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PubMed1987

Transfer of the conjugal tetracycline resistance transposon Tn916 from Streptococcus faecalis to Staphylococcus aureus and identification of some insertion sites in the staphylococcal chromosome.

The Streptococcus faecalis pheromone-dependent conjugative plasmid pAD1::Tn916 and the membrane filter-dependent conjugative plasmid pPD5::Tn916 were used to introduce Tn916 into Staphylococcus aureus by intergeneric protoplast fusions and intergeneric membrane-filter matings. In recombinants obtained by protoplast fusion where no plasmid DNA could be detected, tetracycline resistance resulted from transposition of Tn916 from pAD1 to the S. aureus chromosome. Transformation analyses showed that S. aureus Tn916 chromosomal insertions occurred near pig, ilv, uraA, tyrB, fus, ala, and the trp operon. DNA hybridization analyses of EcoRI- and HindIII-digested chromosomal DNAs confirmed the diversity of chromosomal sites involved and demonstrated that the inserts were Tn916 insertions rather than integrations of all or part of pAD1::Tn916. Both pAD1::Tn916 and pPD5::Tn916 were transferred to S. aureus by membrane-filter matings. These plasmids remained intact and expressed tetracycline resistance in S. aureus. S. aureus strains carrying pAD1::Tn916, but not a chromosomal insert of Tn916, and any one of several conjugal gentamicin-resistance plasmids lost their ability to serve as conjugal donors of the gentamicin-resistance plasmids.

Chromosome Mapping↗
PubMed2004

A falsifying adolescent.

The author describes an adolescent patient who, while often speaking factual truths, maintained an aura of falsity in her life, and in two interludes of psychoanalytic psychotherapy, that functioned as a barrier to psychological insight. To match her falsity, the analyst at times modified his functioning as a "real" therapist and took on her personification of neglectful and false adults. Eventually, the analyst became an object that the adolescent could trust and rely on. In discussing the case, the author introduces and applies Bion's ideas regarding truth and falsity, and three variations of container-contained relationships-symbiotic, commensal, and parasitic-in the context of the case's relational perspective.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The historical trauma response among natives and its relationship with substance abuse: a Lakota illustration.

Historical trauma (HT) is cumulative emotional and psychological wounding over the lifespan and across generations, emanating from massive group trauma experiences; the historical trauma response (HTR) is the constellation of features in reaction to this trauma. The HTR often includes depression, self-destructive behavior, suicidal thoughts and gestures, anxiety, low self-esteem, anger, and difficulty recognizing and expressing emotions. It may include substance abuse, often an attempt to avoid painful feelings through self-medication. Historical unresolved grief is the associated affect that accompanies HTR; this grief may be considered fixated, impaired, delayed, and/or disenfranchised. This article will explain HT theory and the HTR, delineate the features of the HTR and its grounding in the literature, offer specific Native examples of HT and HTR, and will suggest ways to incorporate HT theory in treatment, research and evaluation. The article will conclude with implications for all massively traumatized populations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Introgression-mapping of genes for drought resistance transferred from Festuca arundinacea var. glaucescens into Lolium multiflorum.

Procedures for the transfer of genes for drought resistance from Festuca glaucescens (2n=4x=28) into Lolium multiflorum (2n=2x=14) are described. Following the initial hybridisation of a synthetic autotetraploid of L. multiflorum (2n=4x=28) with F. glaucescens, the F1 hybrid was backcrossed twice onto diploid L. multiflorum (2n=2x=14) to produce a diploid Lolium genotype with a single F. glaucescens introgression located distally on the nucleolar organiser region arm of chromosome 3. The transmission of F. glaucescens-derived amplified fragment length polymorphisms and a sequence-tagged-site (STS) marker was monitored throughout the breeding programme. Those genotypes of a mapping population of backcross 3 that survived combined severe drought and heat stress all contained the F. glaucescens-derived markers. The STS marker provided a prototype for a PCR-based system for high-throughput screening during cultivar development for the presence of the F. glaucescens-derived genes for drought resistance. The frequency of intergeneric recombination between L. multiflorum and F. glaucescens is described. During the initial stages of the breeding programme, preferential intraspecific chromosome pairing between Lolium homologues and Festuca homoeologues dominated with low frequencies of intergeneric chromosome associations. However, these increased in the backcross 1 due to the absence of opportunities for intraspecific chromosome pairing between homoeologous Festuca chromosomes following the loss of half of the Festuca chromosomes. Once transferred to Lolium, F. glaucescens sequences recombined with Lolium at high frequencies, thereby enabling the loss of potentially deleterious gene combinations that might reduce the forage quality of Lolium.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed1996

