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At least 271 records · Page 15Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

Ovarian function in relation to the outcome of in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment in regularly menstruating women with tubal infertility.

STUDY DESIGN: Ovarian endocrine function was evaluated in 53 regularly menstruating women, 27 to 38 years of age, who failed to conceive at least 2 years following reconstructive surgery for tubal infertility. Thirty apparently healthy women, 24 to 40 years of age with proven fertility, served as controls. Blood samples were obtained daily on cycle days 2-4 and 22-26 to assess FSH, E2, and P4 results. RESULTS: There was a tendency for women with more advanced tubal damage to be subjected to more extensive surgery. Based on extent of reconstructive surgery, the patients were divided into three groups. Group A (n = 29) had less extensive surgery, limited to the fallopian tubes, group B (n = 14) included patients with extended adhesiolysis, and group C (n = 10) comprised patients that had the most extensive reconstructive procedures involving ovarian surgery. Significantly highest FSH levels were found in group C (P < 0.001) compared to groups A and B in the early follicular phase. During the luteal phase, E2 levels were lower in groups B (P < 0.01) and C (P < 0.001) compared to group A. P4 levels were lower in group C compared to groups A and B. CONCLUSION: When the patients underwent IVF treatment higher grades of tubal damage, more extensive surgery and hormonal signs of ovarian insufficiency were highly related to treatment failure.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Effect of domestically-made levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device on the endocrine system and menstruation in monkeys.

Effect of domestically-made levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device (LNG, release rate, 6 micrograms/day) on the endocrine system and menstruation in monkeys was investigated. The results showed that the Estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P) levels were significantly decreased 2 ovulatory cycles after insertion of the devices as compared with those before insertion in 3 monkeys (P > 0.001), suggesting an evident ovulation-suppressing effect. In 1 monkey, the E2 and P levels were the same before and after insertion, and expulsion of device was found in the monkey later. The plasma LNG concentration in 3 animals was 493.69-454.60 pg/ml and plasma LNG was not detected in 1 monkey. The hormone level returned to normal level after removal of the devices.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Acute disseminated intravascular coagulation developed during menstruation in an adenomyosis patient.

We report a case of acute disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) developed during menstruation in an adenomyosis patient. No known predisposing factor for DIC such as infection or pregnancy was involved in this case. As anticoagulation therapy and supplementation of coagulation factors quickly improve the state, surgical removal of the uterus was not required. We speculate that hemorrhage in the adenomyosis legion and subsequent local thrombosis played crucial role in pathophysiology of this case of acute DIC.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1980

Presence of gap junctions in the myometrium of women during various stages of menstruation.

Myometrial tissues from 36 women who underwent hysterectomy at various stages of the menstrual cycle were examined in the electron microscope for the presence of gap junctions. Gap junctions were present between smooth muscle cells in some of the tissues from women with dysmenorrhea, during menstruation and at other times. The suggestion is made that gap junctions may form between myometrial cells in nonpregnant women in response to physiologic or pathologic stimuli, such as the production of prostaglandins, and the presence of the contacts may result in contractions of the uterus.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Hypothesis: menstruation is a steroid-regulated, cyclic, autoimmune process.

There is presented an hypothesis that menstruation occurs when estrogen or progesterone withdrawal permits a previously hormone-blocked interaction between an endometrial autoantigen and its specific autoantibody, thereby inducing the characteristic necrosis and sloughing of the endometrium. Experimental and clinical studies are outlined to test this hypothesis.

Autoantibodies↗
PubMed1995

Endothelin-1 and big endothelin-1 increase in human endometrium during menstruation.

