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PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of chronic mixed pesticide exposure on peripheral and autonomic nerve function.

In a cross-sectional study involving 131 flower bulb farmers (mean age = 43 y) and 67 well-matched controls, peripheral and autonomic nerve functions were examined. The study group had been exposed during a period of 20 y (standard deviation = 7) and applied a similar pesticide package. Lifetime cumulative exposure was estimated based on exposure levels for specific application methods and duration of exposure. Exposure-related decreased conduction velocities were found in the motor fibers of the median (-1.1 m/s) and peroneal (fast fibers: -1.2 m/s, slow fibers: -1.3 m/s) nerves, and in the sensory fibers of the median (-1.4 m/s) and sural (-0.9 m/s) nerves. In addition, the refractory period was determined and found to be increased in the sural and peroneal nerves. With regard to the autonomic nerve function, a decrease was found in resting sinus arrhythmia (-10%).

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Immunomodulatory effects of occupational exposure to mancozeb.

The effects of occupational exposure to ethylene-bis-dithiocarbamate of manganese and zinc on the immune system were evaluated in a group of mancozeb-exposed manufacturers and controls. The immune system tests revealed the following: (a) lymphocyte proliferative responses triggered by different activators and mitogen-induced IL-2 production were higher in exposed subjects than in controls; (b) production of monocyte/macrophage-derived IL-1 and polyclonal IgG and IgM, by beta-lymphocytes, did not differ between exposed subjects and controls; (c) percentages and absolute numbers of total T-cells, T-helper cells, T-suppressor/cytotoxic cells, activated T-cells, total beta-cells, and natural killer cells were similar in exposed subjects and controls; (d) serum immunoglobulin classes and complement fractions were within the range of normality; and (e) rheumatoid factor and non-organ-specific serum autoantibodies were absent in exposed and control subjects. An increase in T-cell functional response was found in the exposed group, suggesting a slight immunomodulator effect of mancozeb in conditions of low-level, prolonged occupational exposure.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗
PubMed2000

In vitro studies of cellular and molecular developmental toxicity of adjuvants, herbicides, and fungicides commonly used in Red River Valley, Minnesota.

Recent epidemiologic studies showed increased frequency of birth defects in pesticide applicators and general population of the Red River Valley, Minnesota. These studies further indicated that this crop growing area used more chlorophenoxy herbicides and fungicides than elsewhere in Minnesota. Based on frequency of use and known biology, certain herbicides, pesticide additives, fungicides, and mycotoxins are suspect agents. To define whether these agents affect developmental endpoints in vitro, 16 selected agrochemicals were examined using the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. In the flow cytometric assay, cell proliferation in this estrogen-responsive cell line indicates xenobiotic-mediated estrogenic effects. Cell viability, morphology, ploidy, and apoptosis were incorporated in this assay. Data showed that the adjuvants X-77 and Activate Plus induced significant cell proliferation at 0.1 and 1 microg/ml. The commercial-grade herbicides 2,4-D LV4 and 2,4-D amine induced cell proliferation at 1 and 10 microg/ml. The reagent-grade 2,4-D products failed to induce proliferation over the same concentration range, suggesting that other ingredients in the commercial products, presumably adjuvants, could be a factor in these results. The fungicides triphenyltin and mancozeb induced apoptosis at concentrations of 4.1 microg/ml (10(-5) M) and 50 microg/ml, respectively. Triphenyltin also induced aneuploidy (C2/M arrest) at 0.41 microg/ml (10(-6) M). Data provide a mechanistic step to understanding human reproductive and developmental effects in populations exposed to these agrochemicals, and initiative to focusing limited resources for future in vivo animal developmental toxicity studies.

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid↗
PubMed1998

Exposure of nonmigratory pigeons to mancozeb: a sentinel model for humans.

