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PubMed1999

Music Educators' Perceptions Regarding the Inclusion of Students with Severe Disabilities in Music Classrooms.

The purpose of the present study was to: (a) examine music educators' perceptions regarding the practice of full inclusion, (b) conduct a descriptive analysis of their perceptions, and (c) compare and contrast choral, instrumental, and general music educators' perceptions regarding the practice of inclusion. The data collection technique used in the study was personal interviewing. Participants were instrumental, choral, and general music educators (N = 35) in a midwestern school district that supports the practice of full inclusion. Written transcripts of the 35 interviews were coded and analyzed for recurring themes and patterns using content analysis. Music educators identified 13 critical issues related to the inclusion of students with disabilities. The need for collaboration or consultation with special educators, music therapists, or others knowledgeable about students with disabilities was identified as a critical issue by nearly all of the participants. Many participants also identified as critical issues: the need for more information about the students included in their music classroom, the amount of time required to successfully include students with disabilities, and the range of abilities often found in the inclusive classroom. Most music educators felt that inclusion has had a positive impact on students both with and without disabilities, though reservations were also expressed by some of the music educators. Subject responses were also analyzed for frequency of: disabilities mentioned, positive and negative statements made regarding inclusion, personal anecdotes, and references to music therapy. Suggestions are given for the role music therapists can play in facilitating the inclusion of students with disabilities.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

An exploratory study on attitudes toward inclusive education in Russia.

This exploratory study examined the attitudes toward inclusive education among Russian teachers, administrators and parents of students with and without disabilities (n=176). The results indicated that while there were no significant differences among teachers, administrators and parents of students with and without disabilities on overall attitudes toward inclusive education, there were significant differences in perspectives about the possible time-frame for implementing inclusive education. Generally speaking, school administrators and teachers tended to express the belief that inclusive education could be a reality even today, though many of this group thought that it might be a question of the near future or undefined future. Both groups of parents tended to think that inclusive education could occur in an undefined future. There were significant differences among the three groups about perceptions of responsibility for implementing inclusive education. Administrators, teachers and parents of students with disabilities viewed it as a responsibility of the school, while parents of students without disabilities viewed it as the government's duty. Further, the majority of respondents reported the lack of necessary conditions in schools and the lack of government policies and finances as the main barriers to inclusive education. These findings suggest two areas of intervention to promote the implementation of inclusive education in Russia: physical accessibility of schools and government support.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Factors influencing inclusion body formation in the production of a fused protein in Escherichia coli.

Different parameters that influenced the formation of inclusion bodies in Escherichia coli during production of a fused protein consisting of protein A from Staphylococcus aureus and beta-galactosidase from E. coli were examined. The intracellular expression of the fused protein was controlled by the pR promoter and its temperature-sensitive repressor. The induction temperature, the pH of the cultivation medium, and changes in the amino acid sequence in the linker region between protein A and beta-galactosidase had a profound effect on the formation of inclusion bodies. At 42 degrees C, inclusion bodies were formed only during the first hours after induction, and thereafter all the recombinant protein that was further produced appeared in a soluble and active state. Production at 39 and 44 degrees C resulted in inclusion body formation throughout the production period with 15 to 20% of the produced recombinant protein appearing as inclusion bodies. Cultivating cells without control of pH caused inclusion body formation throughout the induction period, and inclusion body formation increased with decreasing pH, and at least part of the insoluble protein was formed from the pool of soluble fusion protein within the cell. Changes in the amino acid sequence in the linker region between the two parts of the fusion protein abolished inclusion body formation.

Acetates↗
PubMed2000

Histopathological detection of owl's eye inclusions is still specific for cytomegalovirus in the era of human herpesviruses 6 and 7.