Family themes: transmission and transformation.

This article describes a method for doing therapy that uses multisystemic themes that combine meaning and action to facilitate therapeutic change. By identifying central themes that operate at the individual, dyadic, triadic, whole family, intergenerational, and sociocultural levels, the therapist is able to develop effective interview questions and design useful interventions. In this method, behavioral symptoms are framed as a current manifestation of an overarching theme. This orientation enables family and therapist to de-pathologize symptoms and work collaboratively toward change. Case examples from a wide variety of families with differing presenting problems, interactional patterns, three-generational histories, and cultural backgrounds, illustrate the efficacy of the method.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Merging and emerging realities: simultaneous treatment of parent and child.

The purpose of this paper is to invite dialogue concerning the variety of modalities possible in the spectrum of child treatment. Many issues remain to be discussed, such as the child's need to possess the therapist entirely, and the role of other family members. Countertransference issues for the therapist are complex and involve the risk of dual loyalties. Simultaneous treatment shares these concerns with other modalities in the spectrum of child treatment. In simultaneous treatment, as parent and child come to share an experience of being cared for, the possibility arises for the dissolution of polarities. Representations of the past give way to adaptations to current reality. Both the parent's and the child's feelings of rage are contained within the therapeutic matrix of relationships; boundaries are maintained to permit repair and growth. Both parent and child reach new levels of integration as the therapist reinforces boundaries and does not permit intrusion by either the parent or the child into the others arena of playful construction.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Extractive fermentation for improved production of endoglucanase by an intergeneric fusant of Trichoderma reesei/Saccharomyces cerevisiae using aqueous two-phase system.

Extractive aqueous two-phase fermentation of endoglucanase, a key enzyme for the conversion of cellulosic substances to fermentable sugars, from an intergeneric fusant of Trichoderma reesei/Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a meaningful approach for better production and simple recovery of this enzyme. A phase composition of 6.5% (w/w) dextran and 7.5% (w/w) polyethylene glycol 6000, having a partition coefficient of 2.89 and 1.31 for endoglucanase from an intergeneric fusant of T. reesei/S. cerevisiae and T. reesei (WT) (being a control in this study), respectively, was chosen for extractive fermentation of the enzyme. Endoglucanase production is higher in medium containing polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 than in medium without PEG 6000. Comparative analysis of endoglucanase fermentation by fusant and T. reesei was carried out in shake culture and environment-controlled bioreactor conditions. The fusant produced 0.43U of endoglucanase (overall production: 0.34U) in the top phase of an aqueous two-phase system (ATPS), compared to 0.3U in medium without the phase system in shake culture. In a batch reactor, the endoglucanase level for the fusant in the top phase of ATPS was 0.49U (overall production: 0.40U), compared to 0.38U produced in medium without aqueous two-phase components. To corroborate this study, T. reesei produced 8.41U of endoglucanase (overall production: 5.96U) in the top phase of ATPS, compared to 7.18U in the medium without the phase system in shake culture. On the other hand, in a batch bioreactor, T. reesei produced 10.13U of endoglucanase (overall production: 6.90U) in the top phase of ATPS, compared to 8.56U of the enzyme in medium without aqueous two-phase components. The lower overall enzyme production by T. reesei in the two-phase system might be due to limitation in oxygen transfer to the dispersed phase where the enzyme is produced. A higher cell concentration and a reduced lag phase was obtained in ATPS, compared to a similar medium without phase forming polymers for both the intergeneric fusant of T. reesei/S. cerevisiae and T. reesei.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

[Intergenerational equity is more than pension financing].

