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PubMed2000

Effects of spray-irrigated wastewater effluent on temporary pond-breeding amphibians.

Comparison was made of abiotic conditions, amphibian reproductive outputs, and the survival of embryonic and larval amphibians in wastewater effluent-irrigated and natural temporary ponds in an area in Centre County, Pennsylvania that has been spray-irrigated with secondarily treated, chlorinated wastewater effluent from The Pennsylvania State University for approximately 14 years. Three species of temporary pond-breeding amphibians were studied: wood frogs (Rana sylvatica LeConte), Jefferson salamanders (Ambystoma jeffersonianum Green), and spotted salamanders (A. maculatum Gravenhorst). Comparisons of physico-chemical parameters in 10 wastewater-irrigated and 10 natural temporary ponds over 19 weeks in 1997 indicated that wastewater -irrigated ponds had significantly higher median conductance, pH, ¿Na, ¿K, ¿Ca, ¿Mg, and ¿N-NO(3) and lower ¿dissolved oxygen. Many of the wastewater-irrigated ponds supported large mats of duckweed (Lemna spp.) that completely blanketed the pond's surface by mid-May. There were significantly fewer egg masses of all three species in wastewater-irrigated ponds than in natural ponds in both 1997 and 1998. In situ egg hatching success and larval survival (over a 6-day period) of all species was lower in wastewater-irrigated ponds than in natural ponds. Cumulatively, these studies suggest that wastewater effluent irrigation may impact amphibian populations by reducing the survival of amphibian eggs and larvae.

Ambystoma↗
PubMed2004

Malaria and schistosomiasis risks associated with surface and sprinkler irrigation systems in Zimbabwe.

A comparative assessment of the malaria and schistosomiasis risks associated with surface and sprinkler irrigation systems in Zimbabwe was carried out. The risk assessment of the two diseases was done in accordance with the three standard components of health impact assessment, namely (i) community vulnerability, (ii) environmental receptivity, and (iii) capability of health services to respond to malaria and schistosomiasis. Records of the two diseases were obtained from four health centres serving two surface irrigation schemes and two sprinkler irrigation schemes. For comparison records were also obtained from health centres serving nearby dryland areas. Incidence of schistosomiasis as estimated from recorded new cases of the disease was much higher in surface irrigation schemes than in sprinkler irrigation schemes. For malaria it was the other way around. These findings were confirmed by rapid risk assessments. Malaria risk factors were more prominent in sprinkler irrigation schemes, whereas more schistosomiasis risk factors were identified in surface irrigation schemes. These observations were attributed to poorly maintained infrastructure and inadequate landscape-levelling, which created mosquito breeding sites within the fields in the case of sprinkler schemes, and to poor drainage structures, which created snail-breeding sites in the case of surface-irrigation schemes. Importantly, poor maintenance of sprinkler scheme infrastructure accounted for more disease promoting features than the engineering designs per se. This study demonstrated the value of complementing routinely collected health data with rapid assessment procedures for appraisal of commonly reported diseases.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

A review of the emergence of Plasmodium falciparum-dominated malaria in irrigated areas of the Thar Desert, India.

Recently, there has been a resurgence of malaria in several parts of India, and the Thar Desert in north-western India, is currently suffering from the impact of repeated annual epidemics. Nearly all malaria epidemics in the Thar Desert have come about with the progression of canal-irrigation work, particularly the massive Indira Gandhi Nahar Pariyojana (IGNP). Therefore, the Thar Desert provides an excellent model for understanding the underlying factors responsible for the exacerbation of malaria, pathways of evolution of the epidemics, succession in anopheline fauna, changes in the vector breeding and feeding preferences and, most importantly, the possible repercussions of mismanagement of irrigation systems. Before the initiation of canalised irrigation only Anopheles stephensi, breeding exclusively in household and community-based underground water reservoirs, and transmitting malaria at a low level, was prevalent in the interior of the Thar Desert. Since the 1980s, extensive irrigation with water from three different canal systems has altered the desert physiography, vector preponderance, distribution and vectorial capacity, whilst triggering the emergence of Plasmodium falciparum-dominated malaria in the virgin levees of the Thar Desert. The major objective of bringing the Himalayan waters to the xeric environment of the Thar was to transform it into verdure through growing irrigation-intensive crops like paddy, groundnut, cotton, mustard, wheat and sugarcane, besides providing drinking water to the desert dwellers. The change in crop pattern, retention of high surface moisture, and excessive canalisation rife with mismanagement of irrigation water have attracted several anophelines, including Anopheles culicifacies, which were earlier unknown in the desert. Thus, A. culicifacies has penetrated into the interior of the Thar Desert, along with irrigation and is now established in vast areas covered by the IGNP project. The distribution of P. falciparum-dominated malaria in the Thar Desert is more or less synchronous with the spread of IGNP-related irrigated agriculture and of A. culicifacies.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Malaria incidence in relation to rice cultivation in the irrigated Sahel of Mali.

