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PubMed1994

Frequency judgments for semantic categories in amnesics and normal controls.

Korsakoff's amnesics and normal controls read descriptions of five famous and five unknown individuals. Each individual was linked with five exemplars of one semantic category and three of another. Subjects decided which of the two relevant categories had been linked more frequently with each individual and made recognition judgments with respect to the exemplars. An analysis of the relationship between recognition and frequency judgment performance suggested that the normals but not the amnesics had used explicit memory for the exemplars in making their frequency judgments. An analysis of frequency judgment performance suggested that the judgments of the amnesics but not the normals reflected implicit memory for the associations between the individuals and the categories that had been used to describe them.

Alcohol Amnestic Disorder↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Reliability of judgments of stuttering and disfluency in young children's speech.

This study examined interjudge agreement levels for two forms of judgments of overt speech characteristics in young children's speech: stuttering and disfluency types. Five experienced adult listeners made judgments of disfluencies and stuttering in samples of eight young children's spontaneous speech on separate occasions with the order of tasks counterbalanced across listeners. Results showed that the interjudge reliability for judgments based on a disfluency taxonomy was not significantly different from that based on stuttering. The high coefficients of reliability for both procedures indicated that subjects would be ranked consistently on the basis of either form of judgment. The importance of both forms of judgments to stuttering treatment and research is discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Laser Doppler imaging determines need for excision and grafting in advance of clinical judgment: a prospective blinded trial.

INTRODUCTION: Clinicians' judgment as to which burns require excision and grafting remains one aspect of burn care without objective measurements. This study presents a prospective, blinded trial to assess decision to operate by laser Doppler imaging (numerical criteria) versus the clinical judgment of an experienced burn surgeon. METHODS: A number of 23 patients were enrolled in this prospective trial and 41 representative wounds of indeterminate depth were selected for observation. Daily determination of need to operate (burn depth) was made by a single burn surgeon. Laser Doppler imager (LDI) scans of the same wounds were simultaneously obtained, and not revealed to the clinician. Data analysis compared quickness of decision to operate by LDI to the clinician's judgment. Concurrence of decisions by either method was compared. RESULTS: A total of 23 patients and 41 wounds were analyzed. LDI and the surgeon agreed in determination of wound depth 56% of the time (23/41, P=0.031). Biopsy confirmation was obtained for 21 wounds. The surgeon's determination of burn depth was accurate in 71.4% of wounds biopsied (15/21). When the LDI scan median flux indicated need for excision, it was 100% accurate (7/7). When both the surgeon and the LDI were correct in assessing wound depth, LDI would have saved median number of 2 days (minimum=0, maximum=4). CONCLUSION: LDI allowed for earlier, objective determination of need to operate. Concurrence with clinical judgment in this blinded study was excellent. LDI should be seen as an effective aid to clinical judgment when contemplating excision of burns with indeterminate depth.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

How (and where) does moral judgment work?

Moral psychology has long focused on reasoning, but recent evidence suggests that moral judgment is more a matter of emotion and affective intuition than deliberate reasoning. Here we discuss recent findings in psychology and cognitive neuroscience, including several studies that specifically investigate moral judgment. These findings indicate the importance of affect, although they allow that reasoning can play a restricted but significant role in moral judgment. They also point towards a preliminary account of the functional neuroanatomy of moral judgment, according to which many brain areas make important contributions to moral judgment although none is devoted specifically to it.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1991

Accuracy in the judgment of in-group and out-group variability.

The accuracy of in-group and out-group variability judgments was examined by comparing those judgments with the variability of self-ratings provided by random samples of group members. Following Park and Judd (1990), perceptions of both group dispersion and group stereotypicality were examined. Accuracy was examined both by within-subject sensitivity correlations and by simple discrepancies between perceived and actual variability estimates. In-group-out-group differences in sensitivity were shown, particularly for judgments of stereotypicality. These differences were related to differences in the degree to which out-group variability is underestimated relative to in-group variability (i.e., the out-group homogeneity effect). Out-group stereotypicality judgments were overestimated, supporting the view that out-group stereotypes are overgeneralizations. Whether dispersion judgments were over- or underestimated depended on their measurement.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Does memory affect judgment? Self-generated versus recall memory measures.

