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PubMed1999

Assessing and enhancing medical students' computer skills: a two-year experience.

In 1984, the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) issued recommendations for the reform of medical education. One recommendation was that information sciences be incorporated into the medical curriculum. In fall 1996, a survey was conducted to learn more about computer use by medical students at the Rockford regional site of the University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine. The purpose of the survey was to gather information not only about computer skills, but also about overall comfort level in using computers and about expectations for enhancing computer skills while attending medical school. Over a two year period, 208 students representing four classes received this survey in their e-mail. Non-respondents received a follow-up print copy in their student mailboxes. Results, based on a 60% response rate, showed a majority of Rockford students entered medical school with good skills in using e-mail and word processing, but many lacked the skills necessary to search the medical literature or to use computer-assisted instructional programs. Overall, 80% of students expected to learn more about computers while attending medical school. Results contributed to an increased effort to integrate computer applications into the medical curriculum and to use computers as a means of communicating with students.

Computer Communication Networks↗
PubMed2004

[Nursing informatics: a new nursing specialty].

It is important to take advantage of advancements in information technology, computers, and the Internet to analyze, manage, and process nursing data to improve the delivery of high quality patient care. Nursing informatics (NI)--which combines nursing, computer, and information sciences--has been recognized as a nursing specialty in the United States since 1992, but is still considered a very new field in Taiwan. The authors introduce the concept by offering a definition of NI and giving descriptions of NI practices, education, and professional groups. The goal is to provide Taiwanese nurses with an informative overview of this specialty.

Information Science↗
PubMed2004

Observation of entanglement between a single trapped atom and a single photon.

An outstanding goal in quantum information science is the faithful mapping of quantum information between a stable quantum memory and a reliable quantum communication channel. This would allow, for example, quantum communication over remote distances, quantum teleportation of matter and distributed quantum computing over a 'quantum internet'. Because quantum states cannot in general be copied, quantum information can only be distributed in these and other applications by entangling the quantum memory with the communication channel. Here we report quantum entanglement between an ideal quantum memory--represented by a single trapped 111Cd+ ion--and an ideal quantum communication channel, provided by a single photon that is emitted spontaneously from the ion. Appropriate coincidence measurements between the quantum states of the photon polarization and the trapped ion memory are used to verify their entanglement directly. Our direct observation of entanglement between stationary and 'flying' qubits is accomplished without using cavity quantum electrodynamic techniques or prepared non-classical light sources. We envision that this source of entanglement may be used for a variety of quantum communication protocols and for seeding large-scale entangled states of trapped ion qubits for scalable quantum computing.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Virtual shelves in a digital library: a framework for access to networked information sources.

OBJECTIVE: Develop a framework for collections-based access to networked information sources that addresses the problem of location-dependent access to information sources. DESIGN: This framework uses a metaphor of a virtual shelf. A virtual shelf is a general-purpose server that is dedicated to a particular information subject class. The identifier of one of these servers identifies its subject class. Location-independent call numbers are assigned to information sources. Call numbers are based on standard vocabulary codes. The call numbers are first mapped to the location-independent identifiers of virtual shelves. When access to an information resource is required, a location directory provides a second mapping of these location-independent server identifiers to actual network locations. RESULTS: The framework has been implemented in two different systems. One system is based on the Open System Foundation/Distributed Computing Environment and the other is based on the World Wide Web. CONCLUSIONS: This framework applies in new ways traditional methods of library classification and cataloging. It is compatible with two traditional styles of selecting information searching and browsing. Traditional methods may be combined with new paradigms of information searching that will be able to take advantage of the special properties of digital information. Cooperation between the library-informational science community and the informatics community can provide a means for a continuing application of the knowledge and techniques of library science to the new problems of networked information sources.

Catalogs, Library↗
PubMed2006

MultiSeq: unifying sequence and structure data for evolutionary analysis.

