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At least 271 records · Page 15Linked to original sources
PubMed1976

An international survey of leptospiral agglutinin of dogs by RMAT.

FRom 1970 through 1973, the author used RMAT to examine the canine leptospiral antibodies against 10 serotypes in 12,374 attended dogs, 1,855 stray dogs and 480 house dogs in 24 countries. Among the 10 serotypes, L. icterohaemorrhagiae and L. canicola were the most prevalent. Positive rates were in the following order: Peru 26.3%, Chile 18.4%, Turkey 17.4%, Austria 16.0%, Korea 15.0%, Cina (Taiwan) 11.4%, Japan 9.8%, Brazil 7.7%, United States 5.5%, United Kingdom 4.5%, Italy 3.5%, Germany 2.0%, and Canada 0.4%. Negative results were obtained in Australia, Dominica, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Fiji, Indonesia, Iran, Malta, Philippines, Sweden and Thailand. Positive rates on different continents were: South America 11.1%, Asia 10.1%, Europe 3.4%, North America 2.4%, Oceania and Africa (Ethiopia) 0%. Negative results were obtained against either L. icterohaemorrhagiae or L. canicola in samples from most tropical countries. Lower positive rates were seen during summer in Korea and Japan. Positive reactors were detected against other serotypes, viz., L. grippotyphosa, L. australis A, L. pyrogenes, L. bataviae, L. autumnalis, L. hebdomadis and L. javanica. Sex, physical condition and vaccination status as factors in the presence of antibodies were reviewed.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1977

[Leptospirosis (author's transl)].

Leptospirosis is one of the most widely distributed zoonoses. Dogs are the pets in which leptospirosis is most common. The use of diagnostic laboratory procedures is discussed. During the first seven days of the disease, leptospires may be detected in the blood and organs; after the seventh day, they are detectable in the kidney and possibly also in the urine. Examination of the serum for antibodies is possible after the first week of the disease. A clinical diagnosis is often hard to establish. Unlike what used to be the case, infections with L. icterohaemorrhagiae are more common today than those with L. canicola. Infections are more common in male dogs than they are in bitches. In addition to antibiotic therapy, preferably consisting in administration of penicillin and streptomycin, symptomatic treatment is useful. Vaccination should be performed in the spring. Dog are probably of minor importance as a source of human infection in the Netherlands.

Animals↗
PubMed1969

Leptospirosis in human pregnancy followed by death of the foetus.

An attack of leptospirosis due to serotype canicola in a pregnant woman was followed in the convalescent period by death of the foetus. Previous cases of this nature are reviewed. In certain areas where leptospirosis is known to exist among the animal population early recognition and treatment of human cases is advised, especially when they occur during pregnancy.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

[Seroepidemiologic study on leptospirosis in the Camargue region].

The damp environment and density of animal population in Camargue are good arguments for the study of leptospirosis. A serological and epidemiological survey on 642 blood samples revealed 36 (5.6%) with significant antibody titers. Icterohaemorrhagiae is followed by Canicola, Grippotyphosa, Australis and Ballum... The most endemic area is not Camargue but the area situated at the northeast (Basse-Durance). Women are twice more affected than men. These two results are not consistent with our initial hypothesis. It is always advisable to seek the etiology of fevers of unknown origin.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Epidemiological aspects and diagnosis of 60 cases of leptospiroses in French Polynesia].

60 cases of leptospiroses were diagnosed in Polynesia by blood culture and immunological test. Fever and pains are prevailing signs. Among 3 patients, presence of leptospires is revealed on the 43th, 54th and 90th days. The following serogroups are found: Icterohaemorrhagiae 69.7%, Canicola 13%, Pomona 4%, Australis 2%. 85% of the patients come from Tahiti and 15% from "Sousle-Vent" Islands and Tuamotou. Walking bare foot on wet ground in areas where numerous rodents are found is a source of contamination. The procedure of blood cultures plays a prominent part.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Clinical, bacteriologic and histopathologic studies on induced leptospirosis in stray dog pups.

