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PubMed1982

Leishmaniasis in the Jordan Valley II. Sandflies and transmission in the central endemic area.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Jordan Valley is maintained within the close association of the rodent Psammomys obesus and sandfly Phlebotomus papatasi, which appear to be the exclusive host and vector species. The incidence of the disease was similar to the distribution of Psammomys colonies in the region, i.e., the plains of light stoneless soil. An infection rate of 93% was recorded in the very common P. obesus. Other potential host species, except for Mus musculus, were scarce and no infection with Leishmania was found in them. The only Phlebotomus species caught in significant numbers was Ph. papatasi and this was also the only species harbouring leishmanial parasites, up to 56% in one sample. All Leishmania isolates from Psammomys and from Ph. papatasi were identical to those from local human cases. The density of Ph. papatasi populations in uncultivated areas was correlated with soil conditions favouring high humidity in Psammomys burrows. A very low rate of engorged females among the Sergentomyia species collected suggests that the common species, S. antennata and S. africana asiatica, are highly autogenous.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A new focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania tropica in northern Jordan.

An endemic focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania tropica was identified in the district of Bani Kinana, northern Jordan. Fifty-five autochthonous cases were detected from February to September 1994 in a population of about 50,000. Most cases (74.5%) were from the villages of Malka and Um-Quais. The lesions were typically small, dry and mostly located on the face and extremities. Multiple lesions were common. Incidence was higher in females than in males and familial clustering of cases was observed in houses on the outskirts of villages. A leishmanin survey showed a 23.3% positivity rate in the populations of Malka and Um-Quais. The rate of positivity was low in the younger age groups and increased with age. There was some evidence that the disease is a zoonosis in this focus.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Lead concentration and the level of glutathione, glutathione S-transferase, reductase and peroxidase in the blood of some occupational workers from Irbid City, Jordan.

Blood samples were collected from 263 lead-exposed suspected males living in Irbid area in the northern part of Jordan. The blood lead concentrations in the samples were determined by atomic absorption and were related to the type of work performed by the workers. The blood lead concentration was higher in metal casters, 41.6, and radiator welders, 32,8 micrograms/dl, compared to non-suspected lead-exposed university students, 5.7 micrograms/dl. Workers such as mechanics, bus drivers, car painters and gas station workers showed slightly higher but not significant blood lead. The blood glutathione content and the activities of glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase were also determined in non-suspected subjects and in those with occupational exposure to lead. With increasing blood lead concentration, glutathione content decreases as well as the activities of the glutathione utilizing enzymes.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Nasal carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by hospital staff in north Jordan.

The nasal carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was detected in 550 hospital staff members of four hospitals in north Jordan. Of the 109 (19.8%) individuals tested who were nasal carriers of S. aureus, only 32 (5.8%) were found to be carriers of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The carriers were four doctors, 23 nurses, three laboratory technicians, one maid and an administrator. It was noted that 25 (78.1%) of these carriers were in constant contact with patients in operating theatres, surgical wards or intensive care units. It was not clear whether the carriers were short- or long-term carriers, or whether they were persistent sources of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Decontamination of these carriers was considered among other control measures to avoid the dangerous outcome of hospital outbreaks caused by this potential pathogen.

Female↗
PubMed1990

Female autonomy and child nutritional status: the extended-family residential unit in Amman, Jordan.

This study explores the hypothesis that the mother's position within household power relations--her autonomy with respect to other household members--influences her ability to provide for the health of her children. We argue that in the context of the Arab Middle East, a woman's structural position within the household is a good indicator of her relative autonomy: if she is the daughter-in-law in a vertically extended residential unit, she has less autonomy than if she is head or co-head of household. Our analysis is based on data collected from 1341 households in 1985 as a part of the Follow-up Health and Population Assessment of four urban settlements in Amman, Jordan. They include measures of the child's weight and age, plus a variety of socioeconomic factors. We analyze the effect of the mother's autonomy on child nutritional status within a multiple regression framework that controls for rival hypotheses. In particular, we investigate whether it is the availability of other potential child-care substitutes, particularly the grandmother, that influences child nutrition rather than household structure. We also look at household income, mother's education, the area of residence, and the child's sex. Our results show a strong negative influence associated with having a mother whose autonomy in the household is low. This effect does not disappear when mother's age and education, and household size and composition are taken into consideration. Nor is it a proxy for the higher household incomes characteristic of extended-family residential units with their multiple earners.

