[Course and prognosis in the formal analysis of projective expression forms in the mental reintegration process].
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Diagnosis, Differential↗
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Language comprehension processes of mentally retarded children.
The strategies for sentence comprehension employed by a group of 18 severely retarded children were compared with those of a group of nonretarded children matched on MA. Using toys, the children acted out a series of simple active- and passive-voice sentences describing events that were either probable, improbable, or neutral with respect to semantic expectations. The retarded children tended to rely more on semantic expectations than did the nonretarded children. Retarded children whose MAs were less than 3 years did not take word order into account, but those of higher MA did use a word-order strategy. They assumed that the first noun in the sentence corresponded to the actor in the external situation.
Adolescent↗
[Cognitive and affective cybernetic processes in mental pathology: schizophrenia, cyclothymia, melancholia].
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Affect↗
Primitive thought process and mental illness.
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Folklore↗
On the role of classificatory processes in mental functioning: aspects of a psychoanalytic theoretical model (1974)
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History, 20th Century↗
Application of a neuropsychological activation probe with SPECT: the 'Tower of London' task in healthy volunteers.
BACKGROUND: Human planning is a complex mental process that may be evaluated by the 'Tower of London' (TOL) task, which includes setting up and maintaining multiple subgoals at the same time. Although positron emission tomography and functional magnetic resonance imaging have provided reliable data on the recruitment of a neural network engaged in planning tasks, the experimental settings of these studies cannot be applied in clinical conditions. Hence, this study reports on the TOL task under classical neuropsychological test conditions using single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) activation in 10 healthy subjects. METHODS: Participants first performed a control task and then an activation task, i.e., the TOL planning task In the planning task, subjects were required to change, in the minimum number of moves possible, an initial arrangement of beads to match a goal arrangement. Subjects solved a set of eight TOL problems of increasing difficulty. A control task was designed such that it eliminates planning abilities, which is the process of interest. Planning times and accuracy were measured as performance parameters and functional imaging data were analysed with statistical parametric mapping (SPM99) to determine significant voxel-wise activations between the planning task and the control task. RESULTS: Both overall and for each difficulty level, measures of accuracy were within the normal range. Similar results were found for the overall thinking time and thinking times of each difficulty level. That is, performance of the healthy subjects during the TOL task replicated the typical pattern of results found with appropriate control samples in the literature. Also, activation of the right prefrontal cortex was consistent with other functional imaging results, thereby validating the use of the TOL task in a SPECT activation paradigm. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the present study it may be concluded that the close resemblance of the test conditions of the SPECT activation procedure with those of the TOL task in the investigation room constitutes a major advantage for future application of the SPECT activation procedure in clinical conditions.
Adult↗
Running shared mental models as a distributed cognitive process.
Shared mental models theory normally takes the individual as its unit of analysis. This paper proposes a theoretical framework for studying shared mental models in which the model is considered to be distributed amongst the team. From this framework a cognitive process is predicted which describes how shared mental models are run. A team reasoning task requiring planning was used to illustrate this framework and test predictions derived from it. Two aspects of sharing mental models were studied; the degree of overlap between team members' mental models and the organization of the division of the model between team members. Experimental results showed that the cognitive processes used were distributed amongst the team and support was found for most, but not all, aspects of the proposed process of running a shared mental model. The organization of sharing was found to influence this process.
Adult↗
Neurocognitive performance and quality of life in patients with HIV infection.
We examined the relationship of HIV-related cognitive impairment and health-related quality of life (QoL). Subjects were administered measures of cognitive function (a battery of 17 neuropsychological tests) and of QoL (the MOS-HIV questionnaire). Study measures also included comprehensive clinical and neurological evaluation, laboratory testing, and brain imaging studies in patients with impaired neuropsychological evaluation. One-hundred and eleven subjects were examined. Cognitively impaired patients (33.3%) reported poorer QoL scores in all domains (p < 0.05): physical health summary score (PHS) (44.6 vs. 49.9), mental health summary score (MHS) (37.7 vs. 44.4), pain (67.6 vs. 79.4), physical functioning (75.9 vs. 87.7), role functioning (32.4 vs. 41.5), social functioning (70.3 vs. 83.5), mental health (48.2 vs. 61.0), energy (53.1 vs. 63.0), health distress (60.8 vs. 75.5), cognitive functioning (CF) (60.5 vs. 71.8), general health perceptions (29.2 vs. 43.4), and QoL (36.5 vs. 47.0). The number of altered neuropsychological tests correlated significantly with MHS (p < 0.001), PHS (p < 0.03), CF (p < 0.02), and QoL (p < 0.02) scores. A correlation between seven of seven neuropsychological measures exploring speed of mental processing, three of four exploring mental flexibility, four of six exploring memory, and two of two exploring fine motor functioning and MHS, PHS, CF, or QoL scores was also found. Poor performance on the Digit Symbol test was most strongly associated with poor MHS (OR 1.04, 95% CI 1.01-1.08, p < 0.009) and PHS (OR 1.04, 95% CI 1.01-1.08, p < 0.01) scores, controlling for CD4 count, previous AIDS diagnosis, receiving HAART, and drug abuse. Cognitive impairment is associated with poor QoL. People with more severe cognitive impairment have the highest probability of having a poor QoL. Cognitive impairment in any cognitive domain explored in our battery is also associated with poor QoL. Poor performance on the Digit Symbol Test is the strongest predictor of poor QoL.