The use of pesticides in agriculture has increased over the last decade. Their widespread, often uncontrolled use causes thousands of people to be daily exposed to environmental agricultural chemicals, resulting in acute and chronic health effects. At present there is a paucity of data on the potential adverse effects of exposure to low levels of mancozeb for prolonged periods. In order to investigate the effects of mancozeb exposure on pulmonary wildlife populations, tracheas and lungs of nine 1- to 7-yr-old nonmigratory pigeons raised near peach orchards and vineyards repeatedly sprayed with the fungicide were examined. The experimental situation allowed us to evaluate the long-term natural toxicity of mancozeb as a sentinel for human populations occupationally exposed to fungicides. The use of nonmigratory pigeons may serve as an important biological source from which helpful data may be obtained for assessing risks to human health and gaining new insight into pathogenetic mechanisms.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Environmental and biological monitoring of exposure to mancozeb, ethylenethiourea, and dimethoate during industrial formulation.

The results of environmental (11 subjects) and biological (57 subjects) monitoring of exposure to mancozeb, ethylenethiourea (ETU), and dimethoate are reported for employees of a firm producing commercial formulations containing these active ingredients. Urinary excretion [GM(GSD)] of ETU (microg/g creatinine) and alkylphosphates [dimethylphosphate (DMP) + dimethylthiophosphate (DMTP) + dimethyldithiophosphate (DMDTP)] (nmol/g creatinine) was 65.3(4.8) and 419.2(2.1), respectively, for employees engaged in the formulation of a product containing 80% mancozeb (n = 9), 36.6(1.9) and 296.4(2.4) for those formulating a product containing 35% mancozeb (n = 9), 9.5(6.1) and 1022.4(3.0) for those engaged in plant maintenance and internal transport of materials (n = 6), 10.3(4.2) and 322.8(3.3) for those engaged in packaging the mancozeb formulations (n = 16), 4.4(3.3) and 2545.4(3.9) for those formulating a product containing 40% dimethoate (n = 11), and 3.0(2.7) and 871.7(3.3) for those bottling the same dimethoate formulation (n = 10). Air concentrations (microg/m3) ranged from 25.3 to 194.4 for dimethoate, from 0.2 to 1.3 for ETU, and from 139.9 to 949.0 for mancozeb. Urinary excretion of ETU and alkylphosphates showed a significant correlation with mancozeb (r2 = .971), and ETU (r2 = .858), and dimethoate (r2 = .955) contamination of the hands. Potential dose estimates showed that the potential respiratory doses of mancozeb and dimethoate accounted, on the average, for 38% of the total potential dose. The potential respiratory dose of ETU was 7% of the total potential dose. Total estimated absorption did not exceed the accepted daily dose (ADI) for ETU and mancozeb, but the ADI for dimethoate was exceeded. Serum and erythrocyte cholinesterase activities in workers formulating dimethoate products were not significantly different before and after exposure.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Residues of EBDC fungicides and ETU in experimental and commercial beverages (beer and wine).

Residues of EBDC (ethylenebisdithiocarbamate) fungicides and ETU (ethylenethiourea; 2-imidazolidinethione) were monitored in beers and wines from different locations. No EBDC residues were detected in any of the samples examined. Concerning the ETU residues, the residue levels higher than the limit of method detection (0.01 ppm) were 22.6% and 7.3% in the commercial beer and wine samples respectively, but the number of samples containing more than 0.1 ppm of ETU was practically negligeable.

Beer↗
PubMed1993

[The effect of commercial preparations of benlate, dithane M-45, copper sulfate and dichlofluanid on the fertility of Drosophila melanogaster meigen].

Four day old Drosophila pairs were maintained on nutritive media surface treated with fungicide doses according to the standard level recommended by the manufacturers. The flies were treated for 1 to 6 weeks and the eggs laid in 3 hours were counted each week during and after treatment. The capacity of treated flies egg laying was determined on treated media and then on untreated one. For the benomyl preparation (Benlate) and the mancozebe preparation (Dithane M45), there was an overall reduction of the egg mass on treated media but not on untreated media. There appears to be an essential repulsive effect which perturbs egg laying and causes a retention of eggs. However, after 3 to 4 weeks the quantity of egg mass also diminished on untreated media. Once the treatment was terminated the capacity to lay eggs partially returned. The copper sulfate preparation (Bouillie bordelaise) also exhibited a repulsive effect as exhibited by a retention of a certain number of eggs, but there was a more direct and fast effect on fecundity. Effect was more brutal with the dichlofluanide preparation (Euparène), and rapidly irreversible: the egg masses were very reduced after only one week of treatment on both treated and untreated media, and after termination of treatment there was an incomplete and temporary recuperation of the capacity to lay eggs. The results presented here are in agreement with those obtained previously concerning longevity. At the doses recommended for agricultural treatments, Benlate and Dithane M45 showed low toxicity for Drosophila adults in comparison with Bouillie bordelaise and Euparène which revealed a high toxicity in agreement with the fecundity and longevity data.