Public old age pensions--often termed the "generational contract"--are part of a broader system of exchange among generations which must be assessed in its entirety when issues of generational equity are at stake. The paper discusses the elements of this exchange system on the basis of the German Aging Survey, a large representative survey of the German population aged 40-85. Its empirical foci are two domains that are usually neglected in the public discourse on generational equity: the productive activities of the elderly and the transfers between generations in the family. The results demonstrate that the elderly contribute substantially more to societal welfare than has become visible so far.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Ghosts in the consulting room. An attachment perspective on intergenerational transmission.

Intergenerational transmission of attachment patterns--Selma Fraiberg's classic account of 'ghosts in the nursery'--is one of the basic assumptions of attachment theory, amply confirmed by empirical studies which link narrative style in parents (as measured by the Adult Attachment Interview) with security or insecurity of attachment in infants, as measured by the Strange Situation test. This paper argues that a 'sense of self' and Fonagy's 'reflective function', vital to healthy psychic functioning, arise out of early parental handling, and particularly out of the kind of mirroring experiences hypothesized by Winnicott and elaborated by Gergely and Watson, in which the parent defines her or himself as a 'mirror', by 'marking' (exaggeration of response) and 'contingency' (scrupulously following the child's lead in interactive play). The paper argues that in psychotherapy a similar responsiveness on the part of the therapist is called for. Dealing with 'ghosts in the consulting room' (i.e. transference) is a three phase project comprising (a) calling up the ghosts, through the development of narrative function (b) attempts to expel the ghosts through anger at environmental failure and differentiation of the self from its past (c) coming to terms with ghosts, thus seeing that one's parents were themselves products of intergenerational transmission. An illustrative case is presented.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

A host factor absent from Lactococcus lactis subspecies lactis MG1363 is required for conjugative transposition.

In matings between Lactococcus lactis strains, the conjugative transposons Tn916 and Tn919 are found in the chromosome of the transconjugants in the same place as in the chromosome of the donor, indicating that no transposition has occurred. In agreement with this, the frequency of L. lactis transconjugants from intraspecies matings is the same whether the donor contains the wild-type form of the transposon or the mutant Tn916-int1, which has an insertion in the transposon's integrase gene. However, in intergeneric crosses with Bacillus subtilis or Enterococcus faecalis donors, Tn916 and Tn919 transpose to different locations on the chromosome of the L. lactis transconjugants. Moreover, Tn916 and Tn919 could not be transferred by conjugation from L. lactis and B. subtilis, E. faecalis or Streptococcus pyogenes. This suggests that excision of these elements does not occur in L. lactis. When cloned into E. coli with adjacent chromosomal DNA from L. lactis, the conjugative transposons were able to excise, transpose and promote conjugation. Therefore, the inability of these elements to excise in L. lactis is not caused by a permanent structural alteration in the transposon. We conclude that L. lactis lacks a factor required for excision of conjugative transposons.

Bacillus subtilis↗
PubMed1999

Conviction and conversion: the role of shared fantasies about analysis.

This paper is an attempt to understand the origin of the analyst's conviction about both the patient's analyzability and the psychoanalytic endeavor. Clinical material will be used to illustrate the way that the intensity of the analyst's conviction is or isn't noticed or interpreted, by both patient and analyst. The primary hypothesis to be proposed is that the analyst's awareness of the transmission of conviction during conversion (or evaluation) can trigger recognition and use of a critical period for identification with an underlying mutual fantasy of intergenerational, analyst-patient conviction about analysis.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Family relations and informal social networks in the social structure and demographic change].

Demographic changes and social structural transformations lead to changes in family size, the family cycle and in intergenerational relationships. Contrary to an abridged and overgeneralized public, political and scientific discussion, one can, by no means, assume a decrease in family functions concerning the aged. It seems that in some areas emotional and instrumental functions of the family increase. In other areas functions are transferred and generally there is a whole new division of labor between family and other informal networks. These informal networks are obviously becoming increasingly meaningful in the sense of a family "freely chosen". Because of considerable variability in social structure generalizations in this area cannot be made. On the whole, one can expect a continuing expansion and differentiation in the range and type of support offered the elderly by the family and other networks.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

Optimal pension funding with demographic instability and endogenous returns on investment.