BACKGROUND: Since the publication of the first draft of the human genome in 2000, bioinformatic data have been accumulating at an overwhelming pace. Currently, more than 3 million sequences and 35 thousand structures of proteins and nucleic acids are available in public databases. Finding correlations in and between these data to answer critical research questions is extremely challenging. This problem needs to be approached from several directions: information science to organize and search the data; information visualization to assist in recognizing correlations; mathematics to formulate statistical inferences; and biology to analyze chemical and physical properties in terms of sequence and structure changes. RESULTS: Here we present MultiSeq, a unified bioinformatics analysis environment that allows one to organize, display, align and analyze both sequence and structure data for proteins and nucleic acids. While special emphasis is placed on analyzing the data within the framework of evolutionary biology, the environment is also flexible enough to accommodate other usage patterns. The evolutionary approach is supported by the use of predefined metadata, adherence to standard ontological mappings, and the ability for the user to adjust these classifications using an electronic notebook. MultiSeq contains a new algorithm to generate complete evolutionary profiles that represent the topology of the molecular phylogenetic tree of a homologous group of distantly related proteins. The method, based on the multidimensional QR factorization of multiple sequence and structure alignments, removes redundancy from the alignments and orders the protein sequences by increasing linear dependence, resulting in the identification of a minimal basis set of sequences that spans the evolutionary space of the homologous group of proteins. CONCLUSION: MultiSeq is a major extension of the Multiple Alignment tool that is provided as part of VMD, a structural visualization program for analyzing molecular dynamics simulations. Both are freely distributed by the NIH Resource for Macromolecular Modeling and Bioinformatics and MultiSeq is included with VMD starting with version 1.8.5. The MultiSeq website has details on how to download and use the software: http://www.scs.uiuc.edu/~schulten/multiseq/

Algorithms↗
PubMed2000

Environmental biotechnology informatics.

Environmental biotechnology informatics is in its infancy and is growing fast. Computer and information science can assist environmental biotechnology by developing biological databases and building mathematical models of biological systems. Funding and training limitations in this field may, however, hinder its future growth.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A bibliometric study on chemical information and computer sciences focusing on literature of JCICS.

A bibliometric approach was used to survey the state-of-the-art of research in the field of chemical information and computer sciences (CICS). By examining the CA database for the articles abstracted under the subsection "Chemical information, documentation, and data processing", Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences (JCICS) was identified to have been the top journal in this subsection for the last 30 years. Based on this result, CA subsections and controlled index terms given to JCICS articles were analyzed to see trends in subjects and topics in the CICS field during the last two decades. These analyses revealed that the subjects of research in CICS have diversified from traditional information science and computer applications to chemistry to "molecular information sciences". The SCISEARCH database was used to grasp interdependency between JCICS and other key journals and also the international nature of JCICS in its publications and citedness.

Bibliometrics↗
PubMed1995

Internet for teaching and learning introductory health informatics.

Internet resources seem attractive for teaching and learning. But are they usable and useful in their present form? We explored Internet, in particular its World Wide Web (WWW) resources, in a course on "Medical Methodology" (HINF270) for students of health information science. This course offers a systematic overview of the methodological principles of clinical care. Its broad scope and low depth makes this course a reasonable model to explore the limits of WWW resources. During the course, students wrote summaries of individual lectures. After critiquing and appropriate corrections, the texts were edited with Hypertext Mark-up Language (HTML) and augmented with links to WWW resources. Grading based on the papers, on their improvements through HTML and WWW, and on the provision of information on the search experience were incentives to use WWW. A formal questionnaire, administered on-line on a voluntary basis, concluded the investigation. Results show: 1) Even under considerable pressure to use WWW, libraries remain the reference source of choice for research; 2) Internet provides entertainment appeal even though practical utility is currently limited; 3) Technological proficiency with HTML and search engines is perceived as an asset; 4) Varying availability of Internet resources, uncertain and varying quality of sources, and limited specificity of research results are the major disadvantages of WWW. The teaching implications of these findings are discussed.

British Columbia↗
PubMed1992

Collecting, communicating and using information: the educational issues. A report from the Royal College of Physicians Committee on Medical Information Technology.

Few of the major advances in information science and technology have yet been successfully introduced in health care. Their implementation could improve both quality of care and the working environment of clinicians, but this will not be achieved by investing in hardware and software alone. Investment in education is also required.

Attitude to Computers↗
PubMed1986

Computerized information resources in toxicology and industrial health--a review.