Aniline Compounds↗
PubMed1997

[Ovarian activity of Drosophila melanogaster Meigen (Diptera), during a chronic intoxication with four fungicides: anatomical and cytological study].

Two types of reactions were observed on the alteration of Drosophila vitellogenesis by the four fungicides used in this study. Dithane M45 resulted in stimulation associated with egg retention. However, the other three fungicides (Benlate, Bouillie bordelaise and Euparène) resulted in inhibition to a varying degree. Although the inhibition was comparatively limited due to Benlate it induced an egg retention. The inhibition was very high due to Bouillie bordelaise and Euparène. With Bouillie bordelaise an egg retention occured together with the reduction of vitellogenesis and caused an increase in the rate of the follicle resorption. The latter depended on the duration of treatment. With Euparène, no egg retention was observed and the toxicity was only noticed on vitellogenesis.

Aniline Compounds↗
PubMed1993

Toxicological effects of ziram, thiram, and dithane M-45 assessed by sperm shape abnormalities in mice.

The three commonly used dithiocarbamate fungicides ziram, thiram, and dithane M-45 were investigated for their mutagenic and carcinogenic potency using sperm shape abnormalities in mice. The fungicides were administered intraperitoneally in single and cumulative doses. All three of the fungicides tested were found to induce significant increase in the frequency of abnormal sperm at all the doses, and a linear dose effect was observed.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

The effect of simulated rain on folpet and mancozeb residues on grapes and on vine leaves.

Artificial rainfalls were used to determine the effect of the amount of the rainfall and the time interval between pesticide application and rainfall event, on folpet and mancozeb residues on grapes and vine leaves. Forty-five mm of rain were administered to the vineyard in different amounts (45; 30+15; 15+15+15 mm). Folpet showed good rainfastness on the grapes and on the leaves. A modest decrease was observed only in the experiments that had received 45 mm of rain at one go. Mancozeb showed a lower rainfastness, since a portion of the deposit was easily washed off also by a modest rainfall. The percentage of this portion was higher in the grapes (38%) than in the leaves (20%). The data obtained in these experiments show that, in the case of folpet, it is not necessary to repeat the treatment when it rains the day after, while it is recommendable to repeat it in the case of mancozeb.

Fungicides, Industrial↗
PubMed1992

Assessment of dermal and inhalation exposure to zineb/maneb in the cultivation of flower bulbs.

In bulb farming the use of pesticides for crop protection and bulb disinfection is extensive. To estimate long-term occupational exposure to pesticides, generic levels of exposure specific to the method of working were needed. In order to derive these values, dermal and inhalation exposure to the fungicide mixture zineb/maneb was assessed for different methods of mixing and loading a wettable powder formulation. Further, dermal exposure was also assessed for two methods of disinfection of bulbs. Observed exposure was expressed in terms of method-specific levels of exposure, which makes it possible to compare exposure resulting from different methods of working, with respect to the amount of pesticide handled, or whether ladling the pesticide with a scoop or dipping the bulbs using baskets resulted in high exposure. Moreover, the relative importance of dermal and inhalation exposure routes was estimated. The results show that during mixing and loading with bare hands dermal exposure is by far the greater contributor (greater than 99%) to the total estimated exposure. Comparing these results and also some preliminary results of the dermal protection provided by working gloves, with tentative health-based limit values of exposure, emphasize the need for a programme on appropriate dermal protection.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗
PubMed1992

Status of ornithine decarboxylase activity and DNA synthesis in mancozeb-exposed mouse skin.

