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PubMed1978

Human filariae in Indonesia.

The distribution of human filariae in Indonesia has not changed significantly since initial reports of the disease were made in 1928. Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi are widely distributed but the newly described Brugia timori appears to be restricted to the Lesser Sunda Islands. W. bancrofti and B. timori in Indonesia are nocturnally periodic and B. malayi has nocturnally periodic and B. malayi has nocturnally periodic and nocturnally subperiodic strains.

Brugia↗
PubMed1985

Status of Anopheles malaria vectors in Indonesia.

During eight years (1975-1984), approximately 46 species of Anopheles have so far been detected by entomological team of Directorate General Communicable Disease Control in Indonesia. Eighteen species of Anopheles have been confirmed as malaria vectors and seven species which consist of: An. sundaicus, An. subpictus An. aconitus, An. balabacensis, An. barbirostris, An. punctulatus and An. minimus have been reconfirmed as malaria vectors, during 1975-1984. An. sundaicus and An. aconitus are the main vectors in Java (reconfirmed 1979-1980-1982). An. sundaicus is predominantly exophilic and exophagic. It is mostly anthropophilic except in Central Java and Yogyakarta where the Human Blood Index (HBI) of An. sundaicus is too low (1.31%). Based on susceptibility tests done during period 1980 to 1983, no An. sundaicus resistance to DDT has been recorded in Java. An. aconitus is the main vector in island of Java. Although mostly exophilic, exophagic and zoophilic, in some places (Central Java) it may still be a dangerous vector. An. aconitus resistance to DDT have been recorded in Central Java, Yogyakarta and large part of East Java. Based on few tests done in Java, An. aconitus is still susceptible to dieldrin and organophosphates i.e. malathion and fenitrotion. Malaria vectors in Outer Islands (outside Java), are predominantly exophilic and exophagic and are still susceptible to DDT. There might be some complexes confronting malaria control programme, which could be An. aconitus, An. Sundaicus and An. balabacensis in Indonesia.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Dengue virus isolation in Indonesia, 1975-1978.

Virus isolations from dengue hemorrhagic fever patients in Indonesia are reported from 1975 to 1978. All 4 dengue serotypes were endemic in Jakarta, but dengue 3 was the predominant virus isolated. This type was also the most frequently isolated virus from patients outside Jakarta and had the widest distribution in Indonesia. The sensitivity of the mosquito inoculation technique for isolation of dengue viruses is discussed.

Antigens, Viral↗
PubMed1981

Studies on Malayan filariasis in Bengkulu (Sumatera), Indonesia with special reference to vector confirmation.

In an endemic focus of Brugia malayi in Bengkulu, Indonesia the microfilariae rate was 25%. The microfilariae showed nocturnal periodicity. Domestic cats in the same area were found to harbour B. pahangi, with a microfilariae rate of 23%. In the study area, the most prevalent man-biting Mansonia mosquitoes were Mn.bonneae (41%), followed by Mn.annulata (27%), Mn.uniformis (25%) and Mn.dives (7%). More Mansonia mosquitoes were collected outdoors than indoors between 1800-2200 hours. Natural infections with infective larvae of Brugia spp. were found in Mn.bonneae, Mn.dives, Mn.uniformis, Mn.annulata, and An.nigerrimus. Experimental infection studies revealed that Mn.annulata, Mn.bonneae, Mn.uniformis, An.nigerrimus and An.peditaeniatus permit the development of infective larvae. Under experimental condition, the vectorial competence is high in Mn.bonneae, intermediate in Mn.uniformis and low in An.hyrcanus group. It is concluded that the principal vectors of periodic B.malayi in the study area in Bengkulu are four Mansonia species (Mn.annulata, Mn.bonneae, Mn.uniformis and Mn.dives), and that the potential vectors include two Anopheles species (An.nigerrimus and An.peditaeniatus). This is the first record of Mn.bonneae being a vector of periodic B.malayi in Indonesia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Diarrhoeal diseases among refugees in Indonesia.

The influx of refugees from Vietnam had created some consequences especially in transmission of certain communicable diseases. During several months of their first arrival, most of illness (90%) were caused by upper respiratory tract infections, skin diseases and diarrhoeal diseases. Several efforts and measures had been done by the Government of Indonesia in collaboration with several agencies i.e. P3V, PMI, UNHCR, W.VI, etc. As a result of the activities, a reduction of diarrhoeal diseases, has been observed. There was no cholera or typhoid cases detected through routine surveillance activities or by special survey. If we examine the morbidity and mortality pattern of refugees or we are comparing with Indonesian figures, it can be concluded that diarrhoeal diseases is not a significant health problem among refugees in Indonesia.

