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PubMed1993

On the capacity of the rat intestine to excrete lithium ions at therapeutic and toxic plasma lithium concentrations.

Lithium (Li) excretion into the intestinal lumen was quantitated in rats in situ by use of a pendular perfusion technique. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected daily (7-10 days) i.p. with 1, 3, and 6 mmol LiCl per kg body weight (n = 9-12). Jejunal as well as ileal and colonic segments were perfused with isotonic saline containing 3H-PEG-4000. Perfusate samples were taken after 0, 5, 10, 20, and 60 min. At the highest dose toxic symptoms were observed. At 6 mmol Li per kg the plasma Li concentrations were higher than those linearly extrapolated from the lower-dose groups, which may be due to inappropriate renal excretion. The Li concentration in the perfusate increased linearly over time and was not significantly different between jejunal and colonic segments. The same ratio between the Li concentration in the plasma and in the luminal perfusate was observed in all groups. Intestinal Li excretion is not impaired by high plasma concentrations. The intestinal capacity to excrete Li is considerable: 45 cm of jejunum is able to excrete the intire plasma Li content in 30-40 min, when Li is not resupplemented from intracellular stores. The renal clearance of lithium (Li) decreases when toxic Li plasma concentrations are reached. Therefore, if it were possible to trap Li in the intestinal lumen, this excretion route might be of therapeutic interest in cases of Li intoxication with impaired renal Li-excretion.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Solute-solvent interactions in micellar electrokinetic chromatography. 6. Optimization of the selectivity of lithium dodecyl sulfate-lithium perfluorooctanesulfonate mixed micellar buffers.

The optimization of the composition of mixed surfactants used as micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) pseudostationary phases is proposed as an effective method for the separation of complex mixtures of analytes. The solvation parameter model is used to select two surfactants (lithium dodecyl sulfate, LDS, and lithium perfluorooctanesulfonate, LPFOS) with contrasting solvation properties. Combination of these two surfactants allows variations of the solvation properties of MEKC pseudostationary phase along a wide range. Thus, the convenient variation of the proportion of both surfactants allows an effective control of the selectivity in such systems. An algorithm that predicts the overall resolution of a given mixture of compounds is described and applied to optimize the composition of the mixed surfactant for the separation of the mixture. The algorithm is based on the calculation of peak purities on simulated chromatograms as a function of the composition of the mixed LDS/LPFOS micellar buffer from data at several micellar buffer compositions. Successful separations were achieved for mixtures containing up to 20 compounds, in less than 12 min.

Buffers↗
PubMed2006

Effect of substrate temperature on morphology and electrochemical performance of radio frequency magnetron sputtered lithium nickel vanadate films used as negative electrodes for lithium microbatteries.

Lithium nickel vanadate thin films were prepared by radio frequency magnetron sputtering at various substrate temperatures (Ts). These thin films have been investigated as anode electrode material in the use of microbatteries. Films were characterized by Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy, nuclear reaction analysis, Auger electron spectroscopy, glancing-incidence X-ray diffraction analysis, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy techniques. The anodic electrochemical performances of the films have been evaluated by cyclic voltammetry at a scan rate of 1 mV/s and by galvanostatic cycling, with lithium metal as the counter and the reference electrode, and cycled in the range of 0.02-3.0 V at a current density of 75 microA/cm2. Thin films prepared at a Ts of 650 degrees C show a discharge capacity at the 20th cycle of 1100 (+/-10) mAh/g, which exhibited excellent capacity retention with a small capacity fade.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Binding energies of small lithium clusters (Li(n)) and hydrogenated lithium clusters (Li(n)H).