OBJECTIVES: Although the physiologic and pathologic roles of endothelin-1 in reproduction have been investigated, little is known about human uterine tissue levels. We studied the levels of immunoreactive endothelin-1 and immunoreactive big endothelin-1 in human endometrium and myometrium during each menstrual phase. STUDY DESIGN: Materials were obtained at hysterectomy (endometrium, n = 33; myometrium, n = 27). We measured immunoreactive endothelin-1 and immunoreactive big endothelin-1 by radioimmunoassay and performed an immunohistochemical study of the tissue. Data were analyzed by the Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS: We detected larger amounts of immunoreactive endothelin-1 and immunoreactive big endothelin-1 in the endometrium than in the myometrium throughout the menstrual, proliferative, and secretory phases. Endometrial immunoreactive endothelin-1 and immunoreactive endothelin-1 were significantly increased in the menstrual phase (endothelin-1 68.8 +/- 23.3 pg/mg protein, n = 5, p < 0.005; big endothelin-1 45.2 +/- 5.7 pg/mg protein, n = 5, p < 0.003) compared with the other phases (endothelin-1 30.7 +/- 9.5 and 30.5 +/- 14.0 pg/mg protein; big endothelin-1 19.9 +/- 6.7 and 24.1 +/- 7.4 pg/mg protein). Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that the endometrial stromal cells were positive for antiendothelin monoclonal antibody only in the premenstrual and menstrual phases. CONCLUSION: Levels of immunoreactive endothelin-1 and immunoreactive big endothelin-1 are different in each type of uterine tissue and in each phase of the menstrual cycle. These changes may indicate some role of endothelin-1 in menstruation.

Antibodies↗
PubMed1981

Asthma variation with menstruation.

One hundred and two female asthmatic patients responded to a questionnaire concerning the relationship between their asthma symptoms and the menstrual cycle. Thirty-six subjects stated that their asthma worsened just prior to or at the time of their menses. Daily monitoring of peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) showed a significant reduction at the time of menstruation in those who worsened compared with those subjects who were unaffected. Cycle length was significantly shorter in the group who worsened but the duration of the menses was not significantly different.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Menarche, menstruation, sexual relations and contraception of adolescent females with Down syndrome.

Fifteen female adolescents with Down syndrome (DS) and 33 female controls without this syndrome were surveyed on age of menarche, menstruation, sexual relations and contraception. All probands and controls were born between 1 January 1965 and 31 December 1970. The day of census was December 31, 1985. All probands and controls were living permanently in the Danish county of Aarhus on this day. Persons close to the DS patients (parents/foster-parents/permanent staff) were interviewed on the above-mentioned topics. All controls were interviewed themselves. The average age of menarche was 13.6 years for probands and 13.5 years for controls. The average duration of the bleeding was 5.5 days for probands and 5.4 days for controls. The average length of the cycle was 28.3 days for probands and 28.6 days for controls. Thirteen DS patients had not had sexual intercourse (no information was available for 2 probands). Twenty-four controls had and 9 had not had sexual intercourse. There is a significant difference between probands and controls concerning use of oral and other contraceptives.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Ethnography of fertility and menstruation in rural Mexico.

In rural populations in Mexico, the system of ideas in relation to the reproductive cycle is built on a mestizo base, with pre-Colombian and Western elements. The objective of the study was the analysis of concepts and resources related to human reproduction in Morelos, in order to design a primary reproductive health care program. The use of ethnographic methods helped identify bio-cultural constructs on which the communities base their reproductive patterns. Our main research results reveal that these populations attribute great value to the extension of the family through descendants. Women's sexuality is directly linked to reproduction and blood is the supremely feminine substance. Great importance is consistently attributed to menstruation about which well-defined concepts exist in the community, where as pre-menarche changes are perceived as a state of bio-psychosocial maturity. Menarche beyond 14 years of age is considered abnormal and is attributed to an 'excess of cold' in the body, therapy is usually administered by traditional birth attendants. In the mythical explanations given for bleeding, the moon plays a fundamental role, as the first rupture of the hymen is attributed to it. A general lack of knowledge about ovulation and its relation to reproduction was observed, resulting in incorrect contraceptive practices.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

The control of prostaglandin production by the endometrium in relation to luteolysis and menstruation.

