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PubMed2006

Preferred bonding motif for indium aminoethanethiolate complexes: structural characterization of (Me2NCH2CH2S)2InX/SR (X = Cl, I; R = 4-MeC6H4, 4-MeOC6H4).

The metathesis reaction of InCl3 with Me2NCH2CH2SNa or the redox reaction of indium metal with elemental iodine and the disulfide (Me2NCH2CH2S)2 yield the indium bis(thiolate) complexes (Me2NCH2CH2S)2InX [X = Cl (3) and I (4)], respectively. Compounds 3 and 4 may be further reacted with the appropriate sodium thiolate salts to afford the heteroleptic tris(thiolate) complexes (Me2NCH2CH2S)2InSR [R = 4-MeC6H4 (5), 4-MeOC6H4 (6), and Pr (7)]. Reaction of 2,6-Me2C6H3SNa with 4 affords (Me2NCH2CH2S)2InS(2,6-Me2C6H3) (8), while no reaction is observed with 3, suggesting a greater reactivity for 4. All isolated compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, melting point, and Fourier transform IR and 1H and 13C{1H} NMR spectroscopies. X-ray crystallographic analyses of 3-6 show a bicyclic arrangement and a distorted trigonal-bipyramidal geometry for In in all cases. The two sulfur and one halogen (3 and 4) or three sulfur (5 and 6) atoms occupy equatorial positions, while the nitrogen atoms of the chelating (dimethylamino)ethanethiolate ligands occupy the axial positions. The metric parameters of the (Me2NCH2CH2S)2In framework were found to change minimally upon variation of the X/SR ligand, while the solubility of the corresponding compounds in organic solvents varied greatly. 1H NMR studies in D2O showed that 6 and 7 react slowly with an excess of the tripeptide l-glutathione and that the rate of reaction is affected by the pendant thiolate ligand -SR.

Crystallography, X-Ray↗
PubMed2004

Indium-mediated atom-transfer and reductive radical cyclizations of iodoalkynes: synthesis and biological evaluation of HIV-protease inhibitors.

Novel indium-mediated radical cyclization reactions of aliphatic iodoalkynes have been studied. Treatment of iodoalkynes with a catalytic amount of In (0.1 equiv) and I(2) (0.05 equiv) promotes atom-transfer 5-exo cyclization to give five-membered alkenyl iodides. In contrast, reaction with In (2 equiv) and I(2) (1 equiv) yields reductive 5-exo cyclization products via the same 5-exo cyclization. Both processes are most likely initiated by low-valent indium species. To demonstrate versatility of these reactions, optically active HIV protease inhibitors were synthesized by this reductive cyclization method. Among them, several products, which contain a hydroxyethylamine dipeptide isostere as a transition state-mimicking substructure, proved to possess potent activity (IC(50) = 5-39 nM) against a wide spectrum of HIV strains, including multidrug-resistant variants.

Combinatorial Chemistry Techniques↗
PubMed2005

Mechanisms of 1D crystal growth in reactive vapor transport: indium nitride nanowires.

Indium nitride (InN) nanowire synthesis using indium (In) vapor transport in a dissociated ammonia environment (reactive vapor transport) is studied in detail to understand the nucleation and growth mechanisms involved with the so-called "self-catalysis" schemes. The results show that the nucleation of InN crystal occurs first on the substrate. Later, In droplets are formed on top of the InN crystals because of selective wetting of In onto InN crystals. Further growth via liquid-phase epitaxy through In droplets leads the growth in one dimension (1D), resulting in the formation of InN nanowires. The details about the nucleation and growth aspects within these self-catalysis schemes are rationalized further by demonstrating the growth of heteroepitaxially oriented nanowire arrays on single-crystal substrates and "tree-like" morphologies on a variety of substrates. However, the direct nitridation of In droplets using dissociated ammonia results in the spontaneous nucleation and basal growth of nanowires directly from the In melt surface, which is quite different from the above-mentioned nucleation mechanism with the reactive vapor transport case. The InN nanowires exhibit a band gap of 0.8 eV, whereas the mixed phase of InN and In(2)O(3) nanowires exhibit a peak at approximately 1.9 eV in addition to that at 0.8 eV.

Crystallization↗
PubMed2005

Highly enantioselective allylation of aldehydes catalyzed by indium(III)-PYBOX complex.

