[Correlation of the production of gonadotropic and sex hormones in boys and girls during sex maturation].
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Adolescent↗
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Results for “Luteinizing Hormone--analysis”
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Prolactin secreting tumors. Endocrine status before and after surgery in 33 women.
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Adenoma↗
Exaggerated prolactin response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone in infertile women with the luteinized unruptured follicle syndrome.
Ten cases of luteinized unruptured follicle (LUF) syndrome out of 250 women with unexplained infertility were detected on ultrasonography, giving a frequency of 4%. Hormonal analysis revealed lower serum progesterone levels at mid-luteal phase in LUF cases, suggesting a link between LUF syndrome and inadequate luteal phase. Prolactin response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone was exaggerated in LUF cases as compared with ovulatory cases. Aberrant prolactin release may be a contributory factor in the pathophysiology of the LUF syndrome.
Anovulation↗
Cystogenesis of the ovarian antral follicle of the rat: ultrastructural changes and hormonal profile following the administration of dehydroepiandrosterone.
Immature 27-day-old female Sprague-Dawley rats were administered daily subcutaneous injections of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA, 5 mg/100 g BW) to induce the formation of ovarian follicular cysts. Groups of rats were killed on days 0, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30. Ovaries from each group of rats were processed for light and electron microscopy and for follicular or cystic fluid hormone analysis. Normal antral follicle fluid, PMSG-treated preovulatory follicular fluid, and cystic fluids were analyzed for progesterone (P), estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), testosterone (T), delta 4-androstenedione (delta 4-A), 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and prolactin (PRL). DHEA induced anovulation, acyclicity, and the formation of follicular cysts. In certain antral follicles, there was a dramatic increase in the quantities of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) in the granulosa cells and many mitochondria had tubular cristae. Further depletion of granulosa cell number was associated with intense blebbing of the cytoplasm into the follicle antrum. Formation of the ovarian follicular cyst was completed when the entire cyst was lined by a single layer of transformed granulosa cells in contact via adhering, gap, and tight junctions. These cells had little cytoplasm, mitochondria with lamellar cristae, vast basal and apical bands of microfilaments, and an extensive array of smooth-surfaced endocytotic invaginations on the basal plasma membrane. These endocytotic pits may subsequently form smooth-surfaced vesicles and thereby serve as one mechanism for moving fluid from the ovarian interstitium into the cyst. Theca interna cells were rarely observed in the peripheral regions of the cyst. Abundant smooth muscle cells were located beneath the basement membrane of the epithelial cells comprising the cyst wall. These acquired morphological and physiological features may ensure persistence of the ovarian cyst and thus potentiate a chronic pathological condition. In this study it was also shown that progesterone, estrone, and estradiol as well as androgen concentration increased in the follicle after PMSG treatment. With DHEA treatment, the follicular cystic fluid concentrations of these steroids progressively increased to extremely high levels concurrent with the development of the follicular cysts.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Animals↗
The significance of galactorrhea in patients with normal menses, oligomenorrhea, and secondary amenorrhea.
Thyroid-stimulating hormone and prolactin (PRL) were measured in a group of 149 women with galactorrhea. Three of these patients were found to have primary hypothyroidism. In the remaining 146 patients, the PRL assay was correlated with the menstrual history and the results of hypocycloidal polytomography. Sixty-two per cent of these patients had hyperprolactinemia and 35 per cent had abnormal tomograms. Nine patients with abnormal x-rays had normal prolactin levels. None of the patients with normal menses and normal PRL was found to have an abnormal x-ray. Fourteen of the 15 patients with PRL levels greater than 200 ng. per milliliter had abnormal tomograms. Almost 70 per cent of patients with secondary amenorrhea and low estrogen status had abnormal x-rays. In patients with oligomenorrhea and secondary amenorrhea with normal estrogen status, it was not possible to differentiate between patients with normal or abnormal tomograms based on the level of serum PRL. Polytomography remains the single most important diagnostic test in establishing the presence of a pituitary tumor.
Adolescent↗
Influence of chlorpromazine on the positive and negative feed-back mechanism of oestrogens in man.
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Adult↗
Hyposexuality and epilepsy: a community survey of hormonal and behavioural changes in male epileptics.
