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PubMed2001

Mutual relating: developing interpersonal relationships in the community.

AIM OF THE PAPER: This paper, which is part of a larger study that examined how community mental health nurses promoted wellness with young adult who were experiencing an early episode of psychotic illness, aims to explicate how nurses develop interpersonal relationships with these consumers. RATIONALE: Research into the development of interpersonal skills is important because they are an essential foundation to the promotion of wellness in psychotic illness. DESIGN/METHODS: The study used Strauss and Corbin's approach to grounded theory methodology. Concurrent data collection and analysis was undertaken incorporating interviews and observations. The study took place in the community, in rural and regional New South Wales, Australia, and involved consumers, significant others, and community mental health nurses. RESULTS: The findings show that several strategies are associated with mutual relating. Attempting to understand necessitates nurses trying to see it from insiders' points of view, while acknowledging that they can never completely understand their illness experience. Being friendly indicates that the qualities of a friendly relationship should be implicit in a professional friendship. Tuning in involves taking account of and adjusting to consumers' ways of dressing, communicating, and the types of approaches that consumers prefer. Revealing oneself is a process that helps put both consumers and nurses at ease, and helps dispel the perception consumers take part in a one-sided relationship. Being there for them, is a particular type of obligation that entails nurses being accountable for the care they provide, being a spokesperson for consumers, if required, and avoiding collusion with others. Related to avoiding collusion, is the issue of maintaining confidentiality, particularly within the context of interacting with significant others. CONCLUSION: The results of the study have implications for the way nurses develop and maintain interpersonal relationships with consumers, and this is affected by nurses' personal and professional attributes.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1984

Effectiveness of the clinical instructor. Students' perspective.

I conducted a survey of 102 senior physical therapy students to identify, from the students' perspective, training needs for clinical instructors. The literature identified 43 clinical instructor behaviors in four categories (communication, interpersonal relations, professional skills, and teaching behaviors). Students scored these behaviors, for their importance and frequency. Results demonstrated all behaviors were perceived as somewhat significant and frequent. The students scored communication as most important followed by interpersonal relations, teaching, and professional skills behaviors. Frequency of the 43 behaviors was evenly distributed among the four categories. Correlational analysis of the perceived importance with the frequency of each behavior yielded 9 statistically significant positive correlations, no negative correlations, and 16 near random correlations. Positive correlations were 56 percent professional skills and 44 percent teaching behaviors. Near random correlations were 38 percent communication, 6 percent interpersonal relations, 6 percent professional skills behaviors, and 50 percent teaching. These 16 behaviors are identified as the target for clinical instructor training programs. This method in individual clinical settings is discussed briefly.

Attitude↗
PubMed1997

Hope and a health-promoting lifestyle in persons with Parkinson's disease.

The purpose of this study was to determine relationships between hope and a health-promoting lifestyle in adults with varying stages of Parkinson's disease (PD) using a descriptive, correlational design. The sample of 42 adults, recruited from a PD educational symposium and support groups, completed the Herth Hope Index (HHI) and Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II (HPLP II). Significant correlations were found between hope and a total health-promoting lifestyle and spiritual growth and interpersonal relations subscales. Highest subscale means were in interpersonal relations and nutrition and the lowest mean was in physical activity. Despite a chronic, progressive neurological disease, adults in this study perceived themselves as hopeful and engaged in a health promoting lifestyle.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2000

Predictors of behavior and performance in extreme environments: the Antarctic space analogue program.

BACKGROUND: To determine which, if any, characteristics should be incorporated into a select-in approach to screening personnel for long-duration spaceflight, we examined the influence of crewmember social/ demographic characteristics, personality traits, interpersonal needs, and characteristics of station physical environments on performance measures in 657 American men who spent an austral winter in Antarctica between 1963 and 1974. METHODS: During screening, subjects completed a Personal History Questionnaire which obtained information on social and demographic characteristics, the Deep Freeze Opinion Survey which assessed 5 different personality traits, and the Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation-Behavior (FIRO-B) Scale which measured 6 dimensions of interpersonal needs. Station environment included measures of crew size and severity of physical environment. Performance was assessed on the basis of combined peer-supervisor evaluations of overall performance, peer nominations of fellow crew-members who made ideal winter-over candidates, and self-reported depressive symptoms. RESULTS: Social/demographic characteristics, personality traits, interpersonal needs, and characteristics of station environments collectively accounted for 9-17% of the variance in performance measures. The following characteristics were significant independent predictors of more than one performance measure: military service, low levels of neuroticism, extraversion and conscientiousness, and a low desire for affection from others. CONCLUSIONS: These results represent an important first step in the development of select-in criteria for personnel on long-duration missions in space and other extreme environments. These criteria must take into consideration the characteristics of the environment and the limitations they place on meeting needs for interpersonal relations and task performance, as well as the characteristics of the individuals and groups who live and work in these environments.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Compulsive heroin use and interpersonal orientation.

This research attempt to clarify and quantify the ways in which heroin addicts deal with interpersonal relations. A sample of heroin addicts on a methadone maintenance program were given the Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation-Behavior (FIRO-B) scale. An accidental sample consisted of 35, approximately one-half, of the clinic's population. A mean interpersonal orientation profile is established and interpreted. An analysis of variance was performed for each of the six FIRO-B scores. Patients needs based on FIRO-B scores are discussed with regard to the descriptions of addicts life-styles as described in the literature. The possible etiological basis for these interpersoanl orientations is also discussed. Several therapeutic approaches, as indicated by FIRO-B scores, are explored.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Patterns of relation and premorbid personality in late paraphrenia and depression.