Seven repeated cross-sectional parasitological surveys, collecting a total of 13,912 blood samples, were carried out from September 1995 to February 1998 in three irrigated rice growing villages and three villages without irrigated agriculture in the area surrounding Niono, Mali. Parasite prevalence varied according to season and agricultural zone, but showed similar patterns for villages within the same zone. Overall, malaria prevalence was 47% in the villages without irrigated agriculture and 34% in the irrigated rice growing villages. In a village in the irrigated zone, and a village in the non-irrigated zone, 1067 and 608 children up to the age of 14 years, respectively, were followed in a passive malariological study for the period of 13 months. Fevers were attributed to malaria using a statistical method, taking into account the parasitaemia in afebrile controls from the cross-sectional surveys. The incidence of malaria fevers differed markedly between the two zones and over time. In the village in the irrigated zone, the incidence of malaria fevers was fairly constant over the year at 0.7 per 1000 children per day. In the village without irrigated agriculture, incidence was low during the dry season (at 0.6 per 1000 children per day), whereas it was high during the rainy season (at 3.2 per 1000 children per day). These results correspond well to the malaria transmission observed in a concurrent entomological survey. Rice cultivation in the semi-arid sub-Saharan environment altered the transmission pattern from seasonal to perennial, but reduced annual incidence more than two-fold.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Impacts of sewage irrigation on heavy metal distribution and contamination in Beijing, China.

A potential hazard to Beijing was revealed due to the accumulation trend of heavy metals in agricultural soils with sewage irrigation, which results in metal contamination and human exposure risk. Samples including soils and plants were collected to assess the impacts of sewage irrigation on the irrigated farming area of Beijing. Concentrations of the five elements Cd, Cr, Cu, Zn, and Pb were determined in samples to calculate the accumulation factor and to establish a basis for environmental protection and the suitability of sewage irrigation for particular land use in the urban-rural interaction area of Beijing. Using reference values provided by the Beijing Background Research Cooperative Group in the 1970s, the pollution load index (PLI), enrichment factor (EF), and contamination factor (CF) of these metals were calculated. The pollution load indices (sewage irrigation land 3.49) of soils indicated that metal contamination occurred in these sites. The metal enrichment (EF of Cd 1.8, Cr 1.7, Cu 2.3, Zn 2.0, Pb 1.9) and the metal contamination (CF of Cd 2.6, Cr 1.5, Cu 2.0, Zn 1.7, Pb 1.6) showed that the accumulation trend of the five toxic metals increased during the sewage irrigation as compared with the lower reference values than other region in China and world average, and that pollution with Cd, Cu, Zn, and Pb was exacerbated in soils. The distributions of these metals were homogeneous in the irrigation area, but small-scale heterogeneous spatial distribution was observed. Irrigation sources were found to affect heavy metal distributions in soils. It was suggested that heavy metal transfer from soils to plants was a key pathway to human health exposure to metal contamination. However, with the expansion of urban areas in Beijing, soil inhalation and ingestion may become important pathways of human exposure to metal contamination.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2005

Land-use intensification and environmental degradation: empirical evidence from irrigated and rain-fed farms in south eastern Nigeria.

When evaluating the potential of irrigation for agricultural production one must consider more than the technical and financial potential and feasibility of the scheme. Issues of environmental and social sustainability must also be considered. The purpose of the paper is to develop a framework for assessing the sustainability of an irrigation scheme and apply it in the context of one such scheme in south eastern Nigeria. The framework for assessment is based on a comparison of differential changes in environmental quality with and without the scheme, and before and after the scheme. The author does this by using measured soil characteristics for irrigated and adjacent rain-fed plots of agricultural land; and socio-economic analysis of other environmental and social impacts of the irrigation scheme. Data were collected through a field survey of the selected irrigated and rain-fed farm plots, qualitative interviews with the farm owners and relevant secondary sources. The analyses find that the soils of the irrigated farms have been significantly degraded more than those of the rain-fed farms to the extent that precludes sustainable practice of arable agriculture on irrigated land in the study area. About 9% of the soils of the irrigated land have been degraded to the extent that they are no longer suitable for arable agriculture. Analyses of the qualitative interviews also find other bio-physical, social and economic impacts that significantly constrain long-term sustainability of arable agriculture in the study area.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2004

Crop and irrigation management strategies for saline-sodic soils and waters aimed at environmentally sustainable agriculture.

