Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Household Distribution”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 271 records · Page 15Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

[Financial protection in health: Mexico, 1992 to 2004].

OBJECTIVE: To document trends in financial protection in the health care system in Mexico between 1992 and 2004, applying a series of indicators that measure catastrophic and impoverishing health spending and the Index of Fairness in Financial Contributions. MATERIALS Y METHODS: This study uses the biannual time series of the Survey of Household Income and Expenditures (ENIGH) spanning the period 1992 to 2004. The methodologies seek to measure the level and distribution of the burden of health care finance on households, and the financial protection offered to them by the health care system. Four indicators are presented: 1) the Index of Fairness in Financial Contributions, 2) the proportion of households with catastrophic health expenditure, 3) the proportion of households with impoverishment due to health spending and 4) the sum of the proportion of households with catastrophic or impoverishing health spending, which is referred to as excessive health spending. The analysis presented in this document is descriptive, leaving for later studies a deeper analysis of causal aspects. RESULTS: The number of families that suffer impoverishment due to health spending increased from 5.2% in 1992, reached a high of 9.9% in 1996, and then gradually declined to 1.8% by 2004. The proportion of households with catastrophic expenses began at 2.8% in 1992, increased to 4.2% in 1998 and then fell to a level of 2.6% in 2004. The improvements from 2000 on are concentrated among the uninsured population, families affiliated to Popular Health Insurance, and households in the poorest two quintiles of the income distribution. CONCLUSIONS: The patterns over time in excessive health spending reflect a worsening during periods of economic crisis, post-crisis recovery, and a sustained improvement beginning in the year 2000. The data suggest that part of the reduction in the number of households with excessive health spending is due to the extension of financial protection for Mexican families through the Popular Health Insurance, while another part is associated with a decline in poverty. In addition,this paper documents an important relationship between economic trends and catastrophic and impoverishing health spending, suggesting the importance of financially protecting families through health insurance. Financial protection assists in guaranteeing that when economic crisis--of a country or of a family--coincides with illness, health care payments do not become the cause of a long or permanent period of impoverishment for households.

Humans↗
PubMed1995

Population review. Structure and distribution of the population.

This article is the first in a series of articles reviewing the changing composition of the population of the United Kingdom. The series is a follow-up to the demographic reviews published in the mid-1970s and mid-1980s (see In Brief, page 2). This first article gives a summary view of the changes since the early Seventies in the structure and distribution of the UK population, and also takes account of population projections for future years. It begins by describing changes in the total population. The review then goes on to consider changes in sex ratios, age distribution, marital status, the regional distribution of the UK resident population, population density, ethnicity and household composition.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Reconceptualizing migration as a household phenomenon: outmigration from New York City by race and Hispanic origin.

"This paper proposes a conceptual framework for analyzing migration as a household event and presents two public use microdata applications of this approach for out-migrants from New York City. The distribution of single- and multi-origin households by race and Hispanic origin permits a more rigorous analysis of household migration differentials....and the disaggregation of household members by migration status provides insight into the household outcomes of the migration process...." (SUMMARY IN FRE AND SPA)

Americas↗
PubMed2003

Community chloroquine distribution for malaria control in Bushenyi district of Uganda.

OBJECTIVE: To document successful community chloroquine distribution for malaria control in Bushenyi district, southwestern Uganda. DESIGN: A cross sectional survey immediately after a four-month community chloroquine distribution exercise. One hundred sixty seven distributors in 140 out of 166 parishes in Bushenyi district did the chloroquine distribution during the 2001 malaria epidemic. PARTICIPANTS: A cluster random sample of 215 heads of households or their spouses were interviewed using a pre-tested questionnaire. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Socio-demographic characteristics, malaria/fever morbidity, health seeking behaviour in the previous four months, knowledge about chloroquine distribution, opinions about the chloroquine distribution exercise and whether the household had used the service of the chloroquine distributors. RESULTS: Thirty per cent of the people surveyed had suffered from malaria in the previous four months. Seventy per cent of the households were aware of the chloroquine distribution and 56% of the patients who had malaria in the previous four months accessed the services of chloroquine distributors. People who were aware of chloroquine distributors were less likely to use services where a fee is levied. The total cost of chloroquine distribution was about 20,000 United States dollars. CONCLUSIONS: Community chloroquine distribution can increase access to treatment and can be done in a short time at an affordable cost.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Prevalence of excessive gambling before and after introduction of a national lottery in the United Kingdom: another example of the single distribution theory.