Large coupled cluster computations utilizing the Dunning weighted correlation-consistent polarized core-valence (cc-pwCVXZ) hierarchy of basis sets have been conducted, resulting in a panoply of internally consistent geometries and atomization energies for small Li(n) and Li(n)H (n=1-4) clusters. In contrast to previous ab initio results, we predict a monotonic increase in atomization energies per atom with increasing cluster size for lithium clusters, in accordance with the historical Knudsen-effusion measurements of Wu. For hydrogenated lithium clusters, our results support previous theoretical work concerning the relatively low atomization energy per atom for Li(2)H compared to LiH and Li(3)H. The CCSD(T)/cc-pwCVQZ atomization energies for LiH, Li(2)H, Li(3)H, and the most stable isomer of Li(4)H, including zero-point energy corrections, are 55.7, 79.6, 113.0, and 130.6 kcal/mol, respectively. The latter results are not consistent with the most recent experiments of Wu.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Investigation of acoustic waves in thin plates of lithium niobate and lithium tantalate.

The general properties of fundamental antisymmetric A0, symmetric S0, and shear horizontal SH0 acoustic waves propagating in thin piezoelectric plates have been theoretically investigated on samples of lithium niobate (LiNbO3) and lithium tantalate (LiTaO3). The results obtained will be useful for a proper development of various physical, chemical, and biological sensors and devices for signal processing based on plate acoustic waves.

Letter↗
PubMed2003

Final report on the safety assessment of aluminum silicate, calcium silicate, magnesium aluminum silicate, magnesium silicate, magnesium trisilicate, sodium magnesium silicate, zirconium silicate, attapulgite, bentonite, Fuller's earth, hectorite, kaolin, lithium magnesium silicate, lithium magnesium sodium silicate, montmorillonite, pyrophyllite, and zeolite.

This report reviews the safety of Aluminum, Calcium, Lithium Magnesium, Lithium Magnesium Sodium, Magnesium Aluminum, Magnesium, Sodium Magnesium, and Zirconium Silicates, Magnesium Trisilicate, Attapulgite, Bentonite, Fuller's Earth, Hectorite, Kaolin, Montmorillonite, Pyrophyllite, and Zeolite as used in cosmetic formulations. The common aspect of all these claylike ingredients is that they contain silicon, oxygen, and one or more metals. Many silicates occur naturally and are mined; yet others are produced synthetically. Typical cosmetic uses of silicates include abrasive, opacifying agent, viscosity-increasing agent, anticaking agent, emulsion stabilizer, binder, and suspending agent. Clay silicates (silicates containing water in their structure) primarily function as adsorbents, opacifiers, and viscosity-increasing agents. Pyrophyllite is also used as a colorant. The International Agency for Research on Cancer has ruled Attapulgite fibers >5 microm as possibly carcinogenic to humans, but fibers <5 microm were not classified as to their carcinogenicity to humans. Likewise, Clinoptilolite, Phillipsite, Mordenite, Nonfibrous Japanese Zeolite, and synthetic Zeolites were not classified as to their carcinogenicity to humans. These ingredients are not significantly toxic in oral acute or short-term oral or parenteral toxicity studies in animals. Inhalation toxicity, however, is readily demonstrated in animals. Particle size, fibrogenicity, concentration, and mineral composition had the greatest effect on toxicity. Larger particle size and longer and wider fibers cause more adverse effects. Magnesium Aluminum Silicate was a weak primary skin irritant in rabbits and had no cumulative skin irritation in guinea pigs. No gross effects were reported in any of these studies. Sodium Magnesium Silicate had no primary skin irritation in rabbits and had no cumulative skin irritation in guinea pigs. Hectorite was nonirritating to the skin of rabbits in a Draize primary skin irritation study. Magnesium Aluminum Silicate and Sodium Magnesium Silicate caused minimal eye irritation in a Draize eye irritation test. Bentonite caused severe iritis after injection into the anterior chamber of the eyes of rabbits and when injected intralamellarly, widespread corneal infiltrates and retrocorneal membranes were recorded. In a primary eye irritation study in rabbits, Hectorite was moderately irritating without washing and practically nonirritating to the eye with a washout. Rats tolerated a single dose of Zeolite A without any adverse reaction in the eye. Calcium Silicate had no discernible effect on nidation or on maternal or fetal survival in rabbits. Magnesium Aluminum Silicate had neither a teratogenic nor adverse effects on the mouse fetus. Female rats receiving a 20% Kaolin diet exhibited maternal anemia but no significant reduction in birth weight of the pups was recorded. Type A Zeolite produced no adverse effects on the dam, embryo, or fetus in either rats or rabbits at any dose level. Clinoptilolite had no effect on female rat reproductive performance. These ingredients were not genotoxic in the Ames bacterial test system. In primary hepatocyte cultures, the addition of Attapulgite had no significant unscheduled DNA synthesis. Attapulgite did cause significant increases in unscheduled DNA synthesis in rat pleural mesothelial cells, but no significant increase in sister chromosome exchanges were seen. Zeolite particles (<10 microm) produced statistically significant increase in the percentage of aberrant metaphases in human peripheral blood lymphocytes and cells collected by peritoneal lavage from exposed mice. Topical application of Magnesium Aluminum Silicate to human skin daily for 1 week produced no adverse effects. Occupational exposure to mineral dusts has been studied extensively. Fibrosis and pneumoconiosis have been documented in workers involved in the mining and processing of Aluminum Silicate, Calcium Silicate, Zirconium Silicate, Fuller's Earth, Kaolin, Montmorillonite, Pyrophyllite, and Zeolite. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel concluded that the extensive pulmonary damage in humans was the result of direct occupational inhalation of the dusts and noted that lesions seen in animals were affected by particle size, fiber length, and concentration. The Panel considers that most of the formulations are not respirable and of the preparations that are respirable, the concentration of the ingredient is very low. Even so, the Panel considered that any spray containing these solids should be formulated to minimize their inhalation. With this admonition to the cosmetics industry, the CIR Expert Panel concluded that these ingredients are safe as currently used in cosmetic formulations. The Panel did note that the cosmetic ingredient, Talc, is a hydrated magnesium silicate. Because it has a unique crystalline structure that differs from ingredients addressed in this safety assessment, Talc is not included in this report.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Lithium transport in human fibroblasts: relationship to RBC lithium transport and psychiatric diagnoses.