Oestradiol acting on a progesterone-primed uterus stimulates prostaglandin (PG) F2 alpha synthesis by the endometrium. In some species (notably the sheep, cow and goat) oxytocin released from the ovary also forms part of the physiological stimulus for increased endometrial PGF2 alpha production. The corpus luteum contains high concentrations (> 1 microgram/g tissue) of this peptide in these species. The intracellular mechanisms by which these three hormones control endometrial PGF2 alpha synthesis and release are far from clear. Oxytocin stimulates the synthesis of inositol phosphates and diacylglycerol in the endometrium of some species, but whether this pathway is involved in endometrial PGF2 alpha synthesis is still open to question. There is evidence that increased endometrial PGF2 alpha synthesis is dependent upon increased endometrial protein synthesis but, apart from the recorded effects of steroid hormones on the concentrations of phospholipase A2, prostaglandin H synthase and oxytocin receptors, it is not known what other endometrial proteins are involved. Some disorders of menstruation are associated with abnormal PG production by the endometrium, but the reasons for this abnormality are not clear. During early pregnancy an increase in PGF2 alpha synthesis by the endometrium is prevented, except in the pig where the PGF2 alpha produced is directed from the venous drainage to the uterine lumen. In those species in which endometrial PGF2 alpha synthesis is dependent upon oxytocin secreted by the ovary, the conceptus secretes an interferon-tau (previously named trophoblast protein-1) which prevents oestradiol and oxytocin acting on a progesterone-primed uterus from stimulating endometrial PGF2 alpha synthesis. The identities of the factors produced by the conceptus which prevent endometrial PGF2 alpha synthesis during early pregnancy in other species are not known, although it is clear that they are not interferons.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Estrogen protection against coronary heart disease: are the relevant effects of estrogen mediated through its effects on uterus--such as the induction of menstruation, increased bleeding, and the facilitation of pregnancy?

Women in the age group of 20-50 are shown to have much less susceptibility to Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) and other atherosclerotic diseases as compared to men. Exact cause of which is not precisely known and estrogen is constantly shown to be associated with this phenomenon. Improvement of serum HDL concentration and improvement of endothelial functions are some of the proposed mechanisms through which estrogen is believed to mediate this effect. Estrogen therapy however has failed to protect women with bilateral oophorectomy and hysterectomy. Similarly inability of endogenous estrogen to protect women, who have undergone hysterectomy with functioning ovaries from CHD, questions the currently accepted mechanisms through which estrogen brings about these protective effects. Ineffectiveness of estrogen therapy as prophylaxis against CHD in men further questions the credibility of the currently accepted protective mechanisms of estrogen. Estrogen has variety of effects of on uterus, to induce menstruation, to induce bleeding, facilitative role in pregnancy, fetal growth and development. As these physiological effects either directly or indirectly result in loss of cholesterol from cardiovascular compartment, it is proposed that cholesterol-losing effects of estrogen are more important than its presently believed beneficial effects. The small amount that is lost causes movement of cholesterol from atheroma towards plasma and thereby retards the progress of atherosclerosis. These cholesterol-losing effects of estrogen enable women to enjoy freedom from CHD during their reproductive age, as compared to men of comparable age group. Statistical data obtained from blood donors indirectly support the proposed hypothesis.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Menstrual mythology and sources of information about menstruation.

Surveys suggest that, despite extensive scientific knowledge of the biologic rhythms and physical changes associated with reproduction and despite the availability of excellent educational material about sexuality including menstruation, young peoples' knowledge of reproductive physiology is inadequate. Superstitions, illogical beliefs, and misinterpretations are more common than accurate understanding. The present article reviews menstrual mythology and describes sources of information for young people. Family and specialist physicians as well as educators in school or in the community need to recognize the limitations of the present methods of sexuality education, must realize that understanding of reproductive processes may be very incomplete, and should be prepared to work cooperatively with informal sources of information (peers, parents, and commercial companies). In addition, menstrual education needs to move away from the focus on hygienic management to that of healthy sexuality and acceptance of self.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Evaluation of a rapid method for determination of total urinary estrogens in morning samples from normally menstruating women.