BACKGROUND: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the prototype member of the beta-herpesvirinae, which can cause multiple organ dysfunction in the immunocompromised host. Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) and HHV-7 are newer members of the beta-herpesvirinae that can cause febrile illness in young children and are also possible pathogens in the immunocompromised patient. AIM: CMV is detected in histopathological sections by visualisation of owl's eye inclusion bodies. The aim of this study was to quantify the relation between CMV, HHV-6, and HHV-7 viral loads and the presence of owl's eye inclusions in histological sections. METHODS: Histopathological examination of postmortem material and recording of owl's eye inclusion bodies were performed. CMV, HHV-6, and HHV-7 were detected by qualitative and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from the same postmortem samples. Statistical analysis of the histopathological and PCR results was performed. RESULTS: There was a significant association between the detection of owl's eye inclusion bodies and positive CMV PCR (p < 0.001); the median CMV viral load was significantly higher in samples that were positive for owl's eye inclusions (p < 0.001). No association was found between the presence of owl's eye inclusions and HHV-6 or HHV-7 positivity. CONCLUSION: Histological detection of owl's eye inclusion bodies is an insensitive but highly specific method for detecting CMV organ involvement. Owl's eye inclusion bodies are not associated with HHV-6 or HHV-7 infection.

Cytomegalovirus↗
PubMed1985

Relation of blood-free to blood-inclusive postmortem lung water measurements in sheep.

Our purpose was to see if the postmortem weight ratio of extravascular lung water to blood-free dry lung (blood-free ratio) was related to similar ratios in blood-inclusive lung and in blood. We developed linear regressions of blood-free ratio on ratios for blood-inclusive lung and blood together and for blood-inclusive lung alone for 73 sheep studied under 11 different protocols and for two subgroups of sheep, one with plasma space expansion and the other without expansion. The relation of ratios of blood-free to blood-inclusive lungs was different between the two subgroups. Although all regressions were highly correlated, the fits of the blood-free ratio on ratios for blood-inclusive lung and blood together were better than for blood-inclusive lung alone. The mean error of prediction of extravascular lung water for all sheep was significantly less for the regression of blood-free ratio on ratios for blood and blood-inclusive lung together (11 g) than for blood-inclusive lung alone (18 g). This study shows that weights of lung homogenate and blood samples before and after simple oven drying can be used to provide accurate inexpensive estimates of postmortem extravascular lung water.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Caveolin-2 associates with intracellular chlamydial inclusions independently of caveolin-1.