A chiral indium(III)-PYBOX complex prepared from indium triflate and chiral PYBOX has been discovered to effect high enantioselectivities in the addition of allyltributyl stannane to aldehydes. The allylation of a variety of aromatic, alpha,beta-unsaturated, and aliphatic aldehydes resulted in good yields and high enantioselectivities (up to 94% ee).

Aldehydes↗
PubMed1990

Tumour scanning with indium-111 dihaematoporphyrin ether.

Photofrin II (dihaematoporphyrin ether/ester, DHE) was labelled with indium-111 and its biodistribution in tumour bearing mice compared with that of 111In chloride. The uptake and clearance of 111In labelled DHE differed markedly from that of indium-111 chloride in that the former was not taken up by the tissues as much as the latter. Scintillation scanning with a gamma-camera showed marked uptake of both 111In agents at the site of the tumour, but a much lower tissue background (excluding the abdominal organs) for the mice given 111In DHE. Tumour:muscle ratios of dissected tissues were 2-3 times higher in 111In DHE treated animals as compared to the uptake of 111In chloride. There was a distinct difference in the pattern of distribution of the two 111In preparations in the tissues. The major accumulation of 111In chloride was in the kidneys, whereas the highest uptake of 111In DHE was in the liver, the organ in which unlabelled porphyrins accumulate. Extraction and testing of materials from tumours of 111In DHE treated animals indicated that most of the tumour extractable 111In had remained associated with the porphyrin in vivo up to 4 days after injection.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Indium-labeled white blood cells apheresed from donors receiving G-CSF localize to sites of inflammation when infused into allogeneic bone marrow transplant recipients.

G-CSF administration to normal donors results in granulocyte apheresis yields generally greater than those observed with other neutrophil mobilizing agents. In vitro, neutrophils cultured with G-CSF exhibit prolonged survival; however, the random migration of neutrophils exposed to this agent is inhibited. Although transfused neutrophils mobilized with agents other than G-CSF migrate to sites of inflammation or infection in vivo, this has yet to be demonstrated with infusion of G-CSF-mobilized neutrophils into neutropenic human subjects. Five neutropenic allogeneic bone marrow transplant (BMT) patients each received a fresh infusion of G-CSF-mobilized indium-labeled irradiated white blood cells (WBC) apheresed from HLA-matched normal donors on day +5 post-transplant. Localization of activity on delayed scintigraphic images of indium-labeled WBC scans to sites of tissue damage (oral/nasopharynx in two patients with mucositis and terminal ileum/cecum in one with diarrhea) occurred, and supports the hypothesis that G-CSF-mobilized HLA-matched donor neutrophils which have been irradiated are functional after infusion into neutropenic recipients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Indium (111In)-labelled human platelets: optimal method.

1. A detailed laboratory method is described for the labelling of human platelets with [111In]indium oxine. The 45 min method is simple, requires on 26 ml of blood and is suitable for routine clinical use. 2. After the labelling and resuspension of the platelets in plasma, aggregation responses to both adenosine diphosphate and collagen were similar to those of normal platelet-rich plasma. Less than 5% of the [111In]indium oxine was released by secretory function of platelets. 3. Labelling efficiencies of 90.1 +/- 4.29% (n = 28) were achieved in 60 s by normal concentrations of plasma-free platelet suspensions. 4. Platelet survival in vivo in healthy volunteer subjects follows a linear function with a survival time of 8.44 +/- 0.18 days.

Blood Platelets↗
PubMed2002

Autologous lymphocytes as vectors to target therapeutic radiation, using indium-114m, in patients with lymphoid cell malignancy.

Autologous lymphocytes provide a potential vector for the delivery of a cytotoxic agent in patients with lymphoid cell malignancy. This report describes a phase I-II study using autologous lymphocytes to target the radionuclide indium-114m ((114m)In) in patients with refractory chronic lymphocytic leukaemia or small lymphocytic non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Nineteen patients, the majority of whom had been heavily pretreated with conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy, received between 69 and 211 MBq (114m)In-labelled autologous lymphocytes. Approximately 80% of the administered activity was localized in the liver and spleen, with around 5% accumulating in the bone marrow. Ten patients (53%) responded (one complete response and nine partial responses). The median duration of response was 7 months. The median survival for the responders was 14 months and for the non-responders was 3 months. The first notable response in every patient was a fall in peripheral lymphocyte count. The indium treatment was not associated with any subjective toxicity, although all patients suffered from myelosuppression, with thrombocytopenia being the dose-limiting factor. This study has demonstrated a significant anti-tumour effect in a group of patients with late-stage highly resistant disease.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

In vitro corrosion behaviour and microhardness of high-copper amalgams with platinum and indium.