Total urinary estrogens (TUE) in morning urine samples delivered during seven days around midcycle from 14 normally menstruating women were analyzed and the results were compared with those obtained by radioimmunoassay of serum estradiol-17 beta (E2) and LH. The Spinnbarkeit of the cervical mucus was also determined daily and ovulation was confirmed by RIA of serum progesterone. Significant correlations (p less than 0.01) between day of peak levels of serum E2 and the day with the highest TUE value were obtained. Peak values for Spinnbarkeit, estradiol, TUE and LH were on the average obtained on cycle day 13.1 (10-17), 13.3 (10-16), 13.9 (11-18) and 14.1 (11-17), respectively, and the mean cycle length was 27.9 (24-32) days. The difference in mean peak day for estradiol and TUE, estradiol and Spinnbarkeit, estradiol and LH was significant in each comparison (p less than 0.01). Assays of TUE in morning samples as compared to analysis of TUE in 24 h urine portions were compared during 48 h in 10 women. The day with the highest TUE excretion was found to be the same in 7 women irrespective of the type of urinary sample analyzed. Analysis of urinary creatinine did not improve the TUE results. Levels of TUE in normally cycling females (n = 14); in women taking contraceptive steroids (n = 10), in menopausal women (n = 10) and in normal men (n = 10) agreed with those previously reported. It is concluded that the TUE determination by RIA may be helpful as a rapid method for everyday clinical use.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Serum luteinizing hormone during ovulation induction with human menopausal gonadotropin for in vitro fertilization in normally menstruating women.

Sixteen cycles in 14 normally menstruating women, stimulated with human menopausal gonadotropin in order to recruit more than one follicle for a successful in vitro fertilization process, were adequately monitored to identify the appearance of the spontaneous luteinizing hormone (LH) surge. Daily serum LH determinations, increased to every 4 hours in the presumptive preovulatory period, showed that in these women the endogenous estrogen-triggered LH midcycle peak did not occur at the expected time. It is hypothesized that the mechanism responsible for this suppression is a negative feedback mediated by an increased circulating protein with an inhibin-like action.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Office gynecology for the primary care physician, part II: pelvic pain, vulvar disease, disorders of menstruation, premenstrual syndrome, and breast disease.

Approaches to patients with pelvic pain, vulvar disease, disorders of menstruation, premenstrual syndrome, and breast diseases are addressed. In the great majority of cases, it is appropriate for the primary care physician to initiate evaluation and management of these problems. It is hoped that the brief introductions contained here suggest a diagnostic approach to each disorder and guide referral to consultants as needed.

Breast Diseases↗
PubMed2003

Progestin-regulated expression of tissue factor in decidual cells: implications in endometrial hemostasis, menstruation and angiogenesis.