Cultured fibroblasts were prepared from six normal controls, five DSM-III manic patients, and six DSM-III schizophrenic patients. Lithium (Li+) uptake, 24-hour Li+ ratios, and steady-state membrane potential were measured in these cell lines. The uptake of 10 mM Li+ reached maximum at 2 hours, with an intracellular concentration of approximately 15 mM. No significant difference in uptake was found among subject groups. Twenty-four hour Li+ (ratio of intracellular/extracellular Li+) ratios were determined by incubating the cell lines for 24 hours in the presence of 2 mM Li+. No significant difference was observed among groups; nor was there any significant correlation between the fibroblast 24-hour ratios and 24-hour in vitro ratios determined in donor red cells. The relationship between membrane potential and the 24 hour Li+ ratio in fibroblasts was determined. The average potential in these cell lines was -56 mV and was not affected by Li+ treatment. No correlation between the Li+ ratio and membrane potential was found.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Lithium antagonism of ethanol-induced intoxication: relationship to intracellular lithium levels.

Seventeen detoxified chronic alcoholics participated in a double-blind trial comparing placebo and lithium (Li+) effects on acute ethanol (1 g/kg) intoxication. In a repeated measures, split-half crossover design, subjects were maintained for 7 days on Li+ or placebo before the ethanol challenge. Plasma Li+ levels on day 7 averaged 1.3 +/- 0.3 mM. Li+ was not more effective than placebo in attenuating ethanol effects across the subjective dimensions of intoxication, desire to drink, and control of drinking and across the cognitive dimensions measured by Trail Making A, Speed of Closure, and the Minnesota Clerical Test. Li+ was not significantly more effective than placebo in preventing the ethanol-induced rise in plasma prolactin. Subjects were divided according to high and low red blood cell (RBC) Li+ intracellular/extracellular Li+ ratios. In a comparison of the Li+ to placebo arms of the trial, the high ratio subjects (n = 9) showed a significant 44% decrease in ethanol-induced intoxication, while the low ratio subjects (n = 8) showed a 15% increase. Furthermore, the high ratio subjects performed better than the low ratio subjects, independent of the ethanol effect, on all tests of cognitive performance. These preliminary data suggest that the Li+ ratio may be a useful tool in defining unique subgroups of alcoholic patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

FTIR features of lithium-iron phosphates as electrode materials for rechargeable lithium batteries.