The explosion in scientific information presents problems for toxicologists and industrial health specialists who need to respond rapidly and comprehensively to the information needs of the public, government and industry. The application of information technology enables large volumes of toxicology and industrial health information to be stored and retrieved through a variety of data-base resources. Three different categories of databases are described: dictionary, bibliographic and informational types. Examples of specific toxicology and industrial health databases within each category are given; their origin, style and content are reviewed. Specialists in the industrial health field are encouraged to improve their knowledge and literacy in the new disciplines of information technology and information science.

Computers↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[A hygienic assessment of the work of students on Macintosh computers].

Various kinds of works of 6-11th-form schoolchildren on Macintosh computers were physiologically and hygienically assessed at the lesson of information science and computer engineering (ISCE), as well as typing. The fatigue of a visual analyzer was due to the time of looking through the data available on the display; the adverse changes of the higher nervous activity depends on the complexity of educational materials and the intensity of work on a computer. Three-hour studies in ISCE should be excluded from the time able of lessons as they do not meet hygienic requirements.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Observers' report.

A group of experts in several fields (informatics, information science, library science, and operations research/modeling) observed the preparation and conduct of the web-based conference of the International Psychopharmacology Algorithm Project (IPAP) and analyzed what they saw and heard. The novel format of the conference introduced several possible benefits; however, it was not clear whether it might also introduce additional problems that would degrade the quality of the output algorithms. The observers concluded that many (though not all) of the benefits were achieved and that while there were some problems with the format, the quality of the algorithms did not appear to have suffered.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2001

Non-librarian health professionals becoming librarians and information specialists: results of an Internet survey.

OBJECTIVES: To obtain basic information about non-librarian health professionals who become librarians and information specialists. METHODS: The survey was a Web-based questionnaire. A non-random sample of persons was obtained by posting messages to several large Internet electronic discussion groups. Individuals who met the selection criteria and were willing to participate filled out a Web-based form designed using common gateway interface (CGI) programming. RESULTS: 118 forms were analyzed. Three subgroups of participants were identified and statistical comparisons among these groups were carried out for many of the quantitative questions. Information concerning reasons they left their original field; factors influencing their choice of the field of library and information science; reactions of family, friends, and colleagues; and interactions with patrons and other information about this group was obtained and summarized. A health sciences background was seen as helpful in the new career as information specialist. Most people were happy with their new profession despite negative reactions from colleagues, relatives, and, occasionally, patrons. Feelings of regret and abandonment of their patients were noted by some. Many persons did not know that peers had made similar career changes. CONCLUSIONS: A health sciences background imparts an expertise in both the vocabulary and subject matter of medicine that non-biomedical individuals would not ordinarily have. Although becoming a librarian may be perceived as a very positive career change for an individual, societal opinion and pressure can make such a career change difficult. Nevertheless, participants in this survey demonstrate a high level of satisfaction with their new careers and are quite happy with their work.

Attitude↗
PubMed1999

Educating medical students for work in culturally diverse societies.

CONTEXT: Recent attention has focused on whether government health service institutions, particularly in the United Kingdom, reflect cultural sensitivity and competence and whether medical students receive proper guidance in this area. OBJECTIVE: To systematically identify educational programs for medical students on cultural diversity, in particular, racial and ethnic diversity. DATA SOURCES: The following databases were searched: MEDLINE (1963-August 1998); Bath International Data Service (BIDS) Institute for Scientific Information science and social science citation indexes (1981-August 1998); BIDS International Bibliography for the Social Sciences (1981-August 1998); and the Educational Resources Information Centre (1981-August 1998). In addition, the following online data sets were searched: Kings Fund; Centre for Ethnic Relations, University of Warwick; Health Education Authority; European Research Centre on Migration and Ethnic Relations, University of Utrecht; International Centre for Intercultural Studies, University of London; the Refugee Studies Programme, University of Oxford. Medical education and academic medicine journals (1994-1998) were searched manually and experts in medical education were contacted. STUDY SELECTION: Studies included in the analysis were articles published in English before August 1998 that described specific programs for medical students on racial and ethnic diversity. Of 1456 studies identified by the literature search, 17 met the criteria. Two of the authors performed the study selection independently. DATA EXTRACTION: The following data were extracted: publication year, program setting, student year, whether a program was required or optional, the teaching staff and involvement of minority racial and ethnic communities, program length, content and teaching methods, student assessment, and nature of program evaluation. DATA SYNTHESIS: Of the 17 selected programs, 13 were conducted in North America. Eleven programs were exclusively for students in years 1 or 2. Fewer than half (n = 7) the programs were part of core teaching. Only 1 required program reported that the students were assessed on the session in cultural diversity. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that there is limited information available on an increasingly important subject in medical education. Further research is needed to identify effective components of educational programs on cultural diversity and valid methods of student assessment and program evaluation.