BACKGROUND: Lipid raft domains form in plasma membranes of eukaryotic cells by the tight packing of glycosphingolipids and cholesterol. Caveolae are invaginated structures that form in lipid raft domains when the protein caveolin-1 is expressed. The Chlamydiaceae are obligate intracellular bacterial pathogens that replicate entirely within inclusions that develop from the phagocytic vacuoles in which they enter. We recently found that host cell caveolin-1 is associated with the intracellular vacuoles and inclusions of some chlamydial strains and species, and that entry of those strains depends on intact lipid raft domains. Caveolin-2 is another member of the caveolin family of proteins that is present in caveolae, but of unknown function. METHODS: We utilized a caveolin-1 negative/caveolin-2 positive FRT cell line and laser confocal immunofluorescence techniques to visualize the colocalization of caveolin-2 with the chlamydial inclusions. RESULTS: We show here that in infected HeLa cells, caveolin-2, as well as caveolin-1, colocalizes with inclusions of C. pneumoniae (Cp), C. caviae (GPIC), and C. trachomatis serovars E, F and K. In addition, caveolin-2 also associates with C. trachomatis serovars A, B and C, although caveolin-1 did not colocalize with these organisms. Moreover, caveolin-2 appears to be specifically, or indirectly, associated with the pathogens at the inclusion membranes. Using caveolin-1 deficient FRT cells, we show that although caveolin-2 normally is not transported out of the Golgi in the absence of caveolin-1, it nevertheless colocalizes with chlamydial inclusions in these cells. However, our results also show that caveolin-2 did not colocalize with UV-irradiated Chlamydia in FRT cells, suggesting that in these caveolin-1 negative cells, pathogen viability and very likely pathogen gene expression are necessary for the acquisition of caveolin-2 from the Golgi. CONCLUSION: Caveolin-2 associates with the chlamydial inclusion independently of caveolin-1. The function of caveolin-2, either in the uninfected cell or in the chlamydial developmental cycle, remains to be elucidated. Nevertheless, this second caveolin protein can now be added to the small number of host proteins that are associated with the inclusions of this obligate intracellular pathogen.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Alpha-synuclein phosphorylation enhances eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion formation in SH-SY5Y cells.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by selective loss of dopaminergic neurons and the presence of Lewy bodies. Previous reports have shown that alpha-synuclein deposited in brain tissue from individuals with synucleinopathy is extensively phosphorylated at Ser-129. Here, we investigate the role of phosphorylation of alpha-synuclein in the formation of inclusions involving synphilin-1 and parkin using site-directed mutagenesis to change Ser-129 of alpha-synuclein to alanine (S129A) to abolish phosphorylation at this site. Coexpression of wild-type alpha-synuclein and synphilin-1 in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells yielded cytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusions with some features resembling Lewy bodies, whereas coexpression of S129A alpha-synuclein and synphlin-1 formed few or no inclusions. Moreover, coexpression of parkin with alpha-synuclein and synphilin-1 formed more ubiquitinated inclusions, but these inclusions decreased with expression of S129A alpha-synuclein instead of wild-type alpha-synuclein. Coimmunoprecipitation assays revealed a decreased interaction of S129A alpha-synuclein with synphilin-1 compared with wild-type alpha-synuclein. Expression of S129A alpha-synuclein instead of wild-type alpha-synuclein also decreased the association of synphilin-1 and parkin and subsequently reduced the parkin-mediated ubiquitination of synphilin-1 and the formation of ubiquitinated inclusions. Treatment of SH-SY5Y cells with H(2)O(2) increased alpha-synuclein phosphorylation and enhanced the formation of inclusions formed by coexpression of alpha-synuclein, synphilin-1, and parkin, whereas treatment with the casein kinase 2 inhibitor 5,6-dichloro-1-beta-d-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole had the opposite affect. These results indicate that phosphorylation of alpha-synuclein at S129 may be important for the formation of inclusions in PD and related alpha synucleinopathies.

Carrier Proteins↗
PubMed2004

Performance and carcass quality of steers fed whole raw soybeans at increasing inclusion levels.

Two experiments were conducted to determine the efficacy of whole raw soybeans as a partial or whole replacement for soybean meal in a corn/soybean meal-based feedlot diet. In Exp. 1, 80 crossbred steers (average BW = 441.3 kg) and, in Exp. 2, 96 Angus-sired steers (average BW = 413.7 kg) were blocked by weight and assigned randomly to one of four dietary treatments. Treatments were 0, 8, 16, and 24% dietary inclusions of whole raw soybeans. Diets within experiments were isonitrogenous. Across experiments, diets were similar, differing only in amount of corn silage (8 vs. 15% DM) at the expense of whole, shelled corn for Exp. 1 and Exp. 2, respectively. No treatment differences were observed for ADG or final BW. Dry matter intake from d 0 to d 58 decreased linearly (P < 0.05) with increased inclusion of whole raw soybeans in Exp. 1, with no effect on feed efficiency. In Exp.2 from d 0 to 72, whole raw soybean inclusion had no effect on DMI or feed efficiency. There tended (P < 0.10) to be a linear reduction in hot carcass weight when whole raw soybeans were included in Exp. 1. Unexpectedly, longissimus muscle area tended (P < 0.10) to respond quadratically (P < 0.10) to the increased inclusion of whole raw soybeans in Exp.1. No differences were detected in marbling score, 10th-rib backfat, or yield grade for Exp. 1 and 2 steers. In Exp. 2, inclusion of whole raw soybeans had no effect on hot carcass weight or longissimus muscle area. Incrementally increasing the inclusion of whole raw soybeans in the diet of feedlot steers had little overall effect on weight gain, feed efficiency, or carcass quality in Exp. 1 and 2. There were subtle differences in the treatment responses observed for hot carcass weight and longissimus muscle area between Exp. 1 and Exp. 2 for the 24% inclusion level. These noted differences may indicate that inclusion levels above 24% might not be beneficial.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1990

Selecting analogous problems: similarity versus inclusiveness.