The effect of mancozeb, a fungicide, on mouse skin ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity and DNA synthesis was studied. ODC activity was induced after topical application of mancozeb and exhibited a peak level at 5 h. This ODC induction was dependent on the dose of mancozeb applied. Cycloheximide, an inhibitor of protein synthesis, inhibited the mancozeb-caused ODC induction, indicating the effect on enzyme protein synthesis. The rate of DNA synthesis was also increased by mancozeb, as indicated by increased [3H]thymidine incorporation into skin DNA. Induction of ODC activity and DNA synthesis are among the events probably involved in the tumorigenic action of mancozeb on mouse skin.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Promoting effects of mancozeb on pancreas of nitrosomethylurea-treated rats.

UNLABELLED: Rats were treated with a single i.p. injection of the carcinogen nitrosomethylurea (NMU, 50 mg/kg b.w.) at day three of age. The treatment induced hyperplastic and atypical acinar cell proliferation [focal acinar cell hyperplasia (FACH)]. In this investigation, NMU treated rats were fed AIN-76 diet containing mancozeb (MZ; 100 mg/kg diet), a polymeric complex of ethylene bis (dithiocarbamate) manganese with zinc salt, which is an agricultural fungicide. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Group one was treated with NMU plus MZ (MZ-NMU), group 2 received NMU alone (NMU), group 3 was fed MZ and saline injected (MZ-SAL) and group 4 was the saline injected control (SAL). Rats were killed at week 24 of age. In MZ-NMU group pancreas there were FACH, dysplastic foci (DYF) and carcinomas in situ (CIS). FACH were larger, coalescent and may show areas of undifferentiated cells (focus within focus). DYF contain proliferative acinar and ductular structures with loss of polarity but no malignant traits. CIS had medullary appearance or consisted of irregularly shaped acini and ducts in stromal framework. Cell had scant cytoplasm and large hyperchromatic, pleomorphic nuclei. DYF and CIS were not seen in MZ group pancreas. The MZ-NMU group had increased mitotic index and greater number of apoptotic cells. There was no pathologic change in MZ-SAL group. Our data indicated that MZ did not cause pancreatic cell proliferation in normal rats whereas it had distinct promoting and progressor effects on NMU initiated pancreatic cells. Thus, a two-stage protocol of pancreatic carcinogenesis was achieved. It is suggested that the NMU protocol may be useful for testing promoter, progressor or inhibitory effect of chemical and physical agents on cell proliferation and transformation of rat pancreas.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Tumour-promoting ability of mancozeb, a carbamate fungicide, on mouse skin.

In this study the tumour-promoting activity of a carbamate fungicide, mancozeb, has been observed following topical application on mouse skin in a two-stage initiation--promotion protocol for carcinogenesis. Female Swiss albino mice were initiated with a single subcarcinogenic dose (52 micrograms) of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene painted on the interscapular region. Seven days after initiation the mice underwent topical application of mancozeb (100 mg/kg body wt) three times per week as promoter. Development of tumours was observed after 12 weeks of mancozeb application in 1/14 animals and 100% tumorigenesis was recorded after 17 weeks of mancozeb application. On histological examination, these tumours were found mostly to be benign in nature, e.g. squamous cell papillomas and keratocanthomas.

9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene↗
PubMed2004

Toxicity of chemicals commonly used in Indonesian vegetable crops to Liriomyza huidobrensis populations and the Indonesian parasitoids Hemiptarsenus varicornis, Opius sp., and Gronotoma micromorpha, as well as the Australian parasitoids Hemiptarsenus varicornis and Diglyphus isaea.

Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard) and Liriomyza sativae (Blanchard) are important pests of vegetable crops in Indonesia and are likely to spread to neighboring countries. Three pesticides (dimehypo, abamectin, and cyromazine) are currently used to control these pests, but there is little information on their effectiveness against field populations and on their impact on parasitoids controlling Liriomyza species. The toxicity of these chemicals to L. huidobrensis and three common parasitoids (Hemiptarsenus varicornis Gerault, Opius sp., and Gronotoma micromorpha Perkins) was therefore evaluated in Indonesia with mortality laboratory assays. All three chemicals were effective against larvae of three populations of L. huidobrensis with different histories of chemical exposure. Dimehypo caused mortality in adult Opius sp., G. micromorpha, and H. varicornis, whereas abamectin was toxic only at concentrations substantially higher than the field rate. Cyromazine did not influence survival of the parasitoids. A commonly used fungicide, mancozeb, had no impact on parasitoid mortality. Trials were repeated with a strain of H. varicornis from Australia and a different parasitoid (Diglyphus isaea) recently found in Australia. Neither parasitoid was influenced by mancozeb or cyromazine. Abamectin applied at field rates caused some mortality among the adults of both species, but was less toxic than chlorpyrifos. Abamectin produced lower LC50s against Australian H. varicornis than against Indonesian H. varicornis. These results suggest that cyromazine can be incorporated into Liriomyza control programs in Indonesia that conserve parasitoids, whereas dimehypo and abamectin need to be used cautiously. Local Australian parasitoids should help control L. huidobrensis as long as only cyromazine and nontoxic fungicides are applied.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2005