Most evidence regarding the independence of memory and judgment comes from studies that used memory measures consisting of Ss' recall of raw input data (recall measures). Such evidence provides the primary support for on-line judgment formation. The results of 2 experiments suggest that self-generated memory measures capture the contents of memory at the time of judgement more effectively than recall measures and, accordingly, are more likely to provide evidence that memory and judgment are related. When directly compared, a self-generated measure provided evidence of a memory-judgment relationship and a recall measure did not. Thus, memory-based judgment formation may be more prevalent than the on-line processing literature suggests.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Use of situational judgment tests to predict job performance: a clarification of the literature.

Although situational judgment tests have a long history in the psychological assessment literature and continue to be frequently used in employment contexts, there has been virtually no summarization of this literature. The purpose of this article is to review the history of such tests and present the results of a meta-analysis on criterion-related and construct validity. On the basis of 102 coefficients and 10,640 people, situational judgment tests showed useful levels of validity (rho = .34) that were generalizable. A review of 79 correlations between situational judgment tests and general cognitive ability involving 16,984 people indicated that situational judgment tests typically evidence relationships with cognitive ability (rho = .46). On the basis of the literature review and meta-analytic findings, implications for the continued use of situational judgment tests are discussed, particularly in terms of recent investigations into tacit knowledge.

Employee Performance Appraisal↗
PubMed2001

The emotional dog and its rational tail: a social intuitionist approach to moral judgment.

Research on moral judgment has been dominated by rationalist models, in which moral judgment is thought to be caused by moral reasoning. The author gives 4 reasons for considering the hypothesis that moral reasoning does not cause moral judgment; rather, moral reasoning is usually a post hoc construction, generated after a judgment has been reached. The social intuitionist model is presented as an alternative to rationalist models. The model is a social model in that it deemphasizes the private reasoning done by individuals and emphasizes instead the importance of social and cultural influences. The model is an intuitionist model in that it states that moral judgment is generally the result of quick, automatic evaluations (intuitions). The model is more consistent that rationalist models with recent findings in social, cultural, evolutionary, and biological psychology, as well as in anthropology and primatology.

Emotions↗
PubMed2001

Causal judgments about relations between multilevel variables.

Three experiments presented stimulus information about cause and effect variables taking 3 quantitative values. Judgments tended to vary in accordance with considerations of conditions affecting the validity of causal inference from correlational data: whether causal candidates were presented simultaneously or in a temporal order such that one could affect the other and whether candidates were confounded with each other. The results supported a general hypothesis that causal judgments are moderated in accordance with acquired methodological intuitions. The fourth experiment showed that tendencies in correlation judgment were different from those in causal judgment, further supporting the hypothesis that causal judgment from multilevel variable information is, to some extent, determined by processes or conceptual frameworks specific to the domain of causal cognition.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Judgments of stuttered and nonstuttered intervals by recognized authorities in stuttering research.

The study reported in this paper gathered judgments of stuttering on brief (5.0-sec) audiovisual speech samples taken from six adults who stuttered. Judgments were made by 10 highly experienced authorities on stuttering treatment and research, located in seven different universities or clinical research centers. Results showed considerable agreement between pairs of judges working in the same center, but large and potentially fundamental differences were identified in the amount of stuttering recorded in different centers. Approximately 40% of the 5.0-sec speech intervals used in this study were assigned the same judgment, either Stuttered or Nonstuttered, by all judges on two judgment occasions. The possibility that these intervals may serve as a core for establishing an across-center standard for behavioral judgments of stuttering is discussed.

Female↗
PubMed1996

Time-interval measurement of stuttering: establishing and modifying judgment accuracy.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether accuracy training for interval judgments of stuttering might generalize to increased accuracy and/or interjudge agreement for intervals other than those used during training. Ten upper-division speech-language pathology students judged 5-s audiovisually recorded speech intervals as stuttered or nonstuttered in a series of group and single-subject experiments. Judgment accuracy was determined with respect to judgments provided previously by 10 recognized authorities on stuttering and its treatment. Training occurred within single-subject experiments that used multiple baselines across speakers and repeated generalization probes to assess training effects. Results showed that judgment accuracy tended to increase after training for speakers used during the training process as well as for unfamiliar speakers. Results also replicated previous findings of slight increases in interjudge and intrajudge agreement after interval-judgment training. The implications of these results for developing a valid and reliable stuttering measurement system are discussed.