Irrigation has long played a key role in feeding the expanding world population and is expected to play a still greater role in the future. As supplies of good-quality irrigation water are expected to decrease in several regions due to increased municipal-industrial-agricultural competition, available freshwater supplies need to be used more efficiently. In addition, reliance on the use and reuse of saline and/or sodic drainage waters, generated by irrigated agriculture, seems inevitable for irrigation. The same applies to salt-affected soils, which occupy more than 20% of the irrigated lands, and warrant attention for efficient, inexpensive and environmentally acceptable management. Technologically and from a management perspective, a couple of strategies have shown the potential to improve crop production under irrigated agriculture while minimizing the adverse environmental impacts. The first strategy, vegetative bioremediation--a plant-assisted reclamation approach--relies on growing appropriate plant species that can tolerate ambient soil salinity and sodicity levels during reclamation of salt-affected soils. A variety of plant species of agricultural significance have been found to be effective in sustainable reclamation of calcareous and moderately sodic and saline-sodic soils. The second strategy fosters dedicating soils to crop production systems where saline and/or sodic waters predominate and their disposal options are limited. Production systems based on salt-tolerant plant species using drainage waters may be sustainable with the potential of transforming such waters from an environmental burden into an economic asset. Such a strategy would encourage the disposal of drainage waters within the irrigated regions where they are generated rather than exporting these waters to other regions via discharge into main irrigation canals, local streams, or rivers. Being economically and environmentally sustainable, these strategies could be the key to future agricultural and economic growth and social wealth in regions where salt-affected soils exist and/or where saline-sodic drainage waters are generated.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2003

Effect of organic and mineral fertilizers on N-use by wheat under different irrigation frequencies.

A field trial was established in Errachidia, southern Morocco, to investigate the interaction between wheat residue management and mineral 15N-labelled ammonium sulphate, under different irrigation treatments, applied to wheat (Triticum durum var. Karim). In treatments I1, I2, I3 and I4, plots were irrigated every 10, 15, 21 and 30 days. Each plot contained three sub-plots that received three fertilization treatments: T1 received 42 kg N ha-1 of ammonium sulphate before seedling, 42 kg N ha-1 of ammonium sulphate labelled with 9.764 at % 15N excess at tillering and 84 N kg ha-1 of ammonium sulphate at flowering; T2 received 42 kg N ha-1 of ammonium sulphate labelled with 9.764 at % 15N excess at seedling, 42 kg N ha-1 at tillering and 42 kg N ha-1 at flowering; T3 received 4800 kg ha-1 of wheat residue labelled with 1.504 at % 15N excess and 42 kg N ha-1 of ammonium sulphate before seedling and 42 kg N ha-1 of ammonium sulphate at flowering. Nitrogen fertilization with 168 kg N ha-1 did no significantly increase grain and straw yields in comparison to the 126 kg N ha-1 application. The combination of the organic input and supplementary application of mineral fertilizer N has been found as a more attractive management option. For all irrigation treatments, the % recovery of N in the whole plant was higher in plants that received 15N at tillering (63%, 49% respectively for irrigation intervals between 10 and 30 d) than in plants that received 15N just after seeding (28% for irrigation each 10- and 30-d intervals). For the irrigation treatment each 10 and 15 days, the 15N was mainly recovered by the grain for all fertilization treatments, whereas for irrigation treatment each 30 days, the grain and straw recovered nearly equal amounts of fertilizer. For grain and straw of wheat, nitrogen in the plant derived from the fertilizer was low, while most of the N was derived from the soil for all irrigation and fertilization treatments. The % nitrogen in the plant derived from the fertilizer values showed no significant difference between the different plant parts. The results suggested a dominant influence of moisture availability on the fertilizer N uptake by wheat. Under dry conditions the losses of N can be allotted to denitrification and volatilisation.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2002