The essential structural features of lithium-metal phosphates (LMP) have been studied using FTIR spectroscopy which is a sensitive tool to probe the local environment in the solid materials. Various LMP materials where M is iron have been investigated including phospho-olivine LiFePO(4), diphosphate LiFeP(2)O(7), Nasicon-type phosphate Li(3)Fe(2)(PO(4))(3) and dihydrate FePO(4).2H(2)O. Vitreous and amorphous materials are also considered. Analysis of internal and external modes of vibration allows to distinguish between the different phases and the type of cationic environment in the framework. Results corroborate the contribution of the main factors which are responsible for the complexity of the spectra, i.e. departure from ideal symmetry, interactions between polyhedra, bridging atoms and lattice distortion.

Diphosphates↗
PubMed1984

Comparison of the changes in central catecholamine systems following short- and long-term lithium treatment and the consequences of lithium withdrawal.

The effects of treatment with and withdrawal from lithium (Li, 2 mmol/kg) on central catecholamine systems in rat brain were investigated. Synthetic parameters were found to be unchanged after treatment, but abrupt withdrawal resulted in enhanced activity of tyrosine hydroxylase. Noradrenaline levels in most brain regions examined were depressed following both short- and long-term Li administration, with a further decrease in content in the pons but enhanced cortical levels on withdrawal. Li administration resulted in elevated 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid levels, whereas withdrawal caused an enhancement of homovanillic acid content and depression of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl glycol levels. It appears that the changes in central catecholamine systems are qualitatively the same following both short- and long-term Li treatment, as are the consequences of abrupt Li withdrawal. It is suggested that Li administration results in a disruption of catecholamine storage processes, while withdrawal from Li does not result in a simple return towards normal states.

3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid↗
PubMed1996

The effect of concomitant use of neuroleptic drugs and lithium on the erythrocyte/plasma lithium ratio in Iranian patients with bipolar disorder.

Patients treated with lithium (Li+) and neuroleptic drugs concomitantly are reported to show more pronounced adverse effects than patients on Li+ alone. There are conflicting results about the effect of neuroleptic drugs on the erythrocyte/plasma Li+ ratio and intraerythrocyte Li+ concentration, and methodological problems may be a reason for this. The effect of the concurrent use of neuroleptic drugs with Li+ on the Li+ ratio was studied in 66 patients with bipolar affective disorders during prophylactic Li+ therapy using the new direct method of measuring erythrocyte Li+ concentration. This new direct method has been shown to give much more precise and accurate results than the values obtained by other methods. No relationship was found between the Li+ ratio and sex, age, Li+ dosage, duration of treatment or plasma Li+ concentration. Results revealed that patients taking a combination of Li+ and neuroleptic drugs showed significantly lower Li+ ratios and intraerythrocyte Li+ concentrations as compared with those on Li+ alone. It is notable that this reducing effect of neuroleptic drugs was increased by the concurrent use of two types of neuroleptic drugs. The effect on neuroleptic drugs on the Li+ ratio may be mediated through a stabilizing effect of these drugs on the cell membrane and consequently Li+ transport in erythrocytes.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Experimental validation of Gaussian-3 lithium cation affinities of amides: implications for the gas-phase lithium cation basicity scale.

Using a refined Gaussian-3 (G3) protocol, the highest level of ab initio calculations reported so far, we have established the Li+ cation binding enthalpy (affinity) at 0 K (in kJ mol-1) for formamide (195.7), N-methylformamide (209.2), N,N'-dimethylformamide (220.0), acetamide (211.7), N-methylacetamide (222.5), and N,N'-dimethylacetamide (230.1), with an estimated maximum uncertainty of +/-8 kJ mol-1. With these six theoretical lithium cation binding affinities as reference values, the absolute Li+ affinities of imidazole and dimethoxyethane were determined by the extended kinetic method, and by adopting the statistical data treatment protocol recently proposed by Armentrout. The Li+ affinities obtained for these two ligands are in good agreement (within 6 kJ mol-1) with recent values determined by the threshold collision-induced dissociation method, and consistent with the Li+ basicity values first reported by Taft and co-workers in 1990. Our study confirms that the previously suggested, and recently implemented, downward revision of Taft's original basicity scale by 10.9 kJ mol-1 is justified for ligands with revised basicities less than 151 kJ mol-1. However, for selected ligands with Li+ basicities greater than 151 kJ mol-1, including some of the six amides studied in this work, the reported discrepancy between theoretical and experimental estimates in the revised Li+ basicity scale of Burk et al. is likely to arise from experimental uncertainties.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1991