Female↗
PubMed2000

Internist judgments of chronic low back pain.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the consistency of internist judgments about low back pain; to examine the influence of different clinical factors on those judgments. DESIGN: 2 x 4 mixed between- and within-subjects analog experiment. SETTING: Academic health sciences center, school of medicine; department of internal medicine. PARTICIPANTS: Forty-eight internal medicine physicians. INTERVENTIONS: Vignettes describing hypothetical chronic low back pain patient varied by patient pain level (low versus high) and clinical information type (history versus physical examination versus functional disability versus medical diagnostics). OUTCOME MEASURES: Clinical judgments regarding patient medical, psychological, and disability status; referral, treatment, and test ordering options. RESULTS: Within-physician consistency was very high, while between-physician consistency was very low. Medical diagnostics had the only consistent influence on judgments. Patient pain level had no effect. Physical examination and functional information had little or no effect. CONCLUSIONS: While there is little agreement among internists regarding judgments of low back pain, individual physicians hold consistently to their opinions. These findings suggest that management of low back pain may be idiosyncratic, potentially compromising patient care.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1981

Utilization review in nursing homes: making implicit level-of-care judgments explicit.

Comprehensive data on 3,579 patients in Baltimore nursing homes were collected by trained teams of reliable observers. The data included an implicit judgment about the level of care (LOC) deemed most appropriate for each patient. Two different approaches were used to fit the patient data to the LOC judgments: Several versions of an algorithm adapted from a utilization review scheme based on simple clinical criteria and a series of mathematical equations based on logistic regression were each tested. In the case of the latter, each equation was derived from a random half of the data and tested on the remaining half. Both approaches yielded comparable results. The best variation of the algorithm correctly identified 71 per cent of patients needing skilled care and 69 per cent of those needing unskilled care. The equations based on the logistic regressions could correctly classify 86 per cent of those needing skilled care and 63 per cent of those not needing such care. Further improvements in accuracy of prediction on one group came at the cost of less accurate identification of the other. In general, the simplest models proved the most useful. These techniques are recommended as useful for preliminary screening of nursing home patients for appropriate LOC but should not be used as a basis for final judgments. The advantages offered by this approach are the reduction of workload demands for skilled professional judgment and the availability of a very reliable preliminary screening judgment in a highly politicized atmosphere.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Brazilian adolescents' prosocial moral judgment and behavior: relations to sympathy, perspective taking, gender-role orientation, and demographic characteristics.

The goal of this study was to examine demographic and individual difference variables that predict level of prosocial moral judgment and self-reported prosocial behavior and to test mediating or moderating relations among predictors. The relations of prosocial moral reasoning and self-reported prosocial behavior to perspective taking, sympathy, age, sociometric status, and gender-role orientation were examined with a sample of 149 Brazilian adolescents who completed a series of questionnaire measures. Prosocial moral judgment was expected to be predicted by both sympathy and perspective taking, whereas sympathy or prosocial moral judgment was expected to mediate the relations of femininity and perspective taking to prosocial behavior. Self-reported perspective taking and sympathy interacted when predicting prosocial moral judgment; adolescents who were high in either sympathy or perspective taking (or both) scored high in prosocial moral reasoning. A feminine orientation predicted sympathy and perspective taking, perspective taking predicted prosocial moral reasoning and sympathy, and sympathy had both direct and indirect paths (through moral judgment) to prosocial behavior. The findings generally were consistent with the contention that both the tendency to take others' perspectives and to sympathize are related to level of prosocial moral reasoning, which in turn motivates prosocial behavior. Moreover, patterns of correlations among variables were similar to those found in the United States.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Normal-mirrored letter recognition, same-different judgment and cerebral dominance.

Either normal or mirror images of Kana, Kanji and capital letters were presented tachistoscopically in a left or right visual field, and then normal letters were flashed simultaneously at the fixation point. Subjects were trained to give same (formula: see text) or different (formula: see text) judgments to pairs of stimuli. Reaction time (RT) and percentage of errors (PE) were measured. Generally, normal letters with same judgments revealed a right field advantage, while with different judgments, there were not significant laterality differences. In the case of mirrored letters, each of two judgments showed no lateral asymmetries for each kind of letters excepting a left field advantage for mirrored Kana words with different judgments. PE methods tended to produce a right field advantage more consistently than did RT methods.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Multidimensional scaling of quality judgments of speech signals processed by hearing aids.