A survey of five group practices in South London identified 60 male patients currently undergoing treatment for epilepsy. Fifty-four agreed to participate in a detailed enquiry into aspects of their sexual activity and behaviour. Anterior pituitary and sex-hormone levels were measured. The epileptic patients were characterized by low levels of sexual activity and interest. Temporal-lobe and non-temporal-lobe epileptics were indistinguishable in these respects, but when the latter group was further subdivided into primary generalized epilepsy and focal non-temporal lobe epilepsy, the focal groups (both temporal lobe and non-temporal lobe) were more impaired. Hormonal analysis confirmed earlier hospital-clinic-based reports. In the epilepsy group, plasma free testosterone and percentage free testosterone values were decreased, sex hormone binding globulin, luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) were increased compared to values in a normal healthy population. As association between the behavioural and hormonal indices of hyposexuality was shown, particularly for LH, but this was less apparent than in previous work.
Adolescent↗
Synthesis and biological activity of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and related peptides.
Syntheses of the decapeptide luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, less thanGlu-His-Trp-Ser-Tyr-Gly-Leu-Arg-Pro-Gly-NH2 are described. The basic properties of arginine can provide a simple repetitive isolation procedure for arginine-containing peptides. The biological activities of the decapeptide, of a range of fragments and modified fragments, and of two analogs with alteration in the series at position 4 were measured by in vitro incubation with sheep pituitary slices, measuring the liberated LH by bioassay. None of the compounds of shortened sequence were active, with the exception of less thanGlu-His-Trp which showed 1% of the decapeptide in one of four experiments. Neither [Ser(But)4]-LH-RH-nor [Leu4]-LH-RH showed significant activity indicating (despite the known activity of [Ala4]-LH-RH) the importance of this part of the structure for full biological activity.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
Endocrinology of female infertility.
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Anovulation↗
Ovarian follicular dynamics in the llama.
Ovarian follicular dynamics were determined in adult llamas by ultrasonography and palpation per rectum and hormone analysis (estradiol-17 beta and estrogen conjugates) of plasma and urine. The relationship of gonadotropin secretion to follicular development was determined by the analysis of plasma FSH and LH concentrations. Progesterone analysis of plasma was used to verify or deny the presence of CL. Final follicular development (from 3 mm) averaged 4.8 days, while the duration of the mature follicle (8-12 mm) averaged 5.0 days; regression of the follicle occurred over about 4 days. The development of a subsequent dominant follicle usually began within 2-3 days after onset of regression of the dominant follicle. While several follicles were present at the time of the demise of the dominant follicle, only one follicle continued to develop. The interval between ovarian follicle waves averaged 11.1 days. Dominant follicle activity alternated between ovaries in 81% of the cycles. The occurrence of dominant follicles was evenly distributed between ovaries. While plasma estradiol and estrogen conjugate concentrations were positively associated (p less than 0.05) with follicular activity, urinary estrogen conjugate concentrations best reflected ovarian follicular dynamics (p less than 0.001). Daily FSH concentrations in plasma were not correlated with follicular activity. LH concentrations in plasma were low in all animals throughout the study, indicating estrogen from developing ovarian follicles does not induce the release of LH. Progesterone values were low during the study, indicating that the llama does not spontaneously ovulate, at least under the conditions of this study. In summary, llamas have overlapping ovarian follicle waves that occur at about 11-day intervals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Animals↗
Hormone studies in females with androgenic hairloss.
Reports on hormone analysis in androgenic hairloss in the female show partly contradicting results. Elevated as well as normal-range androgen levels have been found. The present study aimed at the investigation of a possibly more differentiated hormonal constellation by hormone analysis and additional determination of the hypophyseal level by the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) test. In 46 female patients with androgenic hairloss blood sampling for hormone analysis was performed. Determination of the androgens testosterone (T), androstenedione (A), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), 17-hydroxy-progesterone acetate (17-OHP) and free testosterone (FT), of sex-hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), estradiol (E2), cortisol (F) and the hypophyseal luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) was performed by standard radioimmunoassay methods. The TRH-test is based on feedback mechanisms between the hypothalamic TRH which stimulates hypophyseal TSH and PRL release. Thus, even mild forms of hypothyroidism or hyperprolactinaemia can be detected. The control group for the TRH test consisted of 45 volunteer females without hairloss or any other hormonal or menstrual disturbances. Statistical analysis was performed according to the Wilcoxon two-sample test. The results of the study show no significant elevation of androgens in females with androgenic hairloss, but a more complex condition with involvement of the glandula suprarenalis and the hypophyseal level. Significantly elevated TSH levels prior to and after TRH stimulation in the hairloss group indicate that hypothyroidism may be an important hormonal disturbance in androgenic hairloss. Interactions between hypothyroidism and androgen metabolism are possible at various links.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
17-alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone↗
Hormone serum levels and hormone receptor contents of endometria in women with normal menstrual cycles and patients bearing endometrial carcinoma.
Serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), prolactin (HPRL), 17 beta-estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P) were estimated in 46 subjects with normal menstrual cycles in whom hysterectomies were performed. Estrogen (ER) and progesterone receptor (PgR) levels in endometrial samples of these patients were estimated, and histological dating of the cycle day was carried out. Similarly, hormone serum levels and ER as well as PgR were estimated in 17 patients with endometrial carcinoma. No correlation between LH, FSH, HPRL and ER as well as PgR was noted in the normal subjects. Correlation between P and ER was observed in this group. Parallel variations between E2 and PgR were recorded in the normal females. In the carcinoma group no correlations between hormone serum levels and receptor contents were found, but ER and PgR correlated with each other. Receptor levels was highest in the well-differentiated group of endometrial carcinoma. The present experiments provide a rationale for progestagen therapy of carcinoma of the endometrium.
Endometrium↗
Plasma levels of adrenocorticotropin and cortisol in women receiving oral contraceptive steroid treatment.
The secretion rate and plasma concentration of the adrenocortical steroid cortisol is modified in subjects treated with estrogenic and/or progestational steroids. The effects of contraceptive steroids on the secretion of ACTH are poorly documented, however, In the current investigation, we found that concentrations of ACTH and cortisol in plasma obtained at 0800--0900 h from a group of women with normal cyclic menses (n = 4) ranged from 78--120 pg/ml and 77--137 ng/ml, respectively. Although significant cyclic changes in the plasma levels of LH, FSH, 17 beta-estradiol, and progesterone occurred during the ovarian cycle, no obvious cyclic fluctuations in plasma levels of ACTH or cortisol were observed. In women treated with Norinyl 1 + 80 (1.0 mg norethindrone plus 0.08 mg mestranol), plasma concentrations of LH, FSH, 17 beta-estradiol, and progesterone were significantly lower (P less than 0.001) than plasma levels of these hormones in normal women during the ovarian cycle. The mean daily plasma concentrations of ACTH were significantly lower (P less than 0.001), whereas plasma cortisol levels were significantly higher (P less than 0.001) in women treated with oral contraceptive steroids compared to the levels of these hormones in the untreated ovulatory women.
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
Influence of suckling and of suckling followed by TRH or LH-RH on plasma prolactin, TSH, GH and FSH.
Ten women were studied during the first post-partum week. Suckling for 20 min induced a marked increase in plasma prolactin, reaching a maximum within 0-25 min after the end of suckling and then returning to pre-suckling levels after 120 min. Suckling induced no changes in plasma thyrotrophin (TSH), growth hormone (GH) or follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). The iv injection of 200 mug of thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH) immediately after suckling resulted in an additional increase in plasma prolactin and a rise in TSH. When given 120 min after suckling TRH was followed by increased plasma levels of prolactin and TSH, which for both hormones were of a magnitude comparable to the TRH induced increment seen immediately after suckling. Thus, suckling did not inhibit the effect of TRH on the release of TSH. These studies indicate that TRH is probably not involved in the suckling induced increase in prolactin secretion. The mean plasma FSH level was below the limit of detection before and after suckling. Neither plasma FSH nor prolactin showed any appearant changes following the iv injection of 25 mug of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH), when given immediately after and 120 min after suckling. When given after suckling as indicated above, TRH induced no changes in plasma GH or FSH and similarly LH-RH was without influence on plasma GH and TSH.
Adult↗
Evidence for the action of bovine follicular fluid factor(s) other than inhibin in suppressing follicular development and delaying oestrus in heifers.