Child↗
PubMed1988

Prevalence of hydatidosis in donkeys from central Jordan.

One hundred and twenty-two donkeys from central Jordan were necropsied during the months of June, July and August 1985 and 21 (17.2%) showed evidence of hydatidosis. No donkeys less than 3 years of age were infected, whereas 36.8% (21/57) aged greater than or equal to 3 years were infected. Among the infected donkeys 57.1% (12/21) were hepatic infections, 33.3% (7/21) were hepatopulmonary and 9.5% were pulmonary. Fertile cysts were observed in 47.6% (10/21) of cases. The majority of cysts observed, 67.7% (132/195), were non-fertile immature miliary cysts, and 10.8% (21/195) were necrotic and calcified. The number of miliary cysts on the liver surfaces varied between 5 and 22 (mean = 15 +/- 0.82 s.e.m.). The number of fertile liver cysts varied from 1 to 15 (mean = 3.36 +/- 0.37 s.e.m.). Variable volumes of cyst fluid were found ranging from 0.1 to 132 ml.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Burn injuries in Jordan: a study of 338 cases.

Three hundred and thirty-eight cases of different types of burns were treated at the Jordan University Hospital over a five year period (1976-80 inclusive). Flame burns were the commonest type, and most of the burn injuries occurred at home. Children below the age of five years were the most frequently affected among burn injury victims.

Accidents, Home↗
PubMed1984

Mortality of burn injuries in Jordan.

Three hundred and ninety patients who died following fire burns and scalds between 1973 and 1982 were subjected to autopsy examination at the departments of Forensic Medicine in the Ministry of Health and Jordan University Hospital. Flame burns caused 82 per cent of the deaths. Most of the burn injuries occurred at home and most of the accidents may have been avoidable. Seventy-six per cent of the patients were children and young adults (0-29 years). Suicide caused 13.5 per cent of the deaths. The most common causes of death were septicaemia and hypovolaemia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Analysis of 100 patients with thermal injury treated in a new burn unit in Amman, Jordan.

This paper describes the treatment of patients with thermal injury in Jordan University Hospital. Between 1976 and 1980 inclusive 338 patients were treated in general surgical wards. More recently a new specialized burn unit has been built and between April 1985 and July 1986, 100 patients have been treated in this new unit. Compared with the earlier study there has been an increase in the number of patients admitted with more severe burns. Among these 100 patients scalds and fire-burn injury have a nearly equal incidence. Small children are especially vulnerable. The mortality rate, the incidence of disability and the duration of stay in hospital has decreased compared with the previous study.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Shedding of antibiotic-resistant members of the family Enterobacteriaceae in healthy residents of France and Jordan.

We compared the frequency of shedding of members of the family Enterobacteriaceae resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, gentamicin and ceftazidime in 83 French residents of the Paris urban area and in 101 subjects in Jordan, 64 of whom resided in the urban area of Irbid, 15 in rural areas, and 22 of whom had a nomadic lifestyle. There was no significant difference between these populations regarding (i) the percentages of subjects with strains resistant to any of the antimicrobial agents tested and (ii) the proportions of total counts of organisms of the Enterobacteriaceae resistant to these agents. The simultaneous shedding of strains resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline and kanamycin was significantly associated with (i) exposure to antibiotic treatment during the six months preceding the study and (ii) the presence of many children at home.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

The heavy metal content of skeletons from an ancient metalliferous polluted area in southern Jordan with particular reference to bioaccumulation and human health.

This paper considers pollution/toxicological science in an archaeological context. Copper mining was an important activity in southern Jordan, especially during the Bronze Age, Nabatean, Roman, and Byzantine periods, and the environmental legacy of such intensive mining and smelting activities exists today in the form of massive, ancient spoil and smelting tips. The environment was heavily polluted by copper, lead, and other cations during these early periods and the effects of such pollutants continue into modern times. Samples of goat, sheep, and Bronze Age and Byzantine skeletons have been analyzed and high metal loads, from uptake by diverse processes, are reported. Emphasis is placed on the importance of sampling procedure and sample location, bioaccumulation, and the partitioning of such elements. Implications of such pollutants in terms of environmental and human health in ancient and modern times are discussed. Teeth are found to provide excellent vehicles for the monitoring of pollution in both ancient and recent times. Bronze Age skeletons exhibited chemical fingerprints different from those of the Byzantine period.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Metals distribution in soils around the cement factory in southern Jordan.

