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PubMed1982

Studies on regression of atherosclerosis--role of lipid containers.

The appearance of the aortic wall of rabbits fed a lanolin containing diet was examined by scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in order to clarify the mechanism of removal of lipids deposited in the aorta. SEM study showed that circulating leukocytes penetrated into the arterial wall in the early phase of the experimental atherosclerosis. In some specimens, spherical bodies with a diameter of 10-30 mu were observed along the cleavage of the marginal folds between the endothelial cells. TEM demonstrated that these bodies contained many lipid particles, and numerous active microvilli were seen on the body surface. In the deeper subendothelial space, villi of each body interdigitated. From these results, it is postulated that the circulating leukocytes penetrate under the endothelium and take up the deposited lipids. Then, they return to the blood stream, containing lipid rich particles. The deposited lipids in the atherosclerotic lesion would be removed by this process. We named this phenomenon as "exo-tissuesis with lipid containers". While lipids are believed to be removed from the atherosclerotic lesion by HDL, lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase and others at the molecular level, we suggest that lipid containers play important roles in the regression and prevention of atherosclerosis on a major scale-cellular and tissue level.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[Influence of manufacturing procedure on stability of Unguentum contra perniones preparations].

BACKGROUND: Application of various technological procedures for the manufacture of officinal preparation ointment against chilblains (Unguentum contra perniones) produce essential variations in the quality and stability of the final product. Changing the sequence of admixing active substances into the ointment base indicated the presence of incompatibility between the active substances, as well as between the active substances and the ointment base components. The aim was to examine the influence of various technological manufacturing procedures on quality and stability of the preparation. METHODS: Changes in the samples of ointments and aqueous solutions of active substances were analysed microscopically. RESULTS: Microscopic analysis of hydrosoluble active substance solutions demonstrated destruction of ichthammol, induced by an acidic medium due to the dissolution of tannin and resorcinol, which is well known from the literature. It also demonstrated the destruction of tannin and resorcinol in aqueous solution, which had not been described in the literature. Application of the prescribed procedure for the manufacturing of ointment against chilblains, conceals the incompatibility reactions due to a slow dissolution of the tannin suspended in the officinal ointment base Unguentum cera lanae. Admixture of an ready-made aqueous solution of tannin caused an instant contact between ichthammol and the acidic medium, which caused the destruction or the complete absence of the formation of emulsion droplets. The problem of incompatibility reactions between lanolin alcohols in the ointment base and ichthammol and resorcinol, as well as the reaction between Peruvian balsam and sulfur from the ichthammol sulfate ion was observed. Numerous incompatibility reactions of ointment against chilblains, components indicated that it was necessary to introduce alterations in both the qualitative and quantitative composition of the preparation. CONCLUSION: Excipient preparation procedure, as well as the technological procedure for incorporation of active ingredients can cause the incompatibilities and therefore the formulation stability problems.

Chemistry, Pharmaceutical↗
PubMed1992

Allergic contact dermatitis in atopic dermatitis.

Of 73 adult patients attending a clinic specially provided to treat patients with atopic dermatitis, 31 (42%) showed one or more positive patch reaction on contact testing. There was a striking female preponderance in the patch test positive group (26F:5M) in contrast to those with negative test results (9F:17M). The commonest allergens identified were fragrances in 13 patients, nickel (7), rubber (5), lanolin (4) and formaldehyde (3). In 21 patients, topical preparations, cosmetic or medically prescribed, could be implicated. Contact sensitivity seems to be relatively common in adult patients who have a continuing problem with their atopic dermatitis. Recognizing this sensitization may be important in their management.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

[Leg ulcers. Allergologic studies of 359 cases].

INTRODUCTION: Leg ulcers are a common disease in dermatology. Their social and economic implications are important, especially when contact dermatitis complicates these wounds. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this study a total of 359 patients had contact dermatitis investigations over a period of 5 years. Patch-tests were performed on 116 men and 243 women hospitalized with venous and/or arterial leg ulcers, with or without clinical appearance of periulcerous contact dermatitis. Standard patch-tests of the ICDRG (International Contact Dermatitis Research Group) were systematically performed as well as a specific series of 40 tests. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Positive patch tests were observed in 82.5 p. 100 of the patients, indicating a very high rate of contact allergy in patients with leg ulcers. Peru balsam, lanolin and neomycin were the most frequent culprits of positive patch-tests in this population. Five percent of patch-tests with eosin were positive in our study. This is not common in the literature. Moreover, we highlight the high rate of contact sensitization to corticosteroids in this population. According to these results and to the literature, a new series of patch-tests for leg ulcers is suggested. CONCLUSION: Polysensitization in patients with chronic wounds is very frequent. A series of patch-tests in leg ulcers may lead to some interesting conclusions but a good questioning of the patient is always necessary to complete this series.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Development and evaluation of transdermal formulations containing metronidazole and norfloxacin for the treatment of burn wound.