Samples prepared from Luxalloy, GS-80, Permite-C and Logic and polished after 24 h by traditional methods were stored in polypropylene tubes containing phosphate-buffered saline solutions (pH 3.5 and 6.5) and distilled water. The amounts of mercury, silver, tin, copper, zinc, platinum and indium in the test solutions were determined at the first, second, eighth, 52nd and 78th week by atomic absorption spectrometry. At the end of the eighth week the amalgam samples were removed from solutions and evaluated by Rockwell Super Scial Microhardness tester. Statistically significant low amounts of metal ions were measured for Permite-C containing indium and Logic containing platinum. The microhardness test results showed that there were statistically significant increases in the microhardness of Permite-C and Logic. As a result it was shown that the amalgam samples were affected from corrosion conditions to different degrees. Sample of the Logic group that was stored in distilled water, showed smoother surface properties than other amalgam samples containing high copper. However, it was observed that samples of Permite-C group had the smoothest surface properties.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1982

Comparison of Indium-111 platelet scintigraphy and two-dimensional echocardiography in the diagnosis of left ventricular thrombi.

In a study comparing indium-111 platelet scintigraphy and two-dimensional echocardiography as methods of identifying left ventricular thrombi, the results obtained with both techniques were verified at surgery or autopsy in 53 patients--34 with left ventricular aneurysms, and 19 with mitral-valve disease. Left ventricular thrombi were found at surgery or autopsy in 14 of the patients with aneurysms and in none of those with mitral-valve disease. Thirteen of 53 echocardiograms (25 per cent) were technically inadequate and excluded from the analysis. In the group with aneurysms, the sensitivity of scintigraphy in detecting thrombi was 71 per cent, and that of echocardiography was 77 per cent. The specificity of scintigraphy was 100 per cent, and that of echocardiography was 93 per cent. We conclude that indium-111 platelet scintigraphy and two-dimensional echocardiography have useful and complementary roles in the detection of left ventricular thrombi. Both these noninvasive techniques can be used to monitor therapy.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Correlation between faecal excretion of indium-111-labelled granulocytes and calprotectin, a granulocyte marker protein, in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.

BACKGROUND: Several studies have suggested that clinical indices of disease activity in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) do not adequately reflect the degree of inflammation in most such patients. Faecal excretion of indium-111-labelled neutrophilic granulocytes has been suggested as the gold standard of disease activity, but its complexity and high cost and the exposure of patients to ionizing irradiation have limited the use of this technique. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between the faecal excretion of the granulocyte marker protein calprotectin and that of 111In-labelled granulocytes. METHODS: Calprotectin in stool extracts from 19 patients with Crohn's disease (CD), 10 with ulcerative colitis (UC), and 9 presumably healthy controls was assessed with a simple enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Simultaneously, the faecal excretion of autologous 111In-labelled granulocytes was measured. RESULTS: There was a strong correlation between the average daily excretion of calprotectin and that of the total 3-day excretion of 111In-labelled granulocytes (r = 0.87, P < 0.0001). Furthermore, the concentration of calprotectin, assessed in a small stool sample on day 1, also correlated well with the excretion 111In-labelled granulocytes (r = 0.80, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: The results suggest that faecal calprotectin reflects the granulocyte migration through the gut wall in patients with IBD and hence might serve as a simple, inexpensive alternative to the indium-111 technique.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Tumor localization by tumor infiltrating lymphocytes labeled with indium-111 in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma, melanoma, and colorectal cancer.