BACKGROUND: According to the single distribution theory advocated by Rose, the prevalence of a deviant condition such as excessive alcohol consumption depends upon the average level of the corresponding characteristic in the population. The objective of this study was to establish whether the single distribution theory applies to gambling behaviour. METHODS: Household gambling expenditure in the United Kingdom was examined using Family Expenditure Survey data collected before and after the introduction of a national lottery in November 1994. RESULTS: In cross-sectional analyses, the mean (or median) household expenditure on gambling for each region predicted the prevalence of excessive gambling in that region: the slope of the relationship in 1995-96 was equivalent to an increase of 1.2 (95% CI 0.7-1.7) points in the percentage of households gambling more than 10% of income for every increase of 1 Pound in mean household gambling expenditure. The introduction of the national lottery was associated with an increase in mean household gambling expenditure from 1.45 Pounds to 3.81 Pounds per week, and an increase in the proportion of households gambling more than 10% of total income four-fold from 0.4% to 1.7%. Among households with income of less than 200 Pounds/week, the proportion gambling more than 10% of their income increased from 0.6% to 3.2%. INTERPRETATION: The single distribution theory applies to gambling behaviour. The increase in average gambling expenditure associated with the introduction of a national lottery in the United Kingdom has led to a pronounced increase in the prevalence of excessive gambling, especially in low-income households. This is likely to increase the prevalence of gambling disorders and to exacerbate social inequalities in health.

Cross-Sectional Studies↗
PubMed2004

Desire for a future pregnancy among women in Zimbabwe in relation to their self-perceived risk of HIV infection, child mortality, and spontaneous abortion.

In a background of very high prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection among women of childbearing age and the increasing demand for treatment to prevent mother-to-child transmission, we investigated the desire for a future pregnancy among women in Zimbabwe in relation to (1) self-perceived risk of HIV infection, (2) child mortality, and (3) spontaneous abortion. A random cross-sectional sample of 2250 ever-married women aged 15-49 years was selected from 6,828 households in rural and urban Zimbabwe. The sample was representative of the geographic distribution of women. One eligible subject was selected per household for a structured interview on factors associated with the desire for future pregnancy. Overall, 54% of the participants desired to get pregnant in future; 55% perceived themselves at high risk for HIV infection; 6% reported the death of at least one child less than the age of 5 years in the last 5 years; and 12% reported at least one spontaneous abortion in the last 5 years. In multiple logistic regression analysis, reporting at least one child's death (OR = 1.77; 95% CI 1.13-2.78) and at least one spontaneous abortion in the last 5 years (OR = 1.81; 95% CI 1.08-3.04) were significantly associated with a higher desire to get pregnant; however, high self-perceived risk for HIV infection was not (OR = 0.85; 95% CI 0.67-1.09). High self-perceived risk for infection with HIV was not associated with a lower desire for a future pregnancy among women in Zimbabwe in a high-prevalence area. In fact, our data suggest an increased desire for future pregnancy to replace childhood deaths or spontaneous abortions that may result from HIV infection. Voluntary HIV testing services are challenged with balancing counseling messages on the strong desire for children, the risk of mother-to-child transmission, and poor fetal outcomes. Further research is needed to explore utilitarian-economic, social, and psychological values attributed to children by women and their partners. The involvement of men as partners in childbearing should be explored, as their desire for children may be the primary barrier to protective behavior change among women.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed1989

[Efficient hygiene precautions in the household today].