In an attempt for better treatment of partial thickness burn wounds topical ointments containing metronidazole and norfloxacin in different bases were prepared and in vitro release was conducted in phosphate buffer pH 6. It was found that, diffusion of the metronidazole and norfloxacin from the lanolin petrolatum base with 0.25% w/w dimethyl sulfoxide was maximum through hairless rat abdominal skin. Antimicrobial activity of different prepared formulations was found to be more effective both against aerobic and anaerobic bacteria than marketed formulation (1% silver sulfadiazine cream USP). Formulations were significantly effective as compared to that of marketed formulation in wound contraction of the partial thickness burn wound. Histopathological reports supported effectiveness of formulations. It was found that 1% metronidazole and 1% norfloxacin ointments are suitable for treating the partial thickness burn wound.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The organ pathology in the acute stage of tissue helminthiases: the role of eosinophilia of the blood and tissues, blood immunoglobulins E and G4 and immune response-inducing factors].

The pathogenesis of organic lesions in the early phase of tissue-dwelling helminthic infections has been analyzed and discussed by taking into account the previous findings [8, 9, 12], the results of current clinical and immunological studies [10, 11, 60] in the light of a fundamental literature data review. The products secreted by invasive helminthic larvae and the substances expressed onto their cuticula tegument surface mimic nonspecific [34, 43] and specific [21, 28, 33, 42] modulators of host inflammatory processes or induce the latter directly [37, 30, 42, 70]. The development of severe visceral pathology at the very early stage of human toxocariasis [60] is associated with unbalanced overproduction of these modulators and directly acting substances by a zoonotic agent. Some of these substances provoke organic and systemic pathology in the nearest day-hours after massive human invasion with sylvatic Trichinella spiralis strains or with Paragonimus westermani ichunensis larvae with a fatal end in 2-2.5 weeks [8, 14]. Parasitic enzymes that mimic the host proteins [73, 42], perhaps recently revealed [30] parasitic myogenic proteins, human tissue epitopes normally unexpressed [71], i.e. autoantigens from the impaired tissues [16] have been regarded as the factors leading to immunopathological/autoimmunological processes [21, 73]. Experimental allergic myocarditis (EAM) with endo-, pericardial, and valvular damages was reproduced in the guinea pigs immunized with T. spiralis somatic antigen and myocardial tissue homogenate (without BCG) in lanoline and mineral oil [8]. The development of trichinellosis-induced EAM with its pathomorphological characteristics revealed the existence of a Th1-variant of myocarditis in trichinosis similar to that of myosin-induced myocarditis [69] and confirmed the unfavourable effect of Th1 population stimulated in tissue-dwelling helminthic infections [62, 66, 70]. Visceral pathology in 22 patients at the acute stage of trichinosis, Opisthorchis felineus infection and in the early phase of toxocariasis coincided with serum IgG4 hyperproduction, competitive with serum IgE production, or with hypereosinophilia in IL-4-independent allergic reaction [60]. The absence of visceral pathology in the examined patients with high blood eosinophilia and serum IgE content (without elevated IgG4 levels) confirmed the protective functions of these parameters of immune responses in helminthic infections. However, there were individual variations of responses in terms of these parameters: high levels of all 3 parameters in three patients and IL-4-independent allergic reaction in 4 patients, only 6 of them had no visceral pathology. These substantial individual variations of immune responses at the early stage of disease seem to reflect the susceptibility to infections [71].

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2000

A test of the reserve meristem hypothesis using Verbascum thapsus (Scrophulariaceae).

The reserve meristem hypothesis predicts that latent meristems may act as a bet-hedging strategy given high-cost, predictable herbivory. Under this hypothesis, damage to a plant should elicit greater branching. This prediction was tested in Verbascum thapsus with three experiments manipulating the intensity and type of damage to reproductive tissue. In the first experiment, seed set was prevented in the treatment group by stigma excision and lanolin application to 80% of the flowers of each plant. In the second experiment, a minimum of two mating pairs of weevils were added to treated plants prior to the onset of flowering. In the third experiment, all fruits were sliced lengthwise twice. All three treatments significantly reduced seed set. In the first two experiments, treated plants significantly increased degree of branching (branch number and total branch length). This supports the reserve meristem hypothesis as an explanation for greater branching in larger plants of V. thapsus. Interestingly, the fruit destruction experiment failed to elicit a branching response, which suggests that the timing of damage is important.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Optimization of methods and improvement of technical means in combination with the nonspecific reparative regeneration stimulator ximedone in dermatoplasty surgery].

