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PubMedDate not supplied

[The experimental effect of growth stimulants on protein assimilation].

In experiments on rats it was established that the compound CAM-300 in a dose of 2 mg/kg did not induce body mass growth, protein biological value increase or pepsinogen concentration change in the gastric mucosa. Fenobolin stimulation of growth in the experimental animals was attended by a three-fold rise in pepsinogen concentration in the gastric mucosa, the pure utilization of protein being unchanged. The action of the compound 6-(6,10-dioxyundecyl)-beta-resorcin acid gamma-lacton (International Minerals Corporation) did not change biological value and the pure utilization of protein, pepsinogen concentration in the gastric mucosa was slightly lowered. Evaluation of the pure utilization of protein is the principle test in the estimation of the compound anabolic effect.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Treatment of paraquat poisoning in man: methods to prevent absorption.

Theoretically, absorption of an ingested dose of paraquat may be reduced by gastric lavage, induced emesis, whole-gut lavage or by the oral administration of absorbent substances. Animal experiments suggest that paraquat is absorbed poorly from the stomach and absorbed incompletely (less than 5%) from the small intestine over a 1-6 h period. Although gastric lavage would therefore seem a logical way to ameliorate the toxicity of an ingested dose of paraquat, peak plasma concentrations are attained rapidly and evidence for the efficacy of gastric lavage in man is poor. In 1977, a potent emetic (PP796) was added to liquid and solid formulations of paraquat because experiments in primates had demonstrated a fivefold reduction in toxicity. In man, ingestion of formulations containing an emetic is more likely to cause spontaneous vomiting within 30 min than non-emetic preparations. However, definite evidence of benefit, as judged by improved patient prognosis, has yet to be established. Gut lavage has been shown to remove only a small proportion of an ingested dose of paraquat. At the flow rates employed in man (75 ml/min), approximately 0.5-1.0 litres of lavage fluid/h may be absorbed across the intestinal wall. Since there is a theoretical risk of increasing paraquat absorption, the use of whole-gut lavage cannot be recommended. Bipyridilium herbicides are absorbed by soil and clay minerals, and montmorillonite in particular has been shown to be a strong binding agent in vitro. Accordingly, the use of Fuller's Earth (calcium montmorillonite) and Bentonite (sodium montmorillonite) for the treatment of poisoning has been investigated in animal models.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aluminum Compounds↗
PubMed2004

Lithium monitoring by reverse iontophoresis in vivo.

BACKGROUND: We investigated reverse transdermal iontophoresis as an alternative, noninvasive method for lithium monitoring in vivo. The objectives of such an approach would be to facilitate compliance with treatment and to improve the quality of life for bipolar patients. METHODS: We studied 23 bipolar or schizo-affective patients. Over a 2-h period, we extracted lithium and other cations across intact skin by application of an electric current (0.8 mA) and quantified the concentrations by ion chromatography. A blood sample provided comparative reference values for the drug and other electrolytes. RESULTS: Lithium, sodium, potassium, and calcium were efficiently extracted by iontophoresis. Lithium extraction fluxes were proportional to the corresponding serum concentrations, whereas sodium, potassium, and calcium extraction fluxes were relatively constant, consistent with their stable concentrations in blood. Normalization of the lithium extraction flux with that of sodium, which acted as an "internal standard", permitted calibration of the monitoring procedure without the need for a blood measurement. This conclusion was tested retrospectively by dividing the patients into two groups. The reverse iontophoretic extraction data from the first subset (a) established the proportionality between lithium iontophoresis (or the relative electrotransport of lithium and sodium) and (b) predicted lithium blood concentrations in the second subset of patients. The predictive ability was very good, with the internal standard concept providing substantial benefit. CONCLUSIONS: Reverse iontophoresis appears to offer a novel and accurate method for lithium monitoring.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Cytotoxicity of respirable dusts from industrial minerals: comparison of two naturally occurring and two man-made silicates.