Accelerated marrow recovery following total-body irradiation after treatment with vincristine, lithium or combined vincristine-lithium.

Accelerated post-irradiation recovery of hematopoietic marrow has been reported following treatment with lithium (Li) or vincristine (VcR). Because these two agents appear to exert their effects on different, albeit overlapping, hematopoietic populations, it was felt that combining them might lead to a wider spectrum of enhanced post-irradiation marrow regeneration. Results demonstrated that an accelerated recovery, which appeared to be additive in nature, was observed in the marrow following combined VcR-Li/4.5 Gy total-body irradiation. The combined schedule significantly enhanced post-irradiation recovery of white blood cells, 12-day spleen colony-forming units, erythroid burst-forming units, and fibroblastic colony-forming units over radiation alone; and recovery of marrow cellularity, multipotential colony-forming units (CFU-gemm) and granulocytic/monocytic colony-forming units (CFU-gm) over both radiation alone and either drug given singly with the 4.5 Gy. In addition, while data on the ability of regenerating stroma to support CFU-gm and CFU-gemm did not suggest that VcR was acting to enhance post-irradiation marrow recovery by increasing stromal production of hematopoietic growth factors, Li did appear to increase production of one or more of these factors, and this may be part of its mechanism of action.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Lithium concentration in the muscle compartment of manic-depressive patients during lithium therapy.

Pharmacokinetic (PK) techniques were used to study the effect of lithium (Li+) on Li+ fluxes and concentrations in body compartments of manic-depressives. Patients not yet on Li+ therapy were similar to normal controls in all parameters. Comparison of patients before and during chronic Li+ therapy showed no effect of Li+ therapy on intestinal absorption and renal excretion of Li+. The calculated erythrocyte (RBC)-to-plasma Li+ concentration ratio increased with Li+ therapy, as already known from direct measurements. The calculated muscle-to-plasma Li+ concentration ratio was 6-8 times higher than the RBC ratio, and increased from 1.8 to 4.2 with Li+ therapy. The higher Li+ concentration in human muscle compared to RBC is attributed to muscle's higher inside-negative resting potential, and may underlie side effects that arise in muscle from Li+ therapy. The discrepancy between the observed muscle-to-plasma ratio and that predicted for a passively distributed ion is attributed to extrusion by a countertransport process, and the increase in the observed ratio with Li+ therapy is attributed to inhibition of countertransport, as already established for RBC. Since muscle resembles nerve as an excitable cell, muscle Li+ warrants evaluation as a predictor of therapeutic response and side effects during Li+ therapy.

Bipolar Disorder↗
PubMed1992

Lithium treatment of affective disorders: effects of lithium on the inositol phospholipid and cyclic AMP signalling pathways.