Eighteen 8-12 days old stray dog (canis familiaris mongrel) pups of either sex; 6 pups each in test groups and control group were infected with lepotspiral serovars autumnalis and canicola. The experimental animals, clinical, bacteriologic and histopathologic kinetics were observed. Both the serovars had evoked typical clinical manifestations. Leptospiraemia could be demonstratedin between the post inoculation (PI) days 1 & 5. Leptospiruria commensed in between the PI days 5 & 7 and lasted throughout the study period. Histopathologic study did not reveal any marked pathologic changes except hydropic changes in the liver of both the test groups.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

An investigation of canine antileptospiral antibodies in Japan.

From 1970 through 1973, blood samples of 7113 attended dogs and 1615 stray dogs in 50 cities of Japan were examined for leptospiral antibodies by RMAT on filter paper specimens. Results were as follows: 1. Prevalences of antibodies against L. icterohaemorrhagiae and L. canicola in attended dogs in 50 cities ranged from 22.5% to 0% with an average of 9.8%. Those of stray dogs in 8 cities ranged from 52.5% to 0% with an average of 21.7%. 2. 64 and 37 of 7113 attended dog sera reached positively only against either L. icterohaemorrhagiae and L. canicola, respectively. 595 of 7113 attended dog sera reacted positively against both antigens. 3. In 820 attended dog sera tested against 8 leptospiral serotypes, 57 had antibodies against L. icterohaemorrhagiae, 52 against L. canicola, 2 against L. australis A, 10 against L. pyrogenes and 2 against L. grippotyphosa. 4. The prevalence of antibodies was twice as much in male dogs as in females. The prevalence in a healthy group was only half that of a sick group. Attended dogs below 4 years old had a higher antibody prevalence than any other age. The prevalence of antibodies in summer was lower than for any other season.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Prevalence of Leptospira antibodies in white-tailed deer, Cades Cove, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Tennessee, USA.

We conducted a study of the population dynamics, movement, and diseases of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in Cades Cove, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Tennessee (USA) from 1980 to 1984. During the study 590 blood samples were collected from 518 deer, with some deer recaptured one or two times. The estimated percent of the herd sampled each year ranged from 8% to 28%. We also collected serum samples from 56 cattle pastured in Cades Cove. Deer and cattle sera were tested using the microagglutination test for the presence of antibody to the following serovars of Leptospira: pomona, hardjo, grippotyphosa, icterohemorrhagiae, and canicola. One hundred and six deer (21%) were seropositive for only one of the serovars. We found that 57 (11%) of the deer had antibodies to serovar hardjo, 33 (6%) were positive for antibodies to serovar pomona, 15 (3%) were positive for antibodies to serovar icterohemorrhagiae, and one deer had antibodies to serovar canicola. Age class and sex of deer were associated with antibody presence. Adult (> or = 1.5 yr) male deer were more likely to have antibodies than the other age class and sex groups (P = 0.001). In recaptured deer, similar titers were found in samples from one deer taken 807 days apart. Titer declined below the screening dilution level (1:250) after 37 days in one deer.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1968

Electron microscopy of immune disruption of leptospires: action of complement and lysozyme.

Sequential disruption of the sheath of avirulent leptospires of the serotype canicola with antibody and complement was monitored by electron microscopy. Loosening and separation of the sheath from the protoplasmic cylinder was observed as early as 2 min after exposure to complement. Virulent leptospires of this serotype were morphologically intact after 1 hr of exposure to antibody and complement. Similarly, treatment of leptospires of the serotype patoc with normal serum and complement severely damaged the sheath structure. Removal of the sheath of both serotypes permitted lysozyme to act on the wall of the protoplasmic cylinder. Thus, morphological evidence for the location of the mucopeptide-containing structure of these leptospires was obtained. Viable leptospires with intact sheaths were resistant to lysozyme alone. Sections and negatively stained preparations of sheaths of serotypes canicola and patoc revealed three dense layers with two intermediate light zones and an overall thickness of about 110 A. A periodicity of 40 A was observed in sheath fragments produced by complement. The 70 A wallmembrane complex of leptospires of both serotypes consisted of two dense layers with an intermediate light zone. Structures apparent after removal of the outer sheath included membranous bodies or mesosomes, axial filaments attached to terminal knobs at opposite ends of the cell, and electron-dense intracellular bodies.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Humoral immune response of dogs after vaccination against leptospirosis measured by an IgM- and IgG-specific ELISA.