AIDS Dementia Complex↗
Research on presence in virtual reality: a survey.
Virtual Reality (VR) is starting to be used in psychological therapy around the world. However, a thorough understanding of the reason why VR is effective and what effect it has on the human psyche is still missing. Most research on this subject is related to the concept of presence. This paper gives an up-to-date overview of research in this diverse field. It starts with the most prevailing definitions and theories on presence, most of which attribute special roles for the mental process of attention and for mental models of the virtual space. A review of the phenomena thought to be effected by presence shows that there is still a strong need for research on this subject because little conclusive evidence exists regarding the relationship between presence and phenoma such as emotional responses to virtual stimuli. An investigation shows there has been substantial research for developing methods for measuring presence and research regarding factors that contribute to presence. Knowledge of these contributing factors can play a vital role in development of new VR applications, but key knowledge elements in this area are still missing.
Communication↗
Neuropsychological profile of primary parkinsonism among Filipinos.
In summary then, the neuropsychological profile of Filipino parkinsonians reveals deficits in visuospatial processing, social judgment, attention and mental tracking, recent memory and word retrieval, aside from predicted difficulty in fine motor activities which would result in a deterioration of their penmanship. The frequency of dementia with this sample is comparable to that reported in other studies. Possibly due to the small sample size, no significant correlations were obtained between the severity of illness and dementia. Why two of the ten subjects seen for follow-up improved their scores on neuropsychological testing cannot be ascertained at this time. However, it underscores the importance of long-term monitoring to gain a better understanding of the relationship between Parkinson's disease and higher mental processes. We intend to continue conducting follow-up studies and hope that, with a larger sample, we can establish trends that will assist us in the holistic management of this condition.
Adult↗
Functional neuroanatomical double dissociation of mnemonic and executive control processes contributing to working memory performance.
We used event-related functional MRI to investigate the neural bases of two categories of mental processes believed to contribute to performance of an alphabetization working memory task: memory storage and memory manipulation. Our delayed-response tasks required memory for the identity and position-in-the-display of items in two- or five-letter memory sets (to identify load-sensitive regions) or memory for the identity and relative position-in-the-alphabet of items in five-letter memory sets (to identify manipulation-sensitive regions). Results revealed voxels in the left perisylvian cortex of five of five subjects showing load sensitivity (as contrasted with alphabetization-sensitive voxels in this region in only one subject) and voxels of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in all subjects showing alphabetization sensitivity (as contrasted with load-sensitive voxels in this region in two subjects). This double dissociation was reliable at the group level. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that the nonmnemonic executive control processes that can contribute to working memory function are primarily prefrontal cortex-mediated whereas mnemonic processes necessary for working memory storage are primarily posteriorly mediated. More broadly, they support the view that working memory is a faculty that arises from the coordinated interaction of computationally and neuroanatomically dissociable processes.
Cerebral Cortex↗
[Meta-cognitive strategies: a possibility in nursing education].
This article is a theoretical reflection about the possibility of the application of metacognition strategies in nursing education. Metacognition is a reflective attitude of self-awareness and control of the mental processes. The metacognition area of cognitive psychology is analyzed, focusing on the problem solving process. The importance of metacognition in education is approached with emphasis on the teacher's role as a mediator in the student's learning process, in which "learning to learn" is emphasized. Some examples of its use in different situations of nursing education such as in text reading and nursing process, are reported.
Education, Nursing↗
Event-related potentials reflecting sequential information processing during a mental arithmetic task.
The sequence of brain activities was identified with respect to the behavioral output indicated by the reaction time. The early portion of ERPs suggests two automatic processes irrespective of the adding task; one is identification of physical attributes of digits and patterns and the other is recognition of the numeric meaning specific to digits. The elicitation of the subsequent positive slow potential depends on the adding task, suggesting mental processes associated with calculation and memorizing the result of the sum. These stages of information processing concatenate sequentially during the time course of performing the adding task.