Cultural Diversity↗
PubMed1996

Information management for complex systems: a case study in genomics.

Genome mapping and sequencing projects push the frontiers of molecular biology and genetics toward information science. I will try to demonstrate that the information management characteristics of genome research may apply to other large-scale systematic studies of complex systems such as the brain.

Computer Communication Networks↗
PubMed1986

Clinical patterns and electrophysiological findings in retinal pigment epithelium diseases. Does a correlation exist?

At present it is difficult to distinguish those human chorioretinal diseases in which the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is the primary site of dysfunction. This difficulty is caused by several factors such as scarcity of biochemical and histological information and a lack of correlation of basic science information available with the clinical body of knowledge. In the present study we examined 134 eyes at early or late stages of hereditary diseases involving the RPE. We tried to distinguish primary RPE involvement by using standard ERG (a- and b-wave) and EOG testing. We conclude that in general primary RPE damage can be better assessed by current electrophysiology in those diseases which seem to remain localized at the RPE level for a long time.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

A general rule for ranged series of codon frequencies in different genomes.

Information science widely uses descriptions of the distribution of information units (words) according to the frequency of occurrence with the help of a corresponding ranged series, i.e., the sequence of occurrence frequencies p1, p2, ..., pr as taken in decreasing order. A model called the Zipf rule or Zipflaw is the most commonly used. In this model pr is inversly proportional to a certain degree of range r: pr = C/r2 (C, z greater than 0). Upon analysis, the correspondence of codon distribution and the Zipf model is found unsatisfactory. The distribution of letters (in English and some other languages) by the occurrence frequency does not obey the Zipf rule either. A new model is proposed for a similar distribution in which pr = C.(ln(n + 1)-ln r), where n is the quantity of various symbols (codons). This dependence is approximated by a straight line not in the co-ordinate system (ln r, ln p), like the Zipf model, but in the (ln r, p) system of co-ordinates. It is shown on the basis of statistical criteria that this model is in good agreement with the ranged series of codon frequencies for the best-studied genoms to date. This result may be regarded as an additional reason in favor of the codon-letter analogy (not the codon-word analogy) in genetic texts.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

The information seeking of on-duty critical care nurses: evidence from participant observation and in-context interviews.

OBJECTIVES: An observational study describes on-duty nurses' informative behaviors from the perspective of library and information science, rather than patient care,. It reveals their information sources, the kinds of information they seek, and their barriers to information acquisition. METHODS: Participant observation and in-context interviews were used to record in detail fifty hours of the information behavior of a purposive sample of on-duty critical care nurses on twenty-bed critical care unit in a community hospital. The investigator used rigorous ethnographic methods-including open, in vivo, and axial coding--to analyze the resulting rich textual data. RESULTS: The nurses' information behavior centered on the patient, seeking information from people, the patient record, and other systems. The nurses mostly used patient-specific information, but they also used some social and logistic information. They occasionally sought knowledge-based information. Barriers to information acquisition included illegible handwriting, difficult navigation of online systems, equipment failure, unavailable people, social protocols, and mistakes caused by people multitasking while working with multiple complex systems. Although the participating nurses understood and respected evidence-based practice, many believed that taking time to read published information on duty was not only difficult, but perhaps also ethically wrong. They said that a personal information service available to them at all hours of the day or night would be very useful. CONCLUSIONS: On-duty critical care nursing is a patient-centric information activity. A major implication of this study for librarians is that immediate professional reference service--including quality and quantity filtering-may be more useful to on-duty nurses than do-it-yourself searching and traditional document delivery are.

Communication↗