Juvenile and sublethal effects of selected pesticides on the leafminer parasitoids Hemiptarsenus varicornis and Diglyphus isaea (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) from Australia.

The pest leafminers Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard), Liriomyza sativae (Blanchard), and Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) have spread into South East Asia and Oceania, and they are likely to reach Australia in the near future. Two translaminar pesticides, cyromazine and abamectin, currently provide effective chemical control of these pests, but because parasitoids can play an important role in controlling and preventing leafminer outbreaks, understanding the impact of pesticides on leafminer parasitoids is vital. Here, we tested larval and pupal mortality and sublethal effects of abamectin, cyromazine, and the widely used fungicide mancozeb on two common Australian leafminer parasitoids, Hemiptarsenus varicornis (Girault) and Diglyphus isaea (Walker). Abamectin caused significant mortality to larvae and pupae of both parasitoid species but cyromazine and mancozeb did not. Progeny production and longevity of H. varicornis were not affected by adult exposure to cyromazine and mancozeb, nor did direct pupal exposure decrease number of progeny produced by either parasitoid. Mortality of H. varicornis females emerging from leaves treated with abamectin was high for up to 72 h after eclosion but those surviving beyond 72 h did not differ from control females in the number of progeny produced. Mancozeb did not influence leaf residence time or parasitism by H. varicornis females. Cyromazine and the fungicide mancozeb were concluded to be compatible with the parasitoids tested and suitable for integrated pest management of leafminers should outbreaks of pest species occur in Australia. Abamectin should be used with caution because it caused significant mortality in both parasitoids tested here.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Ameliorating effect of vitamin C on murine sperm toxicity induced by three pesticides (endosulfan, phosphamidon and mancozeb).

The ameliorating effect of vitamin C (injected intraperitoneally) was evaluated against changes in sperm count and sperm head morphology in mice fed either 3, 6 or 1000 mg/kg body wt/day endosulfan, phosphamidon or mancozeb, respectively. The animals received aqueous preparations of the pesticides and/or vitamin C once daily for 35 consecutive days. All three pesticides, irrespective of their chemical nature, significantly decreased the sperm count, as well as increased the frequency of sperm with aberrant head morphology. Out of the three doses of vitamin C used the middle and higher ones (20 and 40 mg/kg body wt/day, respectively) afforded comparatively more significant amelioration. The lower dose (10 mg/kg body wt/day) of this vitamin (quantitatively equivalent to the human therapeutic dose according to body weight) was least efficacious in both the tests. However, amelioration was never up to the control level in any case. Vitamin C doses, when administered alone, did not produce any adverse effect on sperm count and sperm head morphology.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Evaluation of epidemiologic and animal data associating pesticides with Parkinson's disease.

Exposure to pesticides may be a risk factor for developing Parkinson's disease (PD). To evaluate the evidence regarding this association in the scientific literature, we examined both analytic epidemiologic studies of PD cases in which exposure to pesticides was queried directly and whole-animal studies for PD-like effects after systemic pesticide exposure. Epidemiologic studies were considered according to study quality parameters, and results were found to be mixed and without consistent exposure-response or pesticide-specific patterns. These epidemiologic studies were limited by a lack of detailed and validated pesticide exposure assessment. In animal studies, no pesticide has yet demonstrated the selective set of clinical and pathologic signs that characterize human PD, particularly at levels relevant to human populations. We conclude that the animal and epidemiologic data reviewed do not provide sufficient evidence to support a causal association between pesticide exposure and PD.

Animals↗