Adult↗
Curriculum considerations for correlating basic and clinical sciences.
An analysis of the problem of curriculum design for correlating basic and clinical sciences is presented. The analysis identifies six ways a dentist can profit from the basic sciences: (1) increased sensitivity to the environment, (2) improved judgement, (3) better explanations to patients, (4) enhanced ability to learn, (5) improved communication with health professionals, and (6) greater role diversity. Literature is reviewed related to four mental processes underlying functional knowledge: attending, associating with past learning, relation to future situations, and practicing mental applications. Implications are made for the design of dental curricula and instructional techniques based on factors that influence the recall and use of knowledge.
Attention↗
[Fields of increased activity: the electrophysiological correlates].
The peculiarities of the spatial-frequency organization of fields of increased activity in human cerebral cortex were evaluated by the index of the spatial potentials' synchronization. The method of topographic mapping of biopotential coherent structures permitted to reveal the principle of formation of the increased activity fields: the spatial interaction of coherent structures of different frequencies or quantum-frequency superposition of synchronous EEG-waves. This conclusion is based on a fact of the linear relationship between the intensity of a field of increased activity and a number of interacting coherent structures in it. The obtained data enlarge the ideas on the mechanisms of the origin of local activation processes in the human cerebral cortex and the possibility of their use for investigation of the neurophysiological base of the mental processes.
Adolescent↗
The effects of extra-low-frequency atmospheric pressure oscillations on human mental activity.
Slight atmospheric pressure oscillations (APO) in the extra-low-frequency range below 0.1 Hz, which frequently occur naturally, can influence human mental activity. This phenomenon has been observed in experiments with a group of 12 healthy volunteers exposed to experimentally created APO with amplitudes 30-50 Pa in the frequency band 0.011-0.17 Hz. Exposure of the subjects to APO for 15-30 min caused significant changes in attention and short-term memory functions, performance rate, and mental processing flexibility. The character of the response depended on the APO frequency and coherence. Periodic APO promoted purposeful mental activity, accompanied by an increase in breath-holding duration and a slower heart rate. On the other hand, quasi-chaotic APO, similar to the natural perturbations of atmospheric pressure, disrupted mental activity. These observations suggest that APO could be partly responsible for meteorosensitivity in humans.
Adult↗
Vasopressin metabolite neuropeptide facilitates simultaneous temporal processing.
Rats were trained on a peak-interval timing procedure in which auditory, tactile, and visual stimuli signaled 3 different fixed-interval schedules (15, 30, and 60 s) that were presented simultaneously in a hierarchical fashion. Administration of vasopressin metabolite neuropeptide [pGlu-Asn-Cys(Cys)-Pro-Arg-Gly-NH2, 0.3 microgram/kg i.p.] had two main effects on performance. With repeated exposure the temporal criterion for each of the intervals shifted leftward on the time scale in a proportional manner, and the probability of attention to each of the intervals increased proportionally. The conclusion is that vasopressin metabolite neuropeptide facilitates simultaneous temporal processing by increasing the speed of mental processes involved in memory storage and divided attention. These results indicate that a major metabolite of arginine vasopressin that is devoid of endocrine and pressor activity can produce facilitation of cognitive processes in animals.
Animals↗
Cognitive functioning and information processing of adult mentally retarded men with fragile-X syndrome.
The present study describes cognitive skills and information processing strategies of mentally retarded fra(X) men. Fifty-eight fra(X) positive and 58 fra(X) negative adults, matched on sex, chronological age, length of institutionalisation, general cognitive level, and living conditions, were evaluated with the Bayley or McCarthy Scales of Mental Abilities. Mental ages were mostly situated in the severe mental handicap category and were found to be negatively influenced by chronological age. A relative strength in perceptual performance and non-verbal reasoning and a deficit in sequential information processing turned out to be typical of all mentally retarded subjects, irrespective of fra(X) or control status. Fra(X) adults could be significantly differentiated from control persons on the ground of a higher level of acquired knowledge because of better vocabulary and verbal-expressive skills. On the other hand, they were less able to imitate non-verbal patterns, had more difficulty with visual-motor integration and co-ordination, and applied less efficient general mental processing skills in solving new problems. The memory profile of fra(X) adults was strongly determined by the meaning and the complexity of the information that has to be reproduced. In this article the profile of cognitive strengths and weaknesses in the fra(X) group will be discussed and some general advice for training is suggested.
Adult↗