Diarrhea↗
PubMedDate not supplied

ASEAN GMP and pharmaceutical industries in Indonesia.

Indonesia was appointed by the ASEAN Technical Cooperation in Pharmaceutical as a focal point and to coordinate the development of practical guidelines for the implementation of GMP. The ASEAN GMP Guidelines were endorsed by the ASEAN Technical Cooperation in Pharmaceutical in 1988, which among others required separation of Beta-Lactam dedicated facilities and three degrees of cleanliness for production areas. As it was realised that drug manufacturers in developing countries need more detailed guidelines to be able to implement the GMP, an Operational Manual for GMP was also prepared for providing examples of SOPs lay-outs, documentation etc. It was agreed by the technical cooperation group to leave the implementation of GMP to each member country. However, the ASEAN Manual for Inspection of GMP was drafted and endorsed by the group and training of ASEAN Drug Inspectors was organized to support the implementation. The ASEAN GMP is being implemented in Indonesia through a five-year, stepwise implementation plan, starting in 1989.

Drug Industry↗
PubMed1995

Midwifery in Indonesia: a professional snapshot.

In 1988, Indonesia had the highest maternal mortality rate in South East Asia, but the Government's commitment to reducing this has already demonstrated a measure of success. Initiatives include: use of voluntary healthcare workers (kaders) in the local community family planning initiatives raising awareness of the status of women in society by the appointment of a Minister for Women's Affairs. The commitment of both the government and midwives to promoting safe motherhood in Indonesia should make a significant contribution to achieving the WHO aim of halving the maternal mortality rate by the year 2000.

Female↗
PubMed1993

Current status of filariasis in Indonesia.

Filariasis in Indonesia is widely distributed. Three species consisting of 5 ecologically different types have been identified infecting man. Compared to older data, infection rates are much lower, partly due to environmental change and partly as a result of control programs. Various dosage treatments have given good results. The higher dosage treatment gave severe reactions especially in brugian filariasis. Pockets of high endemicity can still be found in remote rural areas. Therefore a weekly low dosage treatment of 40 weeks through the Primary Health Care approach has been adopted. Filariasis research in Indonesia at present is concentrating on the use of biotechnological tools, especially for diagnostic and vector identification purposes, and to understand better the pathophysiology. Treatment trials with new drugs such as Ivermectin and DEC are being conducted both in man and experimental animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

[Prevention of neonatal tetanus in developing countries hampered by local organization and limited knowledge of health personnel and traditional midwives; North Sulawesi (Indonesia)].

OBJECTIVE: Evaluation of the policy to prevent neonatal tetanus in North-Sulawesi (Indonesia). DESIGN: Descriptive and questionnaire study. SETTING: Twelve villages in the district of Minahassa, Sulawesi, Indonesia. METHOD: The policy aimed at preventing neonatal tetanus was studied during the period April-June 1992. The relevant knowledge was tested of the community health workers (CHWs, n = 142) and traditional birth attendants (TBAs, n = 37) active in the 12 villages. To this purpose, 54 and 27 workers, respectively, were interviewed using a standard questionnaire. RESULTS: Not all women were vaccinated sufficiently to prevent their unborn children from tetanus; mostly, adequate vaccination records were lacking. 33% of the TBAs were unaware that neonatal tetanus can be prevented by hygienic delivery; in this respect there was no difference between trained and untrained TBAs. Of the CHWs, 39% were familiar with the correct vaccination policy and 26% did not know that pregnant women have to be vaccinated. 70% of the CHWs and TBAs wrongly believed that neonatal tetanus no longer occurred in their village. CONCLUSION: CHWs and TBAs showed little interest in neonatal tetanus, so that they were lacking in motivation regarding hygienic delivery procedures and preventive tetanus toxoid vaccination. Implementation of a good preventive programme in developing countries mostly requires organizatory rather than biomedical improvement.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Insecticide susceptibility status of Anopheles koliensis (Diptera: Culicidae) in northeastern Irian Jaya, Indonesia.