The membranolytic and cytotoxic properties of two naturally occurring (chrysotile asbestos; attapulgite clay) and two man-made (Fiberfrax, an aluminium-silicate, and xonotlite, a calcium silicate) industrial minerals were compared. "Short" fiber fractions of chrysotile and Fiberfrax were obtained by sedimentation in demineralized water, while the attapulgite and xonotlite samples were used as obtained. The aluminium silicate fibers were found to be non- hemolytic, while for the other three silicates, chrysotile had the strongest hemolysis potential, followed very closely by xonotlite; attapulgite was less hemolytic than the former two silicates, but was nevertheless highly hemolytic to the rat erythrocytes. Using rat pulmonary alveolar macrophages, the in vitro cytotoxicity assays showed that with fresh cell monolayers, all four silicates were equivalent in causing cell damages at a dose of 250 micrograms; at a lower dose (50 micrograms), the intensity of the cytotoxic effect was in the decreasing order: Fiberfrax greater than attapulgite greater than chrysotile greater than xonotlite. With one day-old cultured cell monolayers, a dose of 250 micrograms of the silicates fibers was less cytotoxic, with the exception of the attapulgite fibers which remained essentially as cytotoxic as with the fresh cell monolayers. The reduced cytotoxic response was especially noticeable with the chrysotile fibers. At 50 micrograms, the cytotoxicity scale of the mineral dusts with one day-old cell monolayers was essentially the same as the one obtained with the fresh cell monolayers, that is: Fiberfrax approximately equal to attapulgite greater than chrysotile greater than or equal to xonotlite. Overall, these in vitro tests imply: 1) that all four industrial silicates tested can be considered to be "biologically active"; 2) that on the basis of their different reactivities with the two types of cell culture conditions used, their biological reactivity in vivo might be quite distinct. This might be especially true for at least the chrysotile, attapulgite and xonotlite short fibers, considering that these three types of silicate dusts have very similar dimensions. Moreover, for the chrysotile and attapulgite samples, fiber numbers is probably not an important factor, since the density of the two silicates is roughly the same. The unaltered cytotoxic responses of the American attapulgite fibers in the two macrophage assays correlate well with the fact that short attapulgite fibers seems to have a stronger in vivo reactivity than short chrysotile fibers. In fact, it might be the strongest of the four industrial silicates tested.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Paraquat poisoning.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Aluminum Compounds↗
PubMed1988

Disturbances of vitamin D metabolism and action during clinical and experimental magnesium deficiency.

It has been known since the 1920s that magnesium is influential in calcium homeostasis. In the 1970s it was documented that parathyroid secretion and activity may be impaired in magnesium deficiency. In the past two decades a variety of studies have indicated alterations in circulating vitamin D metabolites in humans, although these observations are not entirely consistent. Animal studies have not consistently demonstrated impaired vitamin D metabolism during relatively brief periods of magnesium deprivation, despite in vitro magnesium dependence of 1 alpha-hydroxylase activity. Studies of the administration of active vitamin D metabolites to humans and animals suggest that skeletal resistance to these compounds in magnesium deficiency may, in part, explain their reduced calcaemic effect during magnesium deficiency.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

[Effect of an antacid on duodenal pH in severe excretory pancreatic insufficiency].

pH was measured continuously in the lower duodenum before and 90 min after a standard meal in 15 controls and 13 patient with severe pancreatic insufficiency (PI); gastric acid secretion was unimpaired in all of them. 7 out of the 13 pat. with PI received additionally 30 ml of an A-Mg-silicate preparation (MegalacR) 45 min after the meal. Mean pH dropped after the meal from 6.9 to 6.2 in the controls and from 7.1 to 4.9 in the pat. with PI. The overall time of pH-values below 5 amounted to 0.5% of the measuring period in the controls, in PI-pat. to 35%. In pat. with PI there were additionally pH-values below 4 during 11% of the postcibal period. Antacid administration increased duodenal pH significantly but only over 15 min; this transient effect had, however, no significant influence on the overall time of the pH-values below 5 and 4. Al-Mg-silicate has obviously no relevant effect on the postcibal duodenal pH in pat. with PI and can therefore not be regarded as a means to prevent inactivation of pancreatic enzymes in the duodenum.