BACKGROUND: Adoptive immunotherapy with autologous tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) is a promising approach for cancer bio-therapy. One issue, however, is whether such cells actually migrate to sites of tumor after intravenous infusion. There have been several reports of tumor uptake of radiolabeled TIL in patients with metastatic melanoma, but efforts to visualize tumor with radiolabeled TIL in other tumor types reportedly have been unsuccessful. METHODS: Eight patients with metastatic cancer (5 renal, 2 melanoma, 1 colon) received an intravenous infusion of 2 to 100 billion autologous TIL, including 50 million TIL which had been conjugated to 500 microCi Indium-111, co-administered with interleukin-2 (IL-2). One patient received 1 gm/m2 of cyclophosphamide one day prior to TIL; seven patients received interferon alpha 2b for 4 days prior to receiving TIL. Total body gamma camera imaging, including single photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT), was performed at 24 and 48 hours. RESULTS: All eight patients had demonstrable uptake of 111-Indium-labeled TIL into one or more known sites of tumor. There were no known sites of tumor which were not imaged. Metastatic sites imaged included bone, brain, mediastinal and perihilar lymph nodes, lung and liver parenchyma, abdominal periaortic nodes, and a pelvic mass. One patient served as a negative control in that the TIL scan was negative at a time when she had no evident disease, but a few weeks later had a positive TIL scan which lead to a diagnosis of axillary recurrence. CONCLUSION: Uptake of radiolabeled TIL, whether CD8+ or CD4+, by metastatic renal cell carcinoma and other carcinomas was similar to that previously reported in melanoma. Pretreatment with cyclophosphamide was not a prerequisite for imaging, and TIL uptake did not predict tumor response.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Tc-99m MDP and indium-111 chloride scintigraphy in skeletal tuberculosis.

A case of diffuse osseous tuberculosis with changes on skeletal Tc-99m methylene diphosphonate (MDP) and indium-111 chloride scintigraphy is presented. Only two other cases of bone scan findings in osseous tuberculosis (TB) were reported in the literature and both show patterns similar to diffuse metastatic disease. In addition, the demonstration of corresponding areas of decreased tracer activity on indium-111 bone marrow scintigraphy is a finding that has not been previously reported for skeletal tuberculosis.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

A positive indium-III bone marrow scan in metastatic breast carcinoma. Case report.

Indium is generally presumed to localize in the bone marrow within the erythroid cell line. Fibrosis, inflammation, lymphoma, extended field radiation, chemotherapy, or combinations of both treatment modalities generally depress the uptake of indium by the marrow a complex fashion. We report a case of metastatic breast carcinoma and pancytopenia in which the In-111 scan appeared qualitatively similar to a Tc-99m MDP bone scan. Findings were confirmed by bone marrow biopsy.

Bone Marrow↗
PubMed1985

Indium-111 chloride for detecting suspected hepatomas in patients with focal defects on technetium-99m sulfur colloid liver imaging.

Twenty-three patients with hepatic cirrhosis and focal defects on Tc-99m sulfur colloid (SC) scintigrams were restudied with In-111 chloride to determine if indium localization in the focal defect is indicative of a hepatoma. Seven of eight patients with proven hepatomas had positive studies; however, six of 15 patients without hepatomas also had studies interpreted as positive. Thus, In-111 chloride is highly sensitive for the detection of hepatomas, and a negative indium study would militate against this diagnosis. The high false-positive rate found may be due to technical factors rather than a lack of specificity of localization; the experience of others seems to support this impression. At present, In-111 chloride scintigraphy for focal hepatic defects appears to be useful in ruling out hepatoma.

Carcinoma, Hepatocellular↗
PubMed1986

Role of indium-111 chloride imaging in osteoid osteoma.

Indium-111 chloride imaging plays an important role in differentiating intracortical osteoid osteoma from chronic cortical abscess. The study also may be useful in the detection of intramedullary osteoid osteoma. Four patients who greatly benefited from indium-111 chloride imaging are presented.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Indium-111 DTPA flow study to evaluate surgically implanted drug pump delivery system.

The authors describe a radionuclide technique for evaluating intrathecal and intraventricular infusions by surgically implanted drug pump delivery systems. Sixteen patients underwent flow studies, performed by injecting 500 mu Ci of indium-111 DTPA into the pumps. Early and delayed images were obtained. These studies enabled distinction among functioning pumps, nonfunctioning pumps, and obstructed or occluded catheters. We conclude that indium-111 DTPA flow studies provide an excellent way to assess these drug pump delivery systems.

Equipment Failure↗
PubMed1993

Unexpected pulmonary clumping of In-111 leukocytes attributable to indium oxine reagent.

Five cases of artifactual In-111 leukocyte pulmonary activity were noted at three local hospitals in a 4-day period. Based on the differences in the preparation of the final indium leukocyte product, the problem could be attributed to the indium oxine reagent in a specific lot. This artifact of multiple small foci of marked increased activity in the lungs (clumping pattern), attributable to the In-111 oxine reagent, has not been described previously.

Aged↗