Students were asked to select one of two analogous problems in order to solve algebra word problems. In Experiment 1, one problem was less inclusive and the other was more inclusive than a test problem. The students judged the complexity and similarity of problems, selected analogous problems, and used the solutions to solve test problems. They performed significantly better on the test problems when given the more inclusive solutions, but used perceived similarity rather than inclusiveness to select analogous problems. The same pattern of results occurred in Experiment 2, in which isomorphic problems replaced the more inclusive problems. The results show that students are deficient in selecting good analogies, both from the same category (Experiment 1) and from a different category (Experiment 2). Students who saw the analogous solutions (Experiment 3) or were majoring in mathematics (Experiment 4) were more likely to select an isomorphic problem over a less inclusive problem, but were not more likely to select a more inclusive over a less inclusive problem.

Concept Formation↗
PubMed2004

Effect of acidic ternary compounds on the formation of miconazole/cyclodextrin inclusion complexes by means of supercritical carbon dioxide.

PURPOSE: The aim of the study is to evaluate the effect of different acidic compounds on the inclusion of miconazole (MICO) in several cyclodextrins (CDs) using supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO(2) ) processing. METHODS: Physical mixtures were processed by SCCO(2) at 30 MPa, 125 degrees C during 60 minutes in a static mode to produce inclusion complexes. The inclusion complexes were characterized by differential solubility, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and dissolution test. RESULTS: The best inclusion yields were achieved with the combination of MICO base and HPgammaCD with or without acids. Maleic and fumaric acids influenced the MICO inclusion differently in function of their conformation. During the process, a miconazole salt was observed with maleic acid and characterized by thermal analysis and mass spectrometry. The kinetics inclusion followed a saturation-type shape curve. FT-IR confirmed the presence of genuine inclusion complexes. The complexes MICO base/HPgammaCD/(L-tartaric acid) enhanced the dissolution rates of MICO more than the corresponding physical mixtures did. Lastly, the stability study revealed that the complexes were stable. CONCLUSIONS: The formation of stable complexes between MICO and CDs is possible using SCCO(2). Moreover an acidic ternary compound is able to modify the formation of the complex. The inclusion complexes, which show better dissolution profiles than those with the corresponding physical mixtures, could lead to an increase of the oral bioavailability of MICO.

Carbon Dioxide↗
PubMed2004

[Study on the inclusion complexation interaction of beta-cyclodextrin and beta-carotene by UV-Vis spectra].

Beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD), a kind of cyclic oligosaccharides, was found to possess a strong inclusion ability with beta-carotene. The inclusion compounds of beta-CD with beta-carotene were prepared by the coprecipitation method, and studied by UV-Vis spectra of different mole ratio beta-CD/beta-carotene in the H2O+ ethanol solution (H2O for beta-CD, and ethanol for beta-carotene). Equilibrium constant of inclusion compound was determined by UV-Vis spectra. The results indicate that 3.25 moles of beta-CD can include one mole beta-carotene to form inclusion compound by Van der Waals force and hydrophobic interaction etc. The optimum synthesis conditions of inclusion compound of beta-CD with beta-carotene is that the mole ratio of beta-CD/beta-carotene is 3.25:1 (mol/mol), the concentration ratio of beta-CD H2O solution/beta-carotene solution is 12:1 (mol x L(-1)/mol x L(-1)), and the time and temperature of inclusion reaction are 2 h and 30 degrees C, respectively. Equilibrium constant of inclusion compound (Ka) is 9.46 x 10(11) L x mol(-1). The selective binding ability of beta-CD with beta-carotene has been discussed from the viewpoint of size/shape-fitting and geometry fitting between the host cavity and the guest molecule. The resistance to oxidation and photooxidation, and the solubility in H2O of beta-carotene were increased by inclusion with beta-CD.

