Body weight: facts from life insurance records.
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OBJECT: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a commonly encountered impairment in both clinical and insurance medicine. Surprisingly, relatively few data exist regarding the mortality or morbidity of sleep apnea. This paper reviews the mortality and morbidity implications of this disorder. METHODS: Literature review using Medline. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Much of the morbidity and mortality attributed to obstructive sleep apnea may be due, in part, to the presence of co-morbid conditions (obesity, hypertension, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease). An assessment of additional risk attributable specifically to OSA requires review of polysomnographic results, including the respiratory disturbance index (RDI), minimum arterial oxygen desaturation, minimum and maximum heart rates, and sleep architecture. Integral to this risk assessment is also the presence and severity of the consequences of OSA, chiefly the severity of disability due to daytime hypersomnolence as well as the other co-morbidities (control of hypertension, weight gain or loss). It is this author's opinion that adequately treated OSA may carry little, if any, mortality risk.
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common neurobehavioral disorder in youth. About one-half of these youngsters continue to have symptoms as they enter their 20s. Of these, some also have co-morbid conditions such as conduct disorders, psychiatric problems and substance abuse. The medical director must be able to recognize the small subset of affected individuals whose mortality due to ADHD is greater than that of the standard population.
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Prostate cancer is comprehensively reviewed from the perspective of risk-stratification. Epidemiology and staging are assessed. The diagnostic implications are described. Treatment strategies are outlined and underwriting implications are presented.
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