Thirty one soil samples were collected from south Jordan around the cement factory in Qadissiya area. The samples were obtained at two depths, 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm and were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometery for Pb, Zn, Cd, Fe, Cu and Cr. Physicochemical factors believed to affect their mobility of metals in soil of the study area were examined such as; pH, TOM, CaCO3, CEC and conductivity. The relatively high concentrations of lead, zinc and cadmium in the soil samples of the investigated area were related to anthropogenic sources such as cement industry, agriculture activities and traffic emissions. It was found that the lead, zinc and cadmium have the highest level in area close to the cement factory, while the concentration of chromium was low. This study indicate that all of the metals are concentrated on the surface soil, and decreased in the lower part of the soil, this due to reflects their mobility and physical properties of soil and its alkaline pH values. The use of factor analysis showed that anthropogenic activities seem to be the responsible source of pollution for metals in urban soils.

Cadmium↗
PubMed2004

Inorganic analysis of dust fall and office dust in an industrial area of Jordan.

This article deals with the determination and comparison of heavy metals and water-soluble anions and cations in indoor dust and outdoor dust fall in the petroleum refinery area in Jordan. Three sampling sites were considered in the Jordanian petroleum refinery complex for the collection of dust fall and office dust samples. These samples were analyzed for water-soluble anions (F-, Cl-, Br-, NO3-, C2O4(2-), and SO4(2-)) and cations (Li+, Na+, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+) using auto-suppressed ion chromatography. Heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Cr, Fe, and Al) were determined using flame or graphite-furnace atomic absorption. No correlations were found between heavy metal concentrations in dust fall and office dust samples, indicating different sources. High enrichment factors for heavy metals were found in dust-fall samples, except for Fe and Cr. Zinc showed the highest and cadmium the lowest flux rates.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed2005

Heavy metals in urban soils of central Jordan: should we worry about their environmental risks?

Forty soil samples collected from central Jordan were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry for Pb, Cd, Zn, Cr, and Hg. The samples were also investigated for mineralogy using X-ray, electron, and optical microscopes. Sequential extraction procedures were used to predict the percentages of the Pb, Zn, Cd, and Cr present in each of the soil geochemical phases. The clay mineral assemblage encountered in the analyzed samples is composed of kaolinite, smectite, illite, and illite/smectite mixed-layer. The nonclay minerals of the sand-sized fraction are composed mainly of quartz and calcite as major minerals with pyroxene, biotite, and feldspars as minor minerals. The enrichment factors of the measured heavy metals Pb, Cd, Zn, Cr, and Hg in the clay fraction (<2 microm) of the collected samples are 3.1, 16.6, 1.5, 0.9, and 4.5, respectively. According to the index of geoaccumulation, the soils of the study area are considered to be moderately contaminated with respect to Cd, uncontaminated to moderately contaminated with respect to Pb, Hg, and Zn, and uncontaminated with respect to Cr. The measured metals correlated positively with the determined physicochemical factors such as pH, clay content, organic matter content, and carbonate content. The relatively high concentrations of Cd, Pb, and Hg in the soils of the study area are related to anthropogenic sources such as cement industry, fertilizers, and vehicle exhausts. It was found that Pb, Zn, and Cr are associated mainly with the residual phases and are relatively immobile. On the other hand Cd is enriched in the carbonate phase of the analyzed soil samples. It is possible to suggest the sequence of mobility for Pb, Zn, Cd, and Cr in the analyzed soil samples as the following: Cd>>Pb>Cr>Zn.

Environmental Exposure↗
PubMed2005

Prevalence of conventional risk factors in Jordanians with coronary heart disease: the Jordan Hyperlipidemia and Related Targets Study (JoHARTS).