Aluminum Compounds↗
PubMed1990

Influence of chondroitin sulfate, heparin sulfate, and citrate on Proteus mirabilis-induced struvite crystallization in vitro.

Struvite crystals were produced by Proteus mirabilis growth in artificial urine, in the presence of a number of naturally occurring crystallization inhibitors. The use of phase contrast light microscopy enabled the effects of added chondroitin sulfate A, chondroitin sulfate C, heparin sulfate, or sodium citrate, on struvite crystal growth rates to be rapidly monitored as changes in crystal habit. Struvite crystals formed as a consequence of the urease activity of P. mirabilis under all chemical conditions. In the absence of inhibitor, early crystal development was marked by large quantities of amorphous precipitate, followed immediately by the appearance of rapidly growing X-shaped or planar crystals. Addition of the glycosaminoglycans, chondroitin sulfate A, chondroitin sulfate C, or heparin sulfate to the artificial urine mixture had no effect on the rate of crystal growth or appearance. When sodium citrate was present in elevated concentrations, crystal appearance was generally slowed, and the crystals assumed an octahedral, slow growing appearance. None of the added compounds had any influence on bacterial viability, pH, or urease activity. It is therefore likely that the inhibitory activity displayed by sodium citrate might be related to its ability to complex magnesium or to interfere with the crystal structure during struvite formation. From these experiments it would appear that citrate may be a factor in the natural resistance of whole urine to struvite crystallization.

Chondroitin Sulfates↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation of barrier creams against sulphur mustard. I. In vitro studies using human skin.

The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of a range of passive and reactive barrier cream formulations against the chemical warfare agent sulphur mustard (SM) using an in vitro diffusion cell system containing human skin. In general, proprietary formulations were relatively effective under occluded conditions, but ineffective under unoccluded conditions. For example, SM skin absorption rates through occluded control and Stokoderm pre-treated skin were 538 +/- 193 and 200 +/- 51 microg x cm(-2) x h(-1), respectively (p < 0.05). Under unoccluded conditions, control and Stokoderm pre-treated skin absorption rates were 4.41 +/- 1.90 and 36.84 +/- 15.19 microg x cm(-2) x h(-1) (p < 0.05). Novel (perfluorinated) barrier creams were generally more effective under unoccluded conditions; pre-treatment with one formulation led to an 18-fold reduction in skin absorption rate and reduced the total amount of SM penetrated by 95% of the applied dose. Several proprietary formulations also had adverse effects on the effectiveness of the skin decontaminant fuller's earth. The rate (Jss) and total amount (percentage of dose) of SM absorbed through the skin were deemed to be independent parameters of barrier cream performance. These data indicate that (1) perceived conditions of use, (2) compatibility with existing protective equipment and (3) the rate and extent of SM skin absorption must all be taken into account when evaluating barrier creams in vitro.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed2001

Rem nut ion exchange plus struvite precipitation process.

Nutrients control technologies from wastewater are based on destructive technologies which defer the problem fromthe diluted liquid-phase (effluent) to a more concentrated waste (sludge) in the case of phosphates, or to nitrogen gas and/or volatile compounds in the case of ammonia. The REM NUT process allows for simultaneous removal of phosphate and ammonium ions by selective ion exchange and recovery by chemical precipitation in the form of struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate) from the spent exchangers regeneration eluates. In the paper revised versions of the REM NUT process, i.e., P-driven layouts, are presented and cost effectiveness is compared to chemical precipitation based on the use of ferric chloride.

Chemical Precipitation↗