Perceptual dimensions underlying similarity ratings and preference judgments of the quality of hearing-aid-processed speech were derived via multidimensional-scaling procedures, and were correlated with 15 indices of electroacustic performance to determine those electroacoustic characteristics contributing maximally to quality judgements. Connected discourse was tape recorded through 20 conventional hearing aids and presented in a paired-comparison paradigm to ten normal listeners for similarity ratings and quality preference judgments. Analysis of the group similarity matrices revealed only one definitive perceptual dimension, low-cutoff frequency, that was common to the listeners. In a three-dimensional INDSCAL solution, this electroacoustic factor correlated--0.87 with dimension 1. Listeners strongly preferred hearing aids with relatively low low-cutoff frequencies; dimension 1 correlated--0.76 with their preferences. The quality judgments of some listeners were found via KYST analysis to exhibit a multidimensional structure, with low-cutoff frequency remaining the most salient dimension. Secondary dimensions varied across these several listeners, and included response irregularity, equivalent input noise level, high-cutoff frequency, and intermodulation distortion. Thus, the data provided evidence that, while low-cutoff frequency dominates listener judgments a multidimensional model may underlie the perceptual strategies used by some listeners to form quality judgments of hearing-aid-processed speech.

Acoustics↗
PubMed2002

B-type natriuretic peptide and clinical judgment in emergency diagnosis of heart failure: analysis from Breathing Not Properly (BNP) Multinational Study.

BACKGROUND: We sought to determine the degree to which B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) adds to clinical judgment in the diagnosis of congestive heart failure (CHF). METHODS AND RESULTS: The Breathing Not Properly Multinational Study was a prospective diagnostic test evaluation study conducted in 7 centers. Of 1586 participants who presented with acute dyspnea, 1538 (97%) had clinical certainty of CHF determined by the attending physician in the emergency department. Participants underwent routine care and had BNP measured in a blinded fashion. The reference standard for CHF was adjudicated by 2 independent cardiologists, also blinded to BNP results. The final diagnosis was CHF in 722 (47%) participants. At an 80% cutoff level of certainty of CHF, clinical judgment had a sensitivity of 49% and specificity of 96%. At 100 pg/mL, BNP had a sensitivity of 90% and specificity of 73%. In determining the correct diagnosis (CHF versus no CHF), adding BNP to clinical judgment would have enhanced diagnostic accuracy from 74% to 81%. In those participants with an intermediate (21% to 79%) probability of CHF, BNP at a cutoff of 100 pg/mL correctly classified 74% of the cases. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve were 0.86 (95% CI 0.84 to 0.88), 0.90 (95% CI 0.88 to 0.91), and 0.93 (95% CI 0.92 to 0.94) for clinical judgment, for BNP at a cutoff of 100 pg/mL, and for the 2 in combination, respectively (P<0.0001 for all pairwise comparisons). CONCLUSIONS: The evaluation of acute dyspnea would be improved with the addition of BNP testing to clinical judgment in the emergency department.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Grammaticality judgment in aphasia: deficits are not specific to syntactic structures, aphasic syndromes, or lesion sites.

We examined the abilities of aphasic patients to make grammaticality judgments on English sentences instantiating a variety of syntactic structures. Previous studies employing this metalinguistic task have suggested that aphasic patients typically perform better on grammaticality judgment tasks than they do on sentence comprehension tasks, a finding that has informed the current view that grammatical knowledge is relatively preserved in agrammatic aphasia. However, not all syntactic structures are judged equally accurately, and several researchers have attempted to provide explanatory principles to predict which structures will pose problems to agrammatic patients. One such proposal is Grodzinsky and Finkel's (1998) claim that agrammatic aphasics are selectively impaired in their ability to process structures involving traces of maximal projections. In this study, we tested this claim by presenting patients with sentences with or without such traces, but also varying the level of difficulty of both kinds of structures, assessed with reference to the performance of age-matched and young controls. We found no evidence that agrammatic aphasics, or any other subgroup, are selectively impaired on structures involving traces: Some judgments involving traces were made quite accurately, whereas other judgments not involving traces were made very poorly. Subgroup analyses revealed that patient groups and age-matched controls had remarkably similar profiles of performance across sentence types, regardless of whether the patients were grouped based on Western Aphasia Battery classification, an independent screening test for agrammatic comprehension, or lesion site. This implies that the pattern of performance across sentence types does not result from any particular component of the grammar, or any particular brain region, being selectively compromised. Lesion analysis revealed that posterior temporal areas were more reliably implicated in poor grammaticality judgment performance than anterior areas, but poor performance was also observed with some anterior lesions, suggesting that areas important for syntactic processing are distributed throughout the left peri-sylvian region.

Adolescent↗