Carcinogens↗
PubMed2005

[Solubilization on cryptotanshinone by hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin and preparation of their inclusion compound].

OBJECTIVE: To prepare cryptotanshinone (CT)-cyclodextrin inclusion compound and improve dissolution of CT. METHOD: Inclusion ratio was determined by plotting the phase solubility curve of CT versus hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HPCD). CT-cyclodextrin inclusion compound was made by wet grinding method. Properties of the inclusion compound was investigated by in vitro dissolution test, DTA and IR spectrum. RESULT: Inclusion ratio of CT versus HPCD was 1:1. Dissolution of CT-HPCD inclusion compound at 45 min was 21.6 times of material drug. CONCLUSION: Dissolution of CT was improved remarkably in CT-HPCD inclusion compound. The complexation force of the inclusion compound was hydrogen bond formed by carbonyl group of CT and hydroxyl group of HPCD.

2-Hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Light and electron microscopic analysis of intranuclear inclusions in papillary adenocarcinoma of the lung.

The incidence and nature of intranuclear inclusions found in tumor cells of preoperative and postoperative cytologic, histologic and electron microscopic (EM) specimens were studied in 38 cases of papillary adenocarcinoma of the lung in order to assess the cytodiagnostic significance of these inclusions. The overall incidence of the intranuclear inclusions was 34%; the incidence was higher in the well-differentiated type of adenocarcinoma (48%). Four smear and four EM types of inclusions were recognized. Cytoplasmic invaginations (pseudoinclusions), single-membrane-bound inclusions, aggregates of 50-nm tubules and any combination of the above could be distinguished by EM. There was some correlation between the smear and EM types of inclusions. EM analysis suggests that intranuclear inclusions, except for pseudoinclusions, may be derived from the inner nuclear membrane. In routine cytology, the intranuclear inclusion is a good diagnostic marker for papillary adenocarcinoma of the lung.

Adenocarcinoma, Papillary↗
PubMed1997

Selective degeneration fo Purkinje cells with Lewy body-like inclusions in aged NFHLACZ transgenic mice.

Transgenic (NFHLacZ) mice expressing a fusion protein composed of a truncated high-molecular-weight mouse neurofilament (NF) protein (NFH) fused to beta-galactosidase (LacZ) develop inclusions in neurons throughout the CNS. These inclusions persist from birth to advanced age and contain massive filamentous aggregates including all three endogenous NF proteins and the NFHLacZ fusion protein. Further, the levels of endogenous NF proteins are selectively reduced in NFHLacZ mice. Because these inclusions resemble NF-rich Lewy bodies (LBs) in Parkinson's disease and LB dementia, we asked whether these lesions compromised the viability of affected neurons during aging. We studied hippocampal CA1 neurons, nearly all of which harbored inclusions (type I) devoid of cellular organelles, and cerebellar Purkinje cells, nearly all of which accumulated inclusions (type II) containing numerous entrapped organelles. Purkinje cells with type II inclusions began to degenerate in the NFHLacZ mice at approximately 1 year of age, and most were eliminated by 18 months of age. In contrast, there was no significant loss of type I inclusion-bearing CA1 neurons with age. These data suggest that the sequestration of cellular organelles in type II inclusions may isolate and impair the function of these organelles, thereby rendering Purkinje cells selectively vulnerable to degeneration with age as in neurodegenerative diseases of the elderly characterized by accumulation of LBs.

Aging↗
PubMed1976

Light microscopy of selected viral diseases (morphology of viral inclusion bodies).