Expression of tissue factor (TF), the primary initiator of hemostasis via thrombin formation, is induced during progesterone (P4)-stimulated decidualization of human endometrial stromal cells (HESCs), and remains elevated in decidualized HESCs of luteal and gestational endometrium. In HESC monolayers, progestins elevate TF mRNA and protein levels and estradiol (E2) plus progestin further enhance TF levels for weeks despite no response to E2 alone. This in vitro model mimics the chronic differential ovarian steroid upregulation of TF levels associated with in vivo decidualization. After incubation of HESCs with E2 plus progestin to elevate TF expression, the antiprogestin RU486 completely reversed this upregulation. Thus, progesterone withdrawal transformed decidualization-associated hemostasis of the luteal phase endometrium to the hemorrhagic milieu of menstruation. Transient transfections with TF promoter constructs containing SP and EGR-1 binding sites before and after inactivation by site-directed mutagenesis revealed that Sp1 mediates basal and progestin-enhanced TF transcriptional activity. Progesterone receptor involvement in TF expression was further confirmed since RU486 was a pure antagonist of progestin-enhanced TF mRNA and protein expression, and progestin-enhanced, but not basal, Sp1-mediated transcriptional activity. Enhanced TF mRNA and protein levels in HESCs require co-incubation with progestin and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) agonist indicating that the EGFR mediates progestin-enhanced TF expression. A peak in the primary angiogenic agent, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in luteal phase endometrium may be indirectly regulated by P4. Neither E2, nor progestin, nor E2 plus progestin affected VEGF expression in glandular epithelial and stromal cells, whereas thrombin enhanced VEGF mRNA and protein levels in decidualized HESCs, but not in the epithelial cells. Transudation of clotting factors to perivascular decidual cell TF in the luteal phase would generate thrombin, enabling it to act as an autocrine enhancer of VEGF in decidualized HESCs. Abnormal uterine bleeding complicates long-term progestin only contraceptive use. After Norplant administration, endometrial VEGF levels are elevated and TF levels are selectively enhanced in decidualized HESCs at bleeding sites. Over-expressed VEGF causes blood vessels to become leaky, increasing clotting factor access to decidualized HESC-expressed TF to promote feed-forward thrombin and VEGF formation. Since thrombin and VEGF induce angiogenesis via separate endothelial cell receptors, they may synergize to elicit aberrant angiogenesis, and ultimately lead to focal bleeding.

Decidua↗
PubMed1998

Relationship between motion sickness, migraine and menstruation in crew members of a "round the world" yacht race.

The similarities between the symptoms reported by patients with migraine and those experienced by severely motion sick individuals raises the question of whether the two conditions involve common mechanisms. In women, attacks of migraine may follow the menstrual cycle, and anecdote suggests this may also be true of motion sickness. The aim of this study was to determine whether there was a cyclical pattern in the occurrence of migraine/headache and motion sickness among crew members of a "round the world" yacht race. The participants were asked to complete pre- and postrace questionnaires that related to their susceptibility to motion sickness and headache/migraine; additionally, the female subjects were asked for details about their menstrual cycle. During the race the subjects completed a logbook to record the occurrence of motion sickness (using a four-point scale), migraine/headache (including the type of headache), menstruation, medication consumption and duties aboard the yacht. Female sailors were found to be more prone to motion sickness than the males. Motion sickness was also found to be linked to time at sea, and subjects who suffered migraine during the race were also more susceptible to motion sickness. A distinct pattern was found in the occurrence of motion sickness and headache that related to the menstrual cycle, although motion sickness and headache did not generally occur together in most of the subjects. A cyclical pattern was not obvious for the male subjects.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Intraobserver reproducibility of transvaginal Doppler measurements in uterine and intraovarian arteries in regularly menstruating women.

The intraobserver reproducibility of the pulsatility index (PI), resistance index (RI) and maximum peak systolic velocity (MPSV) measurements in uterine and intraovarian arteries was assessed in ten regularly menstruating women by means of transvaginal pulsed Doppler ultrasound. Three different sources of variation in repeat measurements, i.e. beat-to-beat, between-frame and temporal variability, were studied using the coefficient of variation (CV) and intra-class correlation coefficients. Beat-to-beat and between-frame variabilities in all Doppler parameters were negligible. The following figures were obtained from the assessment of temporal variability. The uterine artery PI and MPSV measurements had a CV of 10% and 15%, respectively. Intra-class correlation coefficients for these parameters were 0.99 and 0.88, respectively. In the intraovarian arteries, the CV was between 15 and 19% for the PI and between 8 and 12% for the RI. The CV values for intraovarian MPSV measurements were 14 and 16%. In contrast, the intra-class correlation coefficients for the intraovarian MPSV measurements showed considerable variation, from 0.63 to 0.68. Uterine artery Doppler velocimetry proved to be a reliable method. The PI and RI measurements in the intraovarian arteries were also reproducible. In contrast, the inconsistency observed in velocity measurements in the intraovarian arteries raises some doubt as to the reliability of these measurements.

Adult↗