The aim of this study was to investigate the importance of inhibin in the delay in return to oestrus in heifers induced by steroid-stripped bovine follicular fluid (bFF). Oestrous activity was synchronized in 18 Hereford x Friesian heifers with two injections of prostaglandin (PG) 12 days apart. At the time of the second PG injection (time 0), the animals were assigned at random to one of three experimental groups and received i.v. injections of 20 ml saline (controls, n = 6), whole bFF (FF group, n = 6) or bFF in which the bioactive inhibin content had been reduced by > 95% by immunoaffinity chromatography (-INH group, n = 6; inhibin content approximately 0.8 ml whole bFF) every 8 h for 2 days. In a dose-response study, 2.5 ml whole bFF was insufficient to delay oestrus consistently following a similar synchronization regimen. Blood samples were taken every 8 h, initially before each injection and then subsequently for a further 9 days for hormone analysis. Animals were observed every 8 h throughout the experiment for signs of behavioural oestrus. The ovaries of all animals were examined using real-time ultrasonography about 30 h after the second PG injection. Treatment failed to suppress peripheral follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) concentrations, although a significant increase was observed in both treatment groups after cessation of injections. Progesterone concentrations fell immediately after the second PG injection in all animals and remained below minimum detectable concentrations in all treated animals for the remainder of the experiment. In control animals, progesterone rose above minimum detectable concentrations by day 6 and continued to rise until the end of the experiment. Analysis of samples taken from treated animals several days after observed oestrus revealed that all had apparently ovulated. Mean daily luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations did not differ between treatment groups before ovulation, but after ovulation, mean daily LH was significantly reduced in control animals as progesterone concentrations rose. Follicular development, as assessed by the mean antral diameter of the largest follicle on a pair of ovaries at ultrasound examination, was significantly suppressed in treated animals compared with controls (P < 0.01) and there was no significant difference (P = 0.397) between the two treatment groups. Control animals displayed oestrus 68 h (+/- 8 SEM) after the second PG injection, but oestrus was delayed in treated animals to 186h +/- 5 (FF group) and 191 h +/- 6 (-INH group).
Analysis of Variance↗
Evaluation of danazol as an oral contraceptive.
The effect of Danazol as an oral contraceptive in doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg daily for 6 months was studied in 3 groups of 10 women. Both 50 and 100 mg Danazol daily were well tolerated, but one pregnancy occurred among the women receiving 50 mg daily, and 2 pregnancies occurred in women receiving 100 mg daily. There were no pregnancies in women taking 200 mg Danazol daily; however, the side effects were frequent and 5 of the 10 patients withdrew from the study prior to 6 months of therapy. Six patients in this study were followed intensively with blood hormone analysis, vaginal cytology, and pathologic evaluation, and these findings are detailed.
Acne Vulgaris↗
[Experimental endocrinological studies in gilts near the time of ovulation using Gn-RH vet. "Berlin Chemistry"].
Knowledge of endocrine processes in pro-oestrus and oestrus in conjunction with physiological alterations is of greatest importance to biotechnological control of follicular maturation and ovulation. Methods of hormonal analysis and ovarian diagnosis were used to check on the effectiveness of Gn-RH vet. "Berlin-Chemie" for induction of the luteinising hormone (LH) peak and ovulation. Release in gilts of LH was found to depend on dosage, after 100, 300, and 900 micrograms Gn-RH had been administered at 3 p.m. on the 4th day after synchronisation of ovulation. LH release and induction of ovulation due to these variants were insufficient in some of the animals. Ovulation was then decisively improved in animals with LH peak by subsequent injection of 300 or 900 micrograms Gn-RH at 8 a.m. on the 5th day. Repetitive injections of 300 micrograms Gn-RH at 8 and 8.45 a.m. on the 5th day did not trigger off increased LH release from the pituitary gland. The Gn-RH effect was substantially improved by use of an absorption-retarding preparation (polystyrene sulphonic acid).
Animals↗
Bovine cystic ovarian disease: plasma hormone concentrations and treatment.
Ovarian function in 91 dairy cows with cystic ovarian disease was assessed by rectal palpation and by plasma hormone analysis before and after treatment. Plasma analysis showed that 84% of the cysts were correctly classified clinically and only these cows are considered further. Luteinised cysts occurred in 59 cows whereas only 18 had non-luteinised cysts. The mean plasma concentrations of luteinising hormone (LH), follicular stimulating hormone (FSH), progesterone, oestradiol and testosterone were not significantly different when compared with values at relevant stages of the oestrous cycle in normal cows. Success of treatment with progesterone, a synthetic prostaglandin, human gonadotrophin (HCG), or gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) was not dependent upon prior hormone concentrations, except for the prostaglandin which required active luteal tissue. LH and FSH concentrations in cows with luteinised cysts were not significantly different before and after successful treatment with GnRH or progesterone. Normal luteal function was not always established after treatment of non-luteinised cysts with GnRH.
Animals↗