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of the major conventional cardiovascular risk factors - cigarette smoking, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and dyslipidemia - among coronary heart disease (CHD) patients in the Middle East has not been studied extensively. METHODS AND RESULTS: The Jordan Hyperlipidemia And Related Targets Study (JoHARTS) evaluated the prevalence of the 4 conventional risk factors in 5000 individuals including 1692 (34%) women. CHD was present in 1534 (31%) individuals (1202 men and 332 women). Among CHD patients, at least one risk factor was present in the majority of men (95%) and women (96%). Compared with women who had CHD, men had significantly higher prevalence of smoking (45% vs. 11%, p < 0.0001) and low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (60% vs. 39%, p < 0.0001), and lower prevalence of diabetes (40% vs. 64%, p < 0.0001), hypertension (38% vs. 63%, p < 0.0001), and hypercholesterolemia (19% vs. 27%, p = 0.003). Diabetes was more prevalent among men and women with CHD than men and women without CHD (40% vs. 18% for men, and 64% vs. 24% for women p < 0.0001). Similarly, smoking was more prevalent in men and women with CHD than those without CHD (45% vs. 32% for men, and 11% vs. 7%, p < 0.0001). Low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were also more prevalent in men with CHD than those without CHD (60% vs. 51%, p < 0.001) and among women with CHD than those without CHD (39% vs. 24%, p = 0.0001). Prevalence rates of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertriglyceridemia were not different among individuals with or without CHD. CONCLUSION: These results further challenge claims that patients with CHD commonly lack conventional risk factors. The great majority (>95%) of CHD patients studied have at least one risk factor. Detection, evaluation and management of these factors are essential steps to control CHD in the region.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Radiographic technical quality of root canal treatment performed by dental students at the Dental Teaching Center in Jordan.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to evaluate radiographically the technical standard of root canal treatment performed by undergraduate dental students at the Dental Teaching Center in Jordan. METHODS: A random sample of 8500 records of dental patients was examined. A total of 542 endodontically treated teeth with 912 roots were evaluated. Periapical radiographs were used to assess the technical quality of the root canal filling. The length of each root canal filling was categorized as acceptable, short and overfilled based on their relationship with the radiographic apex. Density and taper of filling was evaluated based on the presence of voids and the uniform tapering of the filling, respectively. Chi-square analysis was used to determine statistically significant differences between adequacy of root canal filling in each group of teeth according to its location, position and curvature. RESULTS: Sixty-one percent of roots had fillings of acceptable length, while 34.5% were short and 4.2% were overfilled. The root canal fillings of 47.4% were found to be adequate. Adequate fillings were found more in maxillary than mandibular teeth (P < 0.005), anterior compared to posterior teeth (P < 0.05) and in straight canals compared to curved canals (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The technical quality of root canal treatment performed by undergraduate dental students using step-back preparation and lateral condensation was found to be less than 50%. Review of the endodontic curriculum requirements, specialized clinical supervision and increasing the time of training at the preclinical and clinical levels should improve this quality.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Pediatric pain prevalence and parents' attitudes at a cancer hospital in Jordan.

There has been little research on implementation of pediatric pain programs. These studies are part of a project to develop such a program for the King Hussein Cancer Centre in Jordan. Study 1 captured information on pain prevalence in 35 children using chart reviews and parent/child interviews to establish baseline pain burden. Forty-seven percent of children had pain at the time of interview; 11% had "a lot" of pain and only 22% received analgesics. Twenty-two parents were interviewed in Study 2 to identify attitudes toward pain management. Thematic analysis revealed six themes: 1) pain can and should be managed; 2) God's will; 3) parent's worst pain was emotional pain due to child's diagnosis; 4) belief that their presence could ameliorate their child's pain; 5) desire for shared decision making; and 6) the child's responsibility to express pain. These study results were used to inform the action research approach in the overall project.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Development of a screening method for the most commonly abused anticholinergic drugs in Jordan; trihexyphenidyl, procyclidine and biperiden.

A sensitive and rapid method for the simultaneous determination of three commonly abused anticholinergic drugs in Jordan; trihexyphenidyl, procyclidine, and biperiden in plasma and urine has been developed using solid phase extraction and GC-MS. Linearity was established from therapeutic to fatal concentrations of the three drugs; 5-300 ng/ml in plasma, with correlation coefficient r(2) > or = 0.9978 and 10-800 ng/ml in urine r(2) > or = 0.9993. Recoveries were in the range of 86-92% and intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviations (n = 6) were in the range of 6.6-10.3% for the three drugs at three different concentrations in plasma and urine. The base peak m/z 98 for trihexyphenidyl, m/z 84 for procyclidine, and m/z 98 and 218 for biperiden, and m/z 339 for papaverine (internal standard) were monitored at selective ion monitoring; their retention times were 8.10, 8.67 and 8.92 min, respectively, and 14.79 min for the internal standard with analysis time of 16.75 min. The limit of detection of 0.5 ng/ml was attained for trihexyphenidyl and procyclidine, while for biperiden 2.0 and 1.0 ng/ml in spiked plasma and urine, respectively. This method has been applied to forensic and authentic samples taken from abuser and patients using these drugs. The method will offer the clinicians and the legal authority the right diagnosis regarding the anticholinergic involved in any case of abuse with less than 1 h per sample (plasma or urine) from the time of receiving.

Adolescent↗