Treatment of extensive tissue defects should be complex, whose basis is an early free skin plastic repair with obligatory addition of agents that enhance the reparative capacities of tissues. For this, the authors propose a number of original appliances (forceps, variants of dermoperforators, bandage, etc.) and drugs, such as ximedon (tablets, 5-10% aqueous solution, lanolin-vaseline-based ointment, talc-based powder), whose clinical trials in 300 patients have shown their high therapeutical effect. The time of preparation of the wound surface for dermatoplastic interventions became shorter and the frequency of poor outcomes of operations reduced.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed2003

[Most frequent causes of allergic contact dermatitis in farmers: based on material collected in the Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz].

Farmers are exposed to many skin damaging factors. Following dermatological and allergological examinations, in a group of 132 farmers with suspected occupational disease, contact allergy induced by metals (chromates, nickel, cobalt, mercury), disinfectants and their components (formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, quaternary ammonium compounds, lysol, chloramine), rubber and pesticides, especially pesticides of thiophtalimide and thiocarbamate groups were recorded. Farmers also reacted to other chemical compounds (colophony, lanolin, propolis) rarely responsible for hypersensitivity in other occupational groups. In addition, extensive areas of dermatitis (13%) induced by irritating chemical (fertilizers, pesticides, fodder for breeding animals) and physical (changing temperature, humidity, effect of solar radiation) factors were observed in the study group.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Validation of a method for simultaneous determination of menthol and methyl salicylate in pharmaceuticals by capillary gas chromatography with cool on-column injection.

The conditions for the identification and quantitative determination of menthol and methyl salicylate in ointment Balsamum Mentholi Compositum on a hydrocarbon-ester base (vaseline-lanolin), have been established by using capillary gas chromatography with cool on-column injection and flame ionization detection (FID). The good separation of menthol (tR = 7.2 min), methyl salicylate (tR = 8.7 min) and thymol (tR = 12.3 min) and camphor (tR = 6.0 min), used as alternative internal standards, beside vehiculum constituents (peak of tR = 15.8 min) was obtained. The method features a high sensitivity - detection limit for menthol and methyl salicylate was 0.1 ng and 5.0 ng, respectively, high accuracy, precision and recovery for active substances: 100.0% +/- 2.2%, when camphor was used as an internal standard.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed1979

[Contact urticaria].

Report of a 42 year old woman who had given up her profession as a hairdresser because of urticarial skin eruptions following contact with substances used during working. An open patch test showed after 30 min positive urticarial reactions against permanent wave solution, fixation solution, p-aminodiphenylamin, lanolin-alcohol and clioquinol.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

First epidemiological study of contact dermatitis in Spain - 1977. Spanish Contact Dermatitis Research Group.

The present work is the first epidemiological study carried out by the Spanish Contact Dermatitis Research Group during 1977. During this year 2806 patients were studied with patch test among 30873 dermatological patients. The 60-62% of the totality had reactivity to one or more patches. Four major groups of allergens were able to consider, following the incidence in their power of sensitize. First group with strong incidence include: Nickel, Chromate, Cobalt, T.M.T.D.,P.P.D.A., Mercapto mix., and Wood tars. Second and third groups with medium incidence contain: Caines, Carbonates, Neomycin, Balsam of Peru, Mercury, Lanolin, Naphtyl mix., Formaldehyde, Benzalkonium chloride, P. P. D. A. mix, and Turpentine. Four group show very low incidence substances, as: Epoxi, Sulfonamides, Etilendiamine, Parabens, Chinoform, Colophony and Cinnamon oil. Few comments about age and occupations are included.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

[Effects of non-clostridial anaerobic infection on the course of chronic pulmonary tuberculosis in experimental animals].

Influence of non-clostridial anaerobic infection on the course of chronic pulmonary tuberculosis caused by intrapleural administration of BCG used in a vaseline-lanolin mixture was studied experimentally on guinea pigs. Administration of Bacteroides fragilis in the presence of a mild tuberculous inflammation aggravates the course of a specific process promoting pleural empyema development, increase in the size of pulmonary granuloma, extension of pathologic changes into the parenchymatous organs and aggravation of a nonspecific inflammatory reaction. Animals with mixed infection exhibited a longer duration and higher level of M. tuberculosis and B. fragilis excretion than those having a mono-infection. The findings suggest M. tuberculosis and B. fragilis synergism.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[Contact eczema and epicutaneous tests--distribution of allergens and changes in the spectrum in Vienna].