"This paper tries to explore some optimal funding policies for pension systems in a general equilibrium setting where funding affects returns on investment and wages through its impact on capital formation. This is done in the context of irregular demographic evolutions such as those expected in developed countries for the next century. Particular attention is given to the intergenerational welfare criterion which is used for designing optimal policies.... We will first present the model for the pension system and the economy and discuss a general one-parameter form for the intergenerational utility function. We will then present the simulated optimal paths for different numerical specifications of the model and the utility function. The last section will show by how much a simpler policy with fixed transfers and purely individual funding can depart from optimal paths...."

Developed Countries↗
PubMed2004

Plant protoplasts: status and biotechnological perspectives.

Plant protoplasts ("naked" cells) provide a unique single cell system to underpin several aspects of modern biotechnology. Major advances in genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics have stimulated renewed interest in these osmotically fragile wall-less cells. Reliable procedures are available to isolate and culture protoplasts from a range of plants, including both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous crops. Several parameters, particularly the source tissue, culture medium, and environmental factors, influence the ability of protoplasts and protoplast-derived cells to express their totipotency and to develop into fertile plants. Importantly, novel approaches to maximise the efficiency of protoplast-to-plant systems include techniques already well established for animal and microbial cells, such as electrostimulation and exposure of protoplasts to surfactants and respiratory gas carriers, especially perfluorochemicals and hemoglobin. However, despite at least four decades of concerted effort and technology transfer between laboratories worldwide, many species still remain recalcitrant in culture. Nevertheless, isolated protoplasts are unique to a range of experimental procedures. In the context of plant genetic manipulation, somatic hybridisation by protoplast fusion enables nuclear and cytoplasmic genomes to be combined, fully or partially, at the interspecific and intergeneric levels to circumvent naturally occurring sexual incompatibility barriers. Uptake of isolated DNA into protoplasts provides the basis for transient and stable nuclear transformation, and also organelle transformation to generate transplastomic plants. Isolated protoplasts are also exploited in numerous miscellaneous studies involving membrane function, cell structure, synthesis of pharmaceutical products, and toxicological assessments. This review focuses upon the most recent developments in protoplast-based technologies.

Biotechnology↗
PubMed1994

Group psychotherapy with inner-city grandmothers raising their grandchildren.

A year-long psychotherapy group consisting of two co-therapists and eight grandmothers who were parenting their daughters' children is presented. Three models that correspond to the co-therapists' psychoanalytic developmental orientation were used to describe the group phases of development. A number of themes that emerged at different points in the group's life are delineated. They include: authority, control, sibling rivalry, the generation gap, dealing with schools, illness and mortality, isolation, defensiveness, anger, fear of going crazy, guilt, shame, separation, and abandonment. Transference and countertransference issues are also discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

[Transmissivity of antibiotic resistance factors in intergeneric crossing of salmonellae and Escherichia Crimea].

The results of the crosses between Salmonella and Escherichia 0151C are presented. Transmissive determinants resistant to ampicillin, dentamicin, kanamycin, neomycin, monomycin, streptomycin, morphocyclin, tetracycline and chloramphenicol were detected. It was shown that almost 50 per cent of Escherichia 0151K except the transmissive R factors were able to transferring the colicinogenic determinants.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2004

The psychoanalyst as individual: self-analysis and gradients of functioning.

The authors discuss the position of the analyst as an individual and the idea that his mental functioning can be seen as a meaningful element of the analytic field. The first part of the article shows the importance of the analyst's self-analysis, with particular attention to periods when the analyst is facing a difficult time, self-analysis in supervision, and the exploration of transgenerational influences. The authors go on to discuss the many gradients of the analyst's mental functioning, and these are mirrored in the patient's text, an indication of attunement.

Adult↗