Scintigraphic assessment of colostomy irrigation.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate colonic transport following colostomy irrigation with a new scintigraphic technique. MATERIALS AND METHODS: To label the bowel contents 19 patients (11 uncomplicated colostomy irrigation, 8 complicated colostomy irrigation) took 111In-labelled polystyrene pellets one and two days before investigation. 99mTc-DTPA was mixed with the irrigation fluid to assess its extent within the bowel. Scintigraphy was performed before and after a standardized washout procedure. The colon was divided into three segments 1: the caecum andascending colon; 2: the transverse colon; 3: the descending and sigmoid colon. Assuming ordered evacuation of the colon, the contribution of each colonic segment to the total evacuation was expressed as a percentage of the original segmental counts. These were added to reach a total defaecation score (range: 0-300). RESULTS: In uncomplicated colostomy irrigation, the median defaecation score was 235 (range: 145-289) corresponding to complete evacuation of the descending and transverse colon and 35% evacuation of the caecum/ascending colon. In complicated colostomy irrigation it was possible to distinguish specific emptying patterns. The retained irrigation fluid reached the caecum in all but one patient. CONCLUSION: Scintigraphy can be used to evaluate colonic emptying following colostomy irrigation.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Enhancing patient outcomes in aesthetic and reconstructive breast surgery using triple antibiotic breast irrigation: six-year prospective clinical study.

BACKGROUND: Capsular contracture remains one of the most commonly reported complications in aesthetic and reconstructive breast patients. Previous in vitro studies from the authors' laboratory have recommended a new triple antibiotic povidone-iodine irrigation (2000) and subsequently a triple antibiotic non-povidone-iodine-containing irrigant (2001) to optimize broad-spectrum coverage of various bacteria implicated in capsular contracture; however, the clinical efficacy of these in vitro studies remains unproven. The purpose of this study was to determine the clinical efficacy for the previously reported triple antibiotic breast irrigation. The cost-effectiveness of universal application of irrigation solutions in breast prosthesis surgery was analyzed as well. METHODS: Patients undergoing aesthetic and reconstructive breast implant procedures were treated with a standardized operative technique, including the use of triple antibiotic breast irrigation by a single surgeon. Capsular contracture was assessed using a simplified Baker scale and graded by two independent caregivers to maximize objectivity and consistency. Additional complications were also recorded, including reoperation. Patient charges for antibiotic irrigation and reoperation for contracture were determined and compared. RESULTS: A total of 335 patients operated on since 1997 were evaluated prospectively. They ranged in age from 18 to 86 years, and the mean follow-up was 14 months (range, 6 to 75 months). The rate of grade III/IV capsular contracture in the study groups was 1.8 percent for patients undergoing primary breast augmentation. Patients undergoing augmentation-mastopexy had a grade III/IV contracture rate of 0 percent. Breast reconstruction patients had a 9.5 percent rate of grade III/IV contracture. CONCLUSIONS: Triple antibiotic breast irrigation is clinically associated with a low incidence of capsular contracture compared with other published reports, and its clinical efficacy supports previously published in vitro studies. Application of triple antibiotic irrigation is recommended for all aesthetic and reconstructive breast procedures and is cost effective.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Controlling nitrate leaching in irrigated agriculture.

The impact of improved irrigation and nutrient practices on ground water quality was assessed at the Nebraska Management System Evaluation Area using ground water quality data collected from 16 depths at 31 strategically located multilevel samplers three times annually from 1991 to 1996. The site was sectioned into four 13.4-ha management fields: (i) a conventional furrow-irrigated corn (Zea mays L.) field; (ii) a surge-irrigated corn field, which received 60% less water and 31% less N fertilizer than the conventional field; (iii) a center pivot-irrigated corn field, which received 66% less water and 37% less N fertilizer than the conventional field; and (iv) a center pivot-irrigated alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) field. Dating (3H/3He) indicated that the uppermost ground water was <1 to 2 yr old and that the aquifer water was stratified with the deepest water approximately 20 yr old. Recharge during the wet growing season in 1993 reduced the average NO3-N concentration in the top 3 m 20 mg L(-1), effectively diluting and replacing the NO3-contaminated water. Nitrate concentrations in the shallow zone of the aquifer increased with depth to water. Beneath the conventional and surge-irrigated fields, shallow ground water concentrations returned to the initial 30 mg NO3-N L(-1) level by fall 1995; however, beneath the center pivot-irrigated corn field, concentrations remained at approximately 13 mg NO3-N L(-1) until fall 1996. A combination of sprinkler irrigation and N fertigation significantly reduced N leaching with only minor reductions (6%) in crop yield.