An IgM- and IgG-specific ELISA was used to measure the antibody response stimulated in dogs by vaccination with a leptospiral bacterin containing chemically inactivated Leptospira interrogans serotype icterohaemorrhagiae and serotype canicola leptospires. All dogs produced anti-leptospiral IgM and IgG. The IgM production was of the primary response type after each vaccination (primary vaccination, booster vaccination and annual revaccination). A substantial anti-leptospiral IgG response could be demonstrated only after the first booster vaccination and the annual revaccination. Annual revaccination resulted in a higher and much longer persisting IgG response than did the first booster vaccination. A revision of the vaccination scheme is suggested.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Prospective serology and analysis in diagnosis of dairy cow abortion.

A prospective serologic investigation was undertaken on 3 California dairies (herds 1, 3, and 4, as previously designated in a report on abortion surveillance) to determine if fetal loss was associated with infectious disease agents in cows. The diagnostic problem in these herds was typical of many dairies in that abortions were not discovered for several months and aborted fetuses were seldom recovered. Blood from approximately 100 pregnant cows in each herd was sampled at monthly intervals, beginning when the cows were palpated at approximately 40 days gestation. Sera were tested for antibodies to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and to the Leptospira serovars pomona, hardjo, grippotyphosa, icterohemorrhagiae, canicola, and szwajizak. Logn antibody titers were examined for an association with fetal loss, using multivariate methods of logistic regression and survival analysis. Of the 325 cows followed, 37 aborted, and no fetuses were recovered. Statistical analyses indicated that significant fetal loss was associated with high titers to L. hardjo and with low titers to L. szwajizak (herds 1 and 4) and BVDV (herd 1). Results for herd 3 revealed a connection between abortion and L. icterohemorrhagiae (P = 0.036) and L. canicola (P = 0.050) and possible vaccinal protection against abortion caused by L. grippotyphosa (P = 0.027 and 0.015). For herd 4, there was a marginally significant tendency for the first vaccination of the gestation against leptospirosis to have protected against fetal death (P = 0.077). Advantages of the diagnostic design were that it permitted comparison of titers of aborted cows with those of nonaborted cows and it considered vaccination-induced titers in analyses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed1995

[Homology study of leptospires in China with the OmpL1 gene].

Southern hybridization analysis with the OmpL1 gene was performed. The results of probing EcoRI-restricted genomic DNA from 18 strains in China showed that the homology fragments of OmpL1 gene were presented in 12 pathogenic Leptospira strains: sero-group Icterohaemorrhagiae (2 strains), Canicola, Ballum, Pyrogenes, Autumnalis, Australis, Pomona, Grip-potyphosa, Hebdomadis, Bataviae, and Sejroe, but they were not presented in the nonpathogenic Leptospira biflexa strain Patoc I, Leptonema illini strain 3055 and pathogenic Leptospira Serogroup Javanica, Tarassovi, Manhao and Mini.

Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins↗
PubMed1990

Leptospirosis in Barbados. A clinical study.

A 39-month clinical study of leptospirosis was undertaken at the Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Barbados. Eighty-eight patients had a confirmed diagnosis of the disease during the period. The major serogroups identified were autumnalis (including a new serovar bim), icterohaemorrhagiae, ballum and canicola. The majority of patients presented with jaundice (95%,) anorexia and headaches (85%), fever (76%) and conjunctival suffusion (54%). While abnormal creatinine levels were seen in 49% of patients on admission, only 16% were judged to have had renal failure. The urine to plasma urea ratio showed high sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of pre-renal azotemia. Cardiac arrhythmias and myocarditis occurred in 18% of patients and pericarditis in 6%. An elevated serum amylase was found in 65% of cases. The bilirubin level took 5.5 weeks to return to normal. Thrombocytopenia was shown not to be due to a disseminated intravascular coagulation, and a randomised trial of high dose penicillin did not reveal any benefit to jaundiced patients. The overall mortality during the study was 5.7%.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Serological study of the frequency of leptospiral infections among dairy cows in farms with suboptimal reproductive efficiency in Galicia, Spain.