Thousands of contact antigens have been defined. It is, however, remarkable that only a small group of substances (15 to 20) have proved to be frequent or otherwise important causes of allergic contact dermatitis. In agreement with reports from comparable centres, metals are high up on the "hitlist" of frequent allergens (nickel 24%, cobalt 9%, chromates 6%), followed by ingredients of cosmetics and toiletries (fragrances 16%, balsam of Peru 10%, Kathon 5%), whilst already way back are topical medicines (neomycin 4%, parabens 3%, lanolin 2%, benzocaine 1%) and rubber additives (thiuram-mix 2% and carba-mix 1%). Almost all other substances lie below the 1% limit. There was only one remarkable exception in comparison with the results of most other European studies, namely thiomersal, which is widely distributed as a preservative in vaccines in Austria and climbed to second place, with a sensitization rate of 18%. Although the phenylborate mercurials (historic sensitizations due to topical antiseptics) still reached a surprisingly high incidence of 6%, there were hardly any cases of cross-sensitization with thiomersal. A comparison with the international literature illustrates Austria-specific trends and a change in the spectrum over the past years. Interpretation of patch testing requires great specialist knowledge and experience.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Common environmental contact allergens in Singapore.

Contact allergens produce three types of reactions. The commonest reaction is allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). The commonest contactants in Singapore causing ACD are, in decreasing order of importance, nickel, fragrances, neomycin, lanolin, colophony, flavine, rubber chemicals, paraphenylenediamine, clioquinol and chromates. Another type of allergic contact reaction is immunologic contact urticaria (ICU). ICU is an IgE mediated mechanisms. Contact allergens causing ICU in Singapore are proteinaceous foodstuffs and rubber latex products. Photoallergic contact dermatitis is occasionally seen in Singapore. The commonest agent is Musk Ambrette, a perfume fixature found in male colognes.

Dermatitis, Contact↗
PubMed1979

[Resistance of the Aujeszky's disease virus to gamma ray irradiation].

Investigations on the resistance of Aujeszky's disease virus to gamma irradiation from a 60Co source were performed. The resistance of the virus was tested in vitro in a fluid medium of 50% Henk's balanced saline solution, 50% Eagle's medium MEM and a supplement of 10% normal calf serum as well as its resistance on artificially virus infected pig skin and greasy wool of sheep. It is established that virus inactivation in the fluid medium occurs following 1.6 Mrad gamma irradiation. The irradiated with lower than 1.6 Mrad gamma doses live virus particles form smaller than and with irregular oval shape and dentated plates as compared to the non-irradiated control virus. 1.5 Mrad gamma rays are needed to inactivate the virus on pig skin and greasy wheep's wool. The presence of lanoline in greasy sheep's wool, due to the alkaline pH (9--13) it produces, has an effect on the vitality of the virus both in the control and in the experimental samples.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Adverse reactions of externally applied drugs and inert substances.

The lack of a first-pass effect for locally-applied substances is often not considered. This is especially true for such central nervous system agents as salicylic acid, hexachlorophene or caffeine which have a relatively low toxicity when applied orally. Manifestation of dermal irritation, such as a beginning rash or inflammation, are often tolerated because the beneficial effects of some topically applied substances outweight the damage (Dithranol, 5-Fluorouracil). This applies to some anti-phlogistics as well, which may also cause skin irritation. Some substances, such as benzoyl peroxide, vitamin-A acid and beta-estradiol have direct or indirect desiccative effects so that skin irritations may occur. Other substances, such as tar, for example, are applied locally although they may have a carcinogenic potential when misused, or when contraindications for its use are disregarded. Local risks can be recognized in clinical-experimental and clinical testing of dermatological products. One must, however, look carefully for an intensification of possible risks related to the method of application, the condition of the skin, the site of application, supporting therapeutic measures or changes in the composition of the vehicle. Lanolin, cetyl alcohol and myristyl alcohol, sorbitol, isopropyl-myristate as well as polyethylene glycols (PEG) penetrate the skin like active substances. Some have been connected with skin allergies. In addition, some preservatives have mutagenic properties. Many vehicles cause dehydration of the horny layer and thus result in chronic surface damage. This is true for hygroscopic substances such as PEG as well as for liquid paraffins, lipid solvents (alcohol, acetone), solvents such as propylene glycol and for some O/W emulsifiers.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1987

The irritancy of soaps and syndets.

The use of soaps and synthetic detergent (syndet) bars has been associated with skin dryness and aggravation of dermatologic conditions. A number of factors, including chemical structure, pH, and cleansing ability, have been implicated in this phenomenon. Many bars contain agents designed to ameliorate the irritancy of the bar and/or provide a skin benefit. Clinical studies have shown that soaps are generally quite irritating while syndets can range from mild to harsh. The addition of skin benefit/mildness agents such as glycerin, cocoa butter, mineral oil, or lanolin has little effect on the irritancy potential of a bar since minimal amounts of these agents are deposited on the skin. The excessive removal of skin lipids by harsh soaps and detergents can result in superficial dryness. The key to gentle cleansing is to start with a mild cleansing product and avoid overuse.

Dermatitis, Contact↗