Agriculture↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Fate and efficacy of polyacrylamide applied in furrow irrigation: full-advance and continuous treatments.

Polyacrylamide (PAM) is applied to 400000 irrigated hectares annually in the USA to control irrigation-induced erosion, yet the fate of dissolved PAM applied in irrigation water is not well documented. We determined the fate of PAM added to furrow streams under two treatments: Initial-10, 10 mg L(-1) PAM product applied only during the initial hours of the irrigation, and Cont-1, 1.0 mg L(-1) PAM product applied continuously during the entire irrigation. The study measured PAM concentrations in 167-m-long PAM-treated furrow streams and along a 530-m tail ditch that received this runoff. Soil was Portneuf silt loam (coarse-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Durinodic Xeric Haplocalcid) with 1.5% slope. Samples were taken at three times during the irrigations, both during and after PAM application. Polyacrylamide was adsorbed to soil and removed from solution as the streams traversed the soil-lined channels. The removal rate increased with stream sediment concentration. Stream sediment concentrations were higher when PAM concentrations were <2 mg L(-1) a.i., for early irrigations, and when untreated tributary flows combined with the stream. In these cases, PAM concentration decreased to undetectable levels over the flow lengths used in this study. When inflows contained >6 mg L(-1) PAM a.i., stream sediment concentrations were minimal and PAM concentrations did not change down the furrow, though they decreased to undetectable levels within 0.5 h after application ceased. One percent of applied PAM was lost in tail-ditch runoff. This loss could have been eliminated by treating only the furrow advance or not treating the last two irrigations.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed2002

[Seeping irrigation effect in sunlight greenhouse].

The differences of soil and air environments, crop growth, development and diseases, and water use efficiency of seeping irrigation from furrow irrigation were studied. Results indicated that compared with furrow irrigation, seeping irrigation could increase soil waterstable granular by 81.4%, soil porosity by 29.0% and soil temperature by 1.1-1.7 degrees C respectively, decrease bulk density by 21.2% and relative air humidity by 13.4% respectively, and save irrigation water by 36.7%. In addition, seeping irrigation could also accelerate crop maturity and increase yield, reduce crop diseases and production cost. Therefore, seeping irrigation was an ideal irrigation technique in sunlight greenhouse at present.

Crops, Agricultural↗
PubMed1986

[Calcium, phosphorus and magnesium levels in the soil, grass and the body of bulls after irrigation of the soil with sewage water].

The aim of the studies was determination of the influence of irrigation with the water of the river Ner on the content of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium in soil, plants and organism of bulls fed on the hay grown on the irrigated soil. The soil irrigated with waste water, its vegetation and 30 bulls of the Black and White breed used in this experiment. The bulls were divided into three groups. The experiment was repeated twice and lasted 93 days each time. The animals from group I and II were given the hay from the meadows irrigated with waste water. The second group of bulls received the hay from the soil which was irrigated more intensively. The animals from group III received the hay from non-irrigated soils. The daily ration of food consisted of 5 kilograms of hay and 3 kilograms of dry beet pulp. Calcium, phosphorus and magnesium were found in the soil, in hay and in the bulls blood serum. Magnesium was found in the bull's hair. The irrigation with the Ner's water increased the amount of calcium and magnesium in the soil and its vegetation. No influence of the irrigation with waste water on the content of phosphorus in hay was observed. No definite relationship between the levels of Ca, P and Mg in food and in the bull's blood serum was observed; however, a relation between the amount of magnesium in food and in the bull's hair was found.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2002

A scanning electron microscopic study of dentinal erosion by final irrigation with EDTA and NaOCl solutions.