Between March 1996 and September 1997, 15 farms located in Galicia (NW Spain) and experiencing suboptimal reproductive efficiency were visited and blood samples were obtained from all the lactating cows (n=442). Additionally, 1060 samples were obtained monthly from a cohort of 219 lactating cows belonging to nine of the farms between March 1996 and April 1997. All the samples were tested by microscopic agglutination (MAT) using live antigens representing the following Leptospira interrogans serogroups: Australis, Autumnalis, Ballum, Canicola, Grippotyphosa, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Louisiana, Pomona, Sejroe, Shermani and Tarassovi. Eighty-one of the 442 cows were positive against one or more serogroups (P=18.33%). Serologically, L. bratislava and L. grippotyphosa were detected as the most prevalent serovars (P=7.92 and 7.69%, respectively) and as the serovars against which the probability of seroconversion was highest (P=0.27 and 0.25, for a 12-month period, respectively) among those studied. The proportional hazards regression method was used for evaluating the seasonal trend of seroconversions against these two serovars. The risk of seroconversion against L. grippotyphosa was significantly higher during spring. The risk of seroconversion against L. bratislava did not differ significantly among seasons. Our results suggest that infections by L. bratislava did not follow, among the study animals and during the study period, the pattern typically described for non-adapted serovars, pointing out the possibility that some strains of this serovar could behave as adapted serovars.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1990

Biological activities and endotoxic activities of protective antigens (PAgs) of Leptospira interrogans.

The biological and endotoxic activities of protective antigens (PAgs) prepared by the chloroform-methanol-water method from Leptospira interrogans serovars lai, copenhageni and canicola were examined. The PAg preparations did not show a local Shwartzman reaction in the rabbits at doses of 100 micrograms and 50 micrograms/site and lethal toxicity to galactosamine-sensitized mice at the dose of 12.5 micrograms to 50 micrograms/mouse. PAgs exhibited a weak cytotoxic action on peritoneal exudate macrophages of C3H/HeJ and C3H/HeN mice at the dose of 500 micrograms/ml in vitro, but did not show cytotoxicity for BHK-21 cells kidney cells of the Syrian hamster, CHO-K1, ovary cells of the Chinese hamster, and CHL, lung cells of the Chinese hamster, at doses of 5 and 500 micrograms/ml. Gelation activity in the Limulus test was only observed at PAg concentrations over 100 ng/ml, which dose was 10,000 times that of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Escherichia coli O55:B5. Furthermore, an adjuvant activity of PAgs was not observed in the production of anti-sheep red blood cell antibody in mice. Mitotic conversion of spleen cells from C3H/HeJ and C3H/HeN mice was observed by the addition of PAgs in vitro. These results indicated that the biological properties of PAgs were different from those of LPS prepared from gram-negative enterobacteria, that PAgs had no endotoxic activity and that the biological safety of PAgs as vaccine was proved.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Leptospirosis. Epidemiological features of a sporadic case.

Leptospirosis occurred in a 45-year-old man with presumed infection from an exposure to contaminated water at his source of employment. An intensive epidemiological investigation, including serological examination of all family members and pets and cultures on the patient and his family pets (cats and dogs), proved that the leptospiral organism was acquired by the patient's exposure to his dogs. The risk of acquiring infection from dogs that are asymptomatic and vaccinated is emphasized by this report.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Evaluation of an immunoenzymatic test (ELISA) for the diagnosis of leptospirosis in Italy.

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was assessed to detect in humans IgM and IgG against the main serogroups/serovars of Leptospira present in Italy. Sonicated antigens from strain Wijnberg, serogroups Icterohaemorrhagiae and Riccio 2, serogroup Australis, were used in ELISA and the results were compared to microagglutination test (MAT). IgM were confirmed to be the predominant class of antibodies; the total sensitivity obtained by Wijnberg/ELISA with the sera of patients infected by different serogroups was 81.5% in relation to MAT, better sensitivity was achieved by the use of Riccio 2/ELISA; no reaction occurred with the control sera. Cross-reactivity was noted with some sera of patients with Lyme disease (IgM) and with few sera of patients with autoimmune disease (IgM and IgG). To improve the sensitivity of the ELISA both antigens Wijnberg and Riccio 2 must be employed in the immunoenzymatic assay, since serogroup Australis must be considered as a new emerging serogroup causing human leptospirosis in our country.

Agglutination Tests↗