The effects of lithium (Li+) on the adenylyl cyclase and inositol phospholipid receptor signalling pathways were compared directly in noradrenergic and carbachol stimulated rat brain cortical tissue slices. Li+ was a comparatively weak inhibitor of noradrenaline-stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation with an IC50 of approx. 20 mM. By contrast, half-maximal effects of Li+ on inositol monophosphate (InsP) accumulation in [3H]inositol labelled tissue slices occurred at about 1 mM. A similar IC50 for Li+ of about 1 mM was also obtained for noradrenaline-stimulated accumulation of CMP-phosphatidate (CMPPA), a sensitive indicator of intracellular inositol depletion, in tissue slices that had been prelabelled with [3H]cytidine. The effect of myo-inositol (inositol) depletion on the prolonged activity of phosphoinositidase C (PIC) was examined in carbachol-stimulated cortical slices using a novel mass assay for InsP. Exposure to a maximal dose of carbachol for 30 min in the presence of 5 mM Li+ caused a 10-fold increase in the level of radioactivity associated with the InsP fraction, but only a 2-fold increase in InsP mass. During prolonged incubations in the presence of both carbachol and Li+ the accumulation of InsP mass was enhanced if 30 mM inositol was included in the medium. The results are compatible with the inositol depletion hypothesis of Li+ action but do not support the concept that adenylyl cyclase or guanine nucleotide dependent proteins represent therapeutically relevant targets of this drug.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

An electron microscopic study of collagen fibril structure after lithium treatment--I. The effect of different lithium doses on mouse skin collagen.

The structure of mouse skin collagen fibrils after treatment with lithium chloride at doses of 1.5 and 6 meq/kg of body weight was studied by electron microscopy. Animals were sacrificed 1 day, 1, 2 and 6 months after the end of a 30 consecutive days experimental period. With the first dose, which is commonly used clinically, although there were areas with normal collagen fibrils there were also regions where the characteristic parallel packing of fibrils was lost completely or it was preserved for a part of the area. With high doses, in most regions the normal packing of fibrils was replaced by an anarchic arrangement. In both cases, collagen fibrils had a marked decrease in mean diameter and showed a higher degree of variability in width and shape than collagen fibrils from controls. Also, many clusters of abnormal fibrils were found with a diameter of up to 260 nm vs 109 nm and a highly irregular outline when viewed in cross-sections. The periodicity D as well as the banding pattern were normal.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Decrease in erythrocyte:plasma lithium ratio by concurrent administration of psychotropic drugs and lithium in mice.

1. Previous studies paying attention to concurrent use of lithium (Li+) with a neuroleptic were not done under constant and controlled conditions. We were therefore encouraged to do a prospectively controlled study, presuming constant relevant factors, on concomitant use of Li+ with neuroleptic as well as other psychotropic agents. 2. The effects of concurrent administration of chlorpromazine, haloperidol, imipramine and carbamazepine with Li+ on the erythrocyte:plasma Li+ ratio and the intraerythrocyte Li+ concentration were studied in mice by using a new, direct method of measuring erythrocyte Li+ concentration. 3. All of the foregoing agents with the exception of carbamazepine were observed to significantly decrease the Li+ ratio. 4. Lack of any significant effect by carbamazepine on Li+ transport may be an indication of this drug's efficacy as a supplement in Li+ therapy of bipolar affective disorders. 5. The decrease in Li+ ratio observed with chlorpromazine, haloperidol and imipramine may be explained through the mechanism by which these drugs stabilize the cell membrane and consequently affect Li+ transport in erythrocytes. 6. Moreover, our study proves that, although the Li(+)-sodium countertransport mechanism does not exist in mice, the same interaction between Li+ and other psychotropic drugs is seen. It can be concluded that such interaction is not mediated through Li(+)-sodium countertransport. 7. It is suggested that, with concurrent use of a psychotropic drug and Li+, the amount of intraerythrocyte Li+ concentration be measured, instead of relying on the plasma Li+ concentration alone.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

The antiemetic drug ondansetron interferes with lithium-induced conditioned rejection reactions, but not lithium-induced taste avoidance in rats.

Conditioned rejection reactions displayed in the taste reactivity test are exclusively produced by treatments that elicit nausea. The present experiments demonstrate that pretreatment with the antinausea agent ondansetron interferes with both the establishment and the expression of conditioned rejection reactions. Ondansetron did not interfere with lithium-induced taste avoidance in either a 1-bottle or a 2-bottle test. In fact, when rejection reactions were measured during a consumption test, ondansetron selectively attenuated rejection reactions, with only a slight modification of consumption. These results suggest that conditioned rejection reactions, but not conditioned taste avoidance, reflect nausea in rats that can be attenuated by ondansetron pretreatment.

Animals↗