AIM: The purpose of this in vitro study was to examine dentinal erosion caused by final irrigation with EDTA and NaOCl. METHODOLOGY: Twenty-five single-rooted human teeth were instrumented with rotary nickel-titanium Series 29 Profile Instruments. The teeth were divided into five groups and subjected to final irrigation as follows: group A, irrigated with 6% NaOCl (3 mL) for 2 min; group B, 15% EDTA (3 mL) for 1 min; group C, 15% EDTA (3 mL) for 1 min, followed by 6% NaOCl (3 mL) for 2 min; group D, 15% EDTA (3 mL) for 3 min and group E, 15% EDTA (3 mL) for 3 min, followed by 6% NaOCl (3 mL) for 2 min. Photomicrographs of dentinal walls were produced using a scanning electron microscope (3000 x) at 1, 3 and 6 mm from the apex. The amount of debris and dentinal tubule diameter were evaluated, and values were statistically analysed using one-way ANOVA and Fisher's PLSD test. RESULTS: When the root canal was irrigated with 15% EDTA alone, the dentine had a smooth and plane appearance, and dentinal tubule orifices were regular and separated. When the root canal was irrigated with EDTA followed by NaOCL the dentine was eroded and the dentinal tubule orifices were irregular and rough. Dentinal tubule diameter increased to 3.43 +/- 0.23 microm in group C and to 3.93 +/- 0.44 microm in group E. Significant differences were observed between groups B and C, and between groups D and E (P < 0.05). However, more debris was removed by irrigation with EDTA followed by NaOCl than with EDTA alone (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Final irrigation with 6% NaOCl accelerates dentinal erosion following treatment with 15% EDTA.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2000

Neuroprotection due to irrigation during bipolar cautery.

OBJECTIVE: To test whether irrigation during bipolar cautery confers thermoprotection from neuronal injury. DESIGN: A rat animal model (15 rats for each treatment group) was used to test the thermoprotective effects of irrigation during bipolar cautery. In this model, the sciatic nerve was exposed, and a 1-second stimulus was applied using bipolar cautery forceps at 40 or 20 W placed directly on the nerve in the presence or absence of simultaneous irrigation. The effects of cautery were determined on the basis of clinical gait analysis by means of the Sciatic Functional Index, temperature response, and neuropathological findings. RESULTS: The degree of paresis was reduced with irrigation. Neuropathological examination of the sciatic nerve after cautery showed significant axonal loss (more small than large fibers) with concomitant demyelination, which was partially inhibited by irrigation (chi2; P = .04). The mechanism of thermoprotection by irrigation was not the result of a reduction in the temperature spike that followed cautery, but resulted from a reduced temperature response during the 15 seconds that followed 40- or 20-W stimulation with bipolar cautery. CONCLUSIONS: Simultaneous irrigation and bipolar cautery enhance temperature recovery to basal levels and protect the peripheral nerve from the effects of cautery.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Saline wound irrigation reduces the postoperative infection rate in guinea pigs.

Wound irrigation with saline is widely used alone or together with systemic antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent postoperative wound infection. This study was aimed to investigate the effect of saline irrigation upon the bacterial load on wound surfaces and on the wound infection rate in an animal model. In 16 guinea pigs, two wounds were contaminated with Bacteroides fragilis and Escherichia coli. One wound was irrigated with saline, while the other received no prophylaxis. Quantitative wound cultures were performed before and after irrigation. The wound infection rate was determined at 10 days. Saline irrigation reduced the aerobic and anaerobic bacterial counts in wound margins. The infection rate was also reduced (15/16 nonirrigated vs 6/16 irrigated, P < 0.001). High bacterial counts at the end of operation were associated with wound infection (P < 0.001). At skin closure, wounds which later became infected harbored fourfold more bacteria than noninfected wounds [8.7 (6.4- 1 1.0) vs 2.3 (0.8-3.7) colony-forming units x 10(3) of E. coli/cm2; P < 0.005]. Saline wound irrigation diminishes infection rate in experimental animals by means of a significant reduction of the bacterial inoculum present at the time of skin closure.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Influence of urological irrigation fluids on urothelial bacterial adherence.

The influence of various urological irrigation solutions on bacterial growth and adherence to urothelium was investigated in in vitro and guinea pig models. The irrigation solutions glycine 1.5%, glycine 1.5% and ethanol 1%, glycerol 3%, mannose 6%, sorbitol 2.7% and mannitol 0.54% all inhibited bacterial growth compared with normal saline. In guinea pigs, the influence on bacterial adherence of four irrigation solutions (glycine 1.5%, glycine 1.5% and ethanol 1%, mannose 6%, povidone-iodine) was investigated using two different strains of E. coli. After cauterizing one side of the bladder and inoculation with 2.7 x 10(8) colony forming units under high or low pressure, the bladder was irrigated with the irrigation solutions. There was a stronger adherence of E. coli O6 (with type I pili) than of E. coli ATCC 25922 (without type I pili) to bladder urothelium, particularly to the injured side. There was no significant difference between the high- and low-pressure groups. None of the various irrigation solutions was clearly superior. As mannose 6% effectively inhibited type I pili and also had some antibacterial activity it may reduce urinary tract infection if used as irrigation solution.

Animals↗