to be elucidated, others appear to be more clearly related to the infectious process. Examples of the latter are discussed here and include, a natural killer cell enhancement factor (NKEF), procathepsin L, superoxide-producing NADPH oxidase and interferon-induced viral resistance protein Mx (IFI-Mx).

Affinity Labels↗
PubMed2003

Pair-dependent co-aggregation behavior of non-flocculating sludge bacteria.

Two strains of non-flocculating sewage sludge bacteria (Xanthomonas sp. S53 and Microbacterium esteraromaticum S51) showed 91% and 77% co-aggregation, respectively, with Acinetobacter johnsonii S35 using a spectrophometric assay. The co-aggregates in case of Xanthomonas sp. S53 and A. johnsonii S35 were above 100 microm and stable against EDTA (2 mM) and a commercial protease (0.2 mg ml(-1)). Protease/periodate pretreatment of the partners did not affect this co-aggregation. On the other hand, co-aggregates of M. esteraromaticum S51 and A. johnsonii S35 (50-70 microm) were deflocculated by EDTA or protease. Protease pretreatment of M. esteraromaticum S51 and periodate pretreatment of A. johnsonii S35 prevented their co-aggregation with respective untreated partners. The potential co-aggregation mechanisms of A. johnsonii S35 varied depending upon the other partner involved.

Acinetobacter↗
PubMed2003

Ecology of mixed biofilms subjected daily to a chlorinated alkaline solution: spatial distribution of bacterial species suggests a protective effect of one species to another.

Three bacterial strains (Kocuria sp. C714.1, Brevibacterium linens B337.1 and Staphylococcus sciuri CCL101) were grown together on stainless steel and were subjected daily to a commercial alkaline chlorine solution (22 mg l-1 of free chlorine, pH 11) over a period of 4 weeks. After the daily chemical shock, culture madia [1:20 dilution of tryptic soy broth (TSB-YE/20) or diluted whey] was deposited on the biofilms. The chemical shocks led first to a drop in the culturable population, followed by an increase and finally stabilization at around 106-107 CFU cm-2 by day 11 of the experiment. These changes in the microbial population can be attributed to a decreasing susceptibility to the antimicrobial agent with biofilm age, and to the consumption of free chlorine by biofilm exoproteins. The microbial composition appeared to be linked to the free chlorine concentration that depended on exoprotein production. At the end of the experiment, exoprotein production was greater for biofilms grown in TSBYE/20 than in whey. As a consequence, biofilms grown in whey did not neutralize the chlorine and the dominant strain was the one having the highest resistance to chlorine: K. varians. When biofilm were grown in TSBYE/20, chlorine was neutralized and the dominant strain was the one having the highest growth rate: S. sciuri. The presence of chlorine may also explain the distribution of S. sciuri cells as a ring around Kocuria sp. microcolonies. When chlorine was totally consumed by the biofilm during the chemical shock, S. sciuri was no longer grouped around Kocuria sp. microcolonies but was evenly scattered over the substratum as single cells or in small clusters, as it was before any chemical treatment. These findings strongly suggest protection of S. sciuri by Kocuria sp. microcolonies against the chlorinated solution. This phenomenon, added to the low susceptibility phenotype of the biofilm cells, could at least partly explain the survival of microbial cells in an adverse environment.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2003

Rothia dentocariosa, endocarditis and mycotic aneurysms: case report and review of the literature.

Rothia dentocariosa is a rare cause of endocarditis. It occurs most frequently in patients with prior heart conditions. Although the clinical course is typically subacute, it has a high rate of complications. In particular, the reported incidence of mycotic aneurysms is as high as 25%. Penicillin is the treatment of choice, but additional complications may necessitate prompt surgical intervention. As far as we know, this paper reports the first case of repeated subarachnoid hemorrhages due to R. dentocariosa endocarditis.

Actinomycetales Infections↗
PubMed2003

Bacteremia due to Stomatococcus mucilaginosus in neutropenic patients in the setting of a cancer institute.

This study reviews the clinical manifestations, causes and frequency of Stomatococcus mucilaginosus bacteremia in neutropenic cancer patients. We analyzed retrospectively all clinical and microbiological records of patients with S. mucilaginosus bacteremia. The incidence was compared with that of other pathogens causing bacteremia during neutropenia for the same period. S. mucilaginosus represented 5.9% of bacteremias in our neutropenic patients. Seven patients with hematologic malignancies and one with breast cancer are described. The common clinical presentation was one of sepsis. All patients presented with damaged mucosal barriers as the probable portal of entry, from either stomatitis or enterocolitis. All patients survived.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Time series analysis of aerobic bacterial flora during Miso fermentation.

AIMS: This article reports a microbiological study of aerobic mesophilic bacteria that are present during the fermentation process of Miso. METHODS AND RESULTS: Aerobic bacteria were enumerated and isolated from Miso during fermentation and divided into nine groups using traditional phenotypic tests. The strains were identified by biochemical analysis and 16S rRNA sequence analysis. They were identified as Bacillus subtilis, B. amyloliquefaciens, Kocuria kristinae, Staphylococcus gallinarum and S. kloosii. All strains were sensitive to the bacteriocins produced by the lactic acid bacteria isolated from Miso. CONCLUSIONS: The dominant species among the undesirable species throughout the fermentation process were B. subtilis and B. amyloliquefaciens. It is suggested that bacteriocin-producing lactic acid bacteria are effective in the growth prevention of aerobic bacteria in Miso. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study has provided useful information for controlling of bacterial flora during Miso fermentation.

Bacillus↗
PubMed1980

[Bacterial contamination of intraocular metallic foreign bodies].

Bacterial flora were cultured from 20 metallic intraocular foreign bodies which were removed by magnetic extraction. Bacterial flora were domonstrated in 35%. Report on the microorganisms isolated, the size of the foreign bodies and the time between the penetration and the magnetic extraction operation in relation to the contamination.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Three cases of Rothia dentocariosa bacteraemia: frequency in Denmark and a review.

Three cases of non-endocarditis-associated Rothia dentocariosa bacteraermia occurred in Viborg County within the space of a year, whereas no cases have been registered in other parts of Denmark during the last 10 y. Two patients wore dentures but had no history of oral infection, while in the last patient a tooth abscess was detected on examination. R. dentocariosa is a common inhabitant of the oral cavity and the causative agent of a wide spectrum of infectious symptoms. It is only rarely identified in blood cultures, possibly due the inadequacy of the available identification methods.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

Central nervous system infections due to Stomatococcus mucilaginosus in immunocompromised hosts.

We present a case of central nervous system (CNS) infection due to Stomatococcus mucilaginosus involving a patient with leukemia and summarize 12 additional published reports of CNS infection due to this organism in immunocompromised hosts. The infection was diagnosed most commonly in the setting of hematologic malignancy accompanied by chemotherapy-induced neutropenia. S. mucilaginosus was recovered from blood prior to discovery of the CNS infection in 62% of cases. Signs or symptoms of CNS infection were observed in all patients. Although a number of patients responded to regimens containing intravenous vancomycin, the addition of intrathecal vancomycin appeared to be of benefit in some cases.

Central Nervous System Infections↗