38 patients with late paraphrenia and 38 with endogenous depression of late onset were compared regarding interpersonal relations and personality traits by means of semistructured interviews. The prevalence of premorbid personality disorder was determined by the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R Personality Disorders. The main objective of the study was to look for lifetime relation patterns and personality traits distinguishing the two groups and pointing to a specific premorbid vulnerability of paranoid and depressive patients. A high rate of personality disorder comorbidity was found in both groups, with mainly paranoid and schizoid disorder in late paraphrenic patients (39%) and avoidant, dependent or compulsive personality in depressives (35%). As a rule, this corresponded to a lifelong pattern of seclusion and self-sufficiency in the paranoid, and of close intimacy and heteronomy in the depressive patients. On the basis of the results, a polar typology of personality and interpersonal relations in both patient groups is developed.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2006

[Perceptions of self and relationship in problem solving situations: the influence of the differences for the tasks].

The purpose of this study was to examine how the differences of task influenced the perceptions of self and their relationship in problem solving situation, and to study the relation between self and their relationship. The participants were 64 college students. Two same-sex students made a pair and were engaged to solve the task together. After pairs solved the task, they completed the questionnaire. Pairs were randomly divided into one of two experimental conditions. In the "ability task" condition, pairs solved the logical task, and pairs of the "interpersonal relations task" condition solved the task concerning interpersonal relations. The results indicated that the self and their relationship were perceived differently between the two conditions of tasks.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Inventory of interpersonal problems: a three-dimensional balanced and scalable 48-item version.

Interpersonal relating has been a focus of attention in psychiatry for decades. To address this domain, a self-rating scale, the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (IIP; Horowitz, Rosenberg, Baer, Ureño, & Villaseñor, 1988), was developed. Analysis of the psychometric properties of IIP presented in this article was performed by principal component analysis (PCA) for the purpose of obtaining subscales with a balanced, bipolar dimensionality. The model was validated by the resulting dimensions' ability to discriminate among different categories of personality disorders (PDs). The problem of a General Complaint factor affecting PCAs of questionnaires such as the IIP is discussed thoroughly, and ways of avoiding the problem are outlined. We present a three-dimensional structure of the IIP with both theoretically appealing and statistically robust dimensions of Assertiveness, Sociability, and Interpersonal Sensitivity based on 48 (out of 127) items. Balanced, additive indexes using the subset of 48 items appeared psychometrically sound by showing much lower correlations internally and less confounding from the General Complaint factor than extant indexes derived from the IIP. External validity seemed to be bolstered by all subscales' discriminating significantly between different PDs versus no PDs, on both cluster and single diagnosis levels. Our analysis seemed to substantiate the reliability (scalability) of three dimensions of the IIP tapping different areas of the interpersonal relational field.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Pattern integrations in young depressed women: Part I.

The enduring patterns of interpersonal relations between young depressed women and their significant others create a theater for early interventions. As noted by Hildegard Peplau, interpersonal relations include patterns that are organized around appraisals from significant others, ultimately forming the internal sense of self-regard that is deeply disrupted in depression. Pattern integrations, or the "fit" of the woman and her significant others become maintained as a way of avoiding anxiety and negative appraisals. Complementary, mutual, alternating, and antagonistic patterns have been identified by Peplau, and the relationship to anxiety, the maintenance of self-worth, and the therapeutic use of these patterns by the nurse are explored.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

The relative contributions of interpersonal and specific clinical skills to the perception of global clinical competence.

BACKGROUND: The objective structured clinical examination (OSCE), an established instrument for evaluating resident competence, was used to test the hypothesis that faculty assessment of clinical competence in residents at various levels of training may be influenced more by general skills as a physician and less by competency in the actual skills being specifically tested. In this study, advantage was taken of the anticipated observation that general surgery residents did not demonstrate improvement in their ability to perform a focused neurological assessment over time. METHODS: An OSCE, which was administered to 56 general surgery residents at all levels of training, included the assessment of a specific clinical neurosurgical problem (sciatica). Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to evaluate the relationship between the global faculty judgment of competent or noncompetent and the other performance measures that were applied. RESULTS: At different levels of training, there was no observed difference in the specific skills being tested; nevertheless, junior and senior residents were more likely than incoming interns to be judged "competent" and received better evaluations of how well they introduced themselves to the patient. The competence judgment correlated significantly with all of the other performance measures, including the skills being tested. CONCLUSIONS: The perception of competence is not solely dependent upon the particular skills under scrutiny. General competence does not guarantee competence in each specific skill set of a medical specialty.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed1993

Woman battering in Israel: the relative contributions of interpersonal factors.

Interpersonal factors were examined in 60 couples who reported violence by male against female partner and in 60 couples who did not. Violent men reported lower partnership quality and less social support than did nonviolent men. Battered women reported lower partnership quality but more positive social support than did women with nonviolent partners. Level of violence was predicted by level of child-rearing conflict and the availability of social support for the violent men.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Evaluation of the quality of public health care for children from the user's viewpoint].

This paper presents results from research that used a qualitative approach to identify evaluation criteria from an user viewpoint, and tries also to evaluate the work of the Whole Care for Children's Health Program (WCCHP), which directs actions in the children care services at the basic level. Dates were obtained th partly structured interviewing at home with ten adults in charge of children registered in October 1992 at four units of the Barra-Rio Vermelho District. Through a simultaneous process of gathering and analyzing dates, using a content analysis technique it was possible to classify the results in five groups: "motivations" to look for the service; having expectations; "choosing" a health service; evaluating the service used; and suggesting improvements. The evaluation criteria found are closely related to: access; interpersonal relation; results; and continuing care, which possess different value degrees according to the motives for service need. The results of the evaluation show that the model of clinical assistance and the form organization of the services do not fulfill the objectives of PAISC, breeding access difficulties, and poor results on account of the lack of material resources, coordination and care continuity.

Adult↗