Anopheles koliensis, an important malaria vector in the interior region of Irian Jaya, Indonesia, was evaluated for susceptibility to three different insecticide compounds using the standard World Health Organization diagnostic test kit and pretreated impregnated papers. A series of tests were conducted in Arso PIR I, a transmigrant settlement 60 km south of Jayapura, from January 1988 to May 1989. All compounds were tested at the recommended diagnostic dosage and exposure time. An. koliensis were susceptible to 1.0% fenitrothion at two hour exposure (N = 358) and 5.0% malathion at one hour exposure (N = 371) after the 24-hour holding period. Significant resistance to DDT was observed in both the An. koliensis and Culex quinquefasciatus populations. Approximately 30% of the An. koliensis population (N = 468) was resistant to 4% DDT at both one and two hour exposures. These findings indicate that routine use of DDT in Arso PIR I for indoor residual house spraying may be of limited effectiveness, in part, because of physiological resistance. However, use of an alternative insecticide will be more expensive and might prove equally ineffective because of the exophilic behavior of the species. This is the first confirmed report from repeated observations of DDT resistance in An. koliensis from Indonesia.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

The pattern of cardiovascular disease in Indonesia.

As its socioeconomic situation is improving, Indonesia is now in epidemiological transition, having the double burden of infectious diseases and emerging noncommunicable, especially cardiovascular, diseases. A review of the data from recent community surveys indicates an increase in cardiovascular diseases, particularly ischaemic heart disease and hypertension and its sequelae, as causes of morbidity and mortality, most markedly among the elderly, while rheumatic heart disease and congenital heart disease continue to have much lower incidences. In response to this situation, Indonesia has joined the WHO MONICA Project as an associate member. The first population screening, completed in 1988 on 2,073 randomly selected subjects, disclosed important risk factors including hypertension, smoking and physical inactivity. Lipid values are low compared with Western figures but higher than Japanese values. The prevalence of hypertension ranged from 5 to 15% in all adults but reached over 20% in those aged 50 years and over. Primary and primordial prevention programmes are to receive higher priority, and health education is to be given special attention at all levels. It will be necessary for the government to work closely with nongovernmental organizations in order to accomplish the tasks in hand.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Progress toward poliomyelitis eradication--Indonesia, 1995.

In 1988, Indonesia (1991 population: 181 million) adopted the goal of eradicating poliomyelitis by the year 2000. Although routine coverage with three doses or oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV3) has been >90% among 1-year-old children since 1991, cases of polio continue to be reported. To interrupt poliovirus transmission, National Immunization Days (NIDs) were conducted during September 13-17 and October 18-22, 1995, resulting in vaccination of >22 million children aged <5 years (representing approximately 100% of the target population). NIDs are planned for September 10-14 and October 15-19, 1996, and in 1997. This report presents the polio surveillance data for Indonesia for 1995, which indicate that substantial improvements are necessary to meet the objectives of the polio-eradication initiative. Activities are under way to intensify surveillance for acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) and to identify the remaining reservoirs of wild poliovirus transmission.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Description of Topomyia irianensis n. sp. and new records of To. papuensis from Maluku and Irian Jaya, Indonesia (Diptera:Culicidae).

The adults, male genitalia, pupa, and larva of Topomyia (Topomyia) irianensis n. sp. from Irian Jaya, Indonesia, are described and illustrated. The new species is compared to closely related species, Topomyia dejesusi Baisas and Feliciano, 1953, and Topomyia argyropalpis Leicester, 1908. Topomyia (Suaymyia) papuensis Marks was recorded for the first time from Maluku and Irian Jaya. This is the first record of the genus Topomyia from Maluku and Irian Jaya, Indonesia.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Micronutrient deficiency in urban Indonesia.