A significant number of viruses produce intracellular changes, inclusion bodies, which do have specific and consistent features important to their identification. The inclusions must fulfill the designated criteria for the specific virus or a member of that group. The specific features of viral inclusions are consistent fixative-dependent artifacts: uniformity and familiarity of staining quality are important to the consistency of recognition and identification. Bouin's or Zenker's-acetic acid are the fixatives of choice, and a well-done hematoxylin and eosin stain offers the greatest uniformity of quality. Viral inclusions are not static objects in a cell and recognition of the range of development is often more important than the appearance of a single inclusion. Generally, most viruses within a group cause identical intracellular reactions and produce similar inclusion bodies, thus permitting the pathologist an accurate prediction of the etiologic agent in clinically undiagnosed or unsuspected viral disease. By correlating viral inclusion identification, clinical history, and physical findings the anatomic pathologist can make the diagnosis of many viral diseases rapidly, inexpensively, and with a high degree of accuracy when compared to the complex, expensive, and time consuming procedures of animal inoculation, tissue culture, or serology.

Adenovirus Infections, Human↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Intranuclear inclusions of unknown pathogenic significance from diagnostic cases in three avian species.

Intranuclear inclusions were observed with light microscopy in tissues from necropsy cases from three different species of birds. Because of the nature of these inclusions, the species affected, or their distribution, the inclusions were considered of unknown pathogenic significance. The inclusions were examined ultrastructurally. Parvovirus-like particles were observed in the intranuclear inclusions of pigeon hepatocytes and duodenal stromal cells from a quail. Finely granular eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies from two unrelated pigeon cases were found to be composed of loosely organized filaments. One liver sample from a 16-week-old laying chicken had prominent eosinophilic hepatocellular intranuclear inclusions composed of electron-dense coarsely granular amorphous material.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Novel eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions in a meningioma.

BACKGROUND: Two forms of inclusion, extracellular and intracytoplasmic, have been reported in meningiomas. The authors recently encountered a case of meningothelial meningioma with unusual round eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions. METHODS: Ultrastructural and immunohistochemical studies were performed on the surgically removed tissue. RESULTS: Ultrastructurally, the inclusions were found in the cytoplasm and processes of the tumor cells. Each inclusion consisted of a dense central mass of filaments with a looser, less dense periphery of radiating filaments. At the periphery, crystalloid lamellar structures and granules were intermingled frequently. No limiting membrane was observed. Immunohistochemically, the inclusions were unreactive for five classes of intermediate filaments, actin, ubiquitin, and amyloid. CONCLUSION: The intracytoplasmic inclusions were ultrastructurally distinct from those reported previously. The molecular aspect of these novel eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions remained uncertain.

Biomarkers↗
PubMed2002

Protein surveillance machinery in brains with spinocerebellar ataxia type 3: redistribution and differential recruitment of 26S proteasome subunits and chaperones to neuronal intranuclear inclusions.

Intracellular aggregates commonly forming neuronal intranuclear inclusions are neuropathological hallmarks of spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 and of other disorders characterized by expanded polyglutamine-(poly-Q) tracts. To characterize cellular responses to these aggregates, we performed an immunohistochemical analysis of neuronal intranuclear inclusions in pontine neurons of patients affected by spinocerebellar ataxia type 3, using a panel of antibodies directed against chaperones and proteasome subunits. A subset of the neuronal intranuclear inclusions stained positively for the chaperones Hsp90alpha and HDJ-2, a member of the Hsp40 family. Most neuronal intranuclear inclusions were ubiquitin positive, suggesting degradation by ubiquitin-dependent proteasome pathways. Surprisingly, only a fraction of neuronal intranuclear inclusions were immunopositive for antibodies directed against subunits of the 20S proteolytic core, whereas most inclusions were stained by antibodies directed against subunits of the 11S and 19S regulatory particles. These results suggest that the proteosomal proteolytic machinery that actively degrades neuronal intranuclear inclusions is assembled in only a fraction of pontine neurons in end stage spinocerebellar ataxia type 3. The dissociation between regulatory subunits and the proteolytic core and the changes in subcellular subunit distribution suggest perturbations of the proteosomal machinery in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 brains.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