The economic situation of Indonesia is characterized by a large increase in the gross national product which has been on average 7% annually during the last ten years. This was accompanied by rapid urbanization. With the economic improvement, "First World" and "Third World" health and nutrition problems are coexisting in Indonesia. In 1992, the most common of death cause was cardiovascular disease whereas tuberculosis was the second ranking. About 40% of the preschool children are stunted. The main stable food and energy source is rice, although the urban population has a more diverse food pattern than the rural population. In Jakarta, many children receive too late colostrum feeding and mothers are not aware about the importance of correct breastfeeding practices after delivery. Three studies had shown that about one fifth of preschool children and one fourth of elderly take micronutrient supplements. Nevertheless, micronutrient deficiencies are prevalent in Jakarta. About one third of women suffer from moderate vitamin A deficiency (plasma retinol < 0.70 mmol/L) and 50% of pregnant women are anemic. More information is necessary on other micronutrient deficiencies. For example, a small study revealed that nearly two thirds of non-institutionalized elderly living in Jakarta experience thiamine deficiency. Appropriate interventions to reduce micronutrient deficiencies should sensitize the urban population to the fact that the government should restrict itself to use its resources to assist only the poorest individuals and groups, whereas it must be expected from the middle class to spend more time and money to solve their own problems.

Deficiency Diseases↗
PubMed1998

The introduction and use of Norplant implants in Indonesia.

In this study, patterns of Norplant use in Indonesia are reviewed to assess the implications of this experience for the introduction of new contraceptive methods. Data from the Norplant Use-Dynamics Study and the 1994 Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey are analyzed, and patterns of acceptance, continuation, and removal are described. Acceptance of Norplant has increased steadily since it was first introduced. The method is now used by more than 5 percent of all married women of reproductive age. Continuation rates among Norplant users are higher than among users of the IUD. One factor behind high continuation rates may be that a substantial proportion of acceptors were not told that removal before five years was possible. Results indicate that deficits occurred in the quality of service delivery and that a need exists for improved provider training, better supervision, and clearer and better-enforced guidelines regarding women's right to have Norplant removed on demand.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Total serum IgE and eosinophil count in children with and without a history of asthma, wheezing, or atopy in an urban community in Indonesia. The Respiratory Disease Working Group.

AIM: The objectives of the study were to assess total serum IgE and eosinophil count in a random sample of 20% of the children between 12 and 54 months old in a suburban community of Bandung, Indonesia, and to investigate a possible relationship between these values and atopy, asthma or wheezing and parasite infestation. METHODS: Two hundred sixty-nine children were examined at the Integrated Primary Health Care Unit, and the parents or guardians were interviewed with the use of a standardized questionnaire. RESULTS: The overall median value of IgE was 436 IU/ml (range, 18 to 9707 IU/ml); almost 94% of the children showed an IgE value of more than 100 IU/ml, and 29% showed a value of more than 1000 IU/ml. The median value for eosinophils was 580/mm3 (range, 70 to 5090/mm3); only 31% of the children had less than 400 eosinophils/mm3. IgE levels and eosinophilia were not related to age but showed a significant, although not high, correlation with each other (p < 0.05). In about 36% of the children parasites were demonstrated in a single stool sample; in those subjects eosinophilia and IgE values tended to be greater, but the difference was not significant. About 7% of the children had asthma, and in those subjects the eosinophil counts and IgE levels were much more increased (p < 0.001 and p approximately 0.01, respectively). No difference was found in IgE or eosinophil count in relation to other forms of atopy in the child (milk-induced dermatitis, urticaria, eczema, rhinitis) or in relation to a history of asthma or atopy in other family members. Yet, the occurrence of asthma in the child was significantly related to a history of asthma in other family members. CONCLUSIONS: IgE values and eosinophilia are markedly increased in these children under 5 years of age in Bandung, Indonesia, and the highest values are found in the 7% with asthma.

Asthma↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Plasmid patterns and antimicrobial susceptibilities of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Bandung, Indonesia.

Antimicrobial susceptibilities of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates from female sex workers and from men with urethritis in Bandung, Indonesia, were determined by an agar dilution technique. Typing of the Tet M plasmid in tetracycline-resistant isolates (TRNG) was performed using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique and plasmid profiles of penicillinase-producing isolates (PPNG) were determined. All PPNG possessed the 4.4 MDa beta-lactamase plasmid and all TRNG showed a PCR fragment characteristic of the 'Dutch' type Tet M plasmid. Of the 50 gonococci isolates tested, all were resistant to tetracycline; 47 were TRNG, 26 were PPNG, and 6 were resistant to thiamphenicol. Chromosomal resistance to penicillin was not detected. All isolates were susceptible to ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, kanamycin, spectinomycin, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Spectinomycin and fluoroquinolones are useful primary drugs for treatment of gonococcal infection in Bandung. Continued surveillance of antimicrobial resistance should be part of gonorrhoea control in Indonesia.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