The results of epidemiological investigations justifies the assumption that increasing health defects, especially enteritis infectiosa, are caused inter alia by inadequate hygienic conditions in households. The number of such diseases ranges between 100,000 and more than 1,000,000 cases per year in the FRG. Responsible for this development is a lack of information about the behaviour of microorganisms in the environment and its pathways of distribution. In addition risks are growing with the recommendation of cleansing methods, which had been adequate for the kitchen techniques in former centuries, but must fall under the conditions of the modern supply, processing and conservation. The described investigations are directed at the determination of the distribution of germs by working in normal household kitchens and at the effectiveness of surface-decontamination-cleansers (so-called FD-preparations). Test principle was the production of a complete dinner by each of 79 housewives with use of minced meat, which was contaminated with micrococcus luteus. After final cleaning of the kitchen we determined the degree of contamination of surfaces, machines and of the components of the meal with use of rodacplates, swabs and quantitative cultures respectively. The experiments are completed by interviews with the housewives. The results let conclude that the use of household cleansers with germicidal properties even in the hand of housewives will reduce the distribution of unwanted microorganisms in the kitchens. In this respect surfaces, on which components of the meal are prepared, and the machines, like cutting machines, waring blenders a.o., are of utmost importance. Disinfections of other parts of the flats including toilets are unnecessary (exception: severe infectious diseases). Therefore the use of FD-preparations outside of the kitchens is not required, but acceptable (it is not necessary to use a cleanser in the kitchen, another one in the toilet and a third one for the bath tube etc.). We do not recommend adapting cleaning and disinfective methods of the hospitals to the normal households. Instead of medical disinfections one should use detergents with nontoxic germicidal additives (e.g. H2O2) in this area, which do not require changing the traditional cleaning techniques. They also should guarantee that cleanliness, absence of odor and minimization of germs are achieved. In addition normal kitchen soaps should be replaced by HD-preparations.

Communicable Disease Control↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Household appliance use and residential exposure to 60-hz magnetic fields.

We characterized the distribution of exposure to magnetic fields (MFs) during daily activities and during household appliance use, and estimated the relative contribution of various activities and appliances to total daily exposure. One hundred sixty-two subjects provided information on their patterns of appliance use and wore personal monitors for 24 h to collect MF exposure data. Of total exposure, 27% accumulated while subjects were in bed; 41% while at home but not in bed; 9% at work; and 24% elsewhere. Less than 2% of the total MF exposure accumulated during the use of each of the eight individual appliances considered, except computers, during the use of which 9% of the total exposure accumulated. Of the time subjects spent at exposure levels higher than 2 microT, 8% accumulated while they were using microwave ovens, and 4% and 3% while using computers and electric stoves, respectively. Mean MF measurements tended to be lowest when subjects were in bed and highest at work and during the use of microwave ovens, coffee grinders, hair dryers, and electric shavers. Results from questionnaires on household appliance use in the past year were not useful in predicting the total mean exposure level and over-threshold exposures measured by 24-h personal monitors. Significant MF exposure accumulates at home, at work, and elsewhere; therefore, accurate exposure assessment needs to consider residential, occupational, and other sources together. Questionnaire-based information on appliance use has limited value in the assessment of average and over-threshold exposure to MFs.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1992

["Parents' salary" and "freedom of choice" between paid and unpaid work: empirical results of a controversial concept].

The author summarizes results from a study on the impact of a parents' salary in Vorarlburg, a province in western Austria. "According to this concept parents are 'paid' by the government for taking care of their children during the first years after birth, while giving up paid work in the labour market. Critics oppose this concept because of its potentially negative implications for the labour force participation of women.... It is shown that the public transfer payment substantially improves the financial situation of the families involved but also affects the distribution of money and power between the spouses within the households. Moreover, it is pointed out that the payment of a parents' salary itself has 'asymmetrical' effects, which could be balanced if more efforts were made to improve the child care facilities for children under three." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Aid to Families with Dependent Children↗
PubMed2001

Epidemiological and ecological characteristics of past dengue virus infection in Santa Clara, Peru.

To determine risk factors associated with dengue (DEN) virus infection among residents of Santa Clara, Peru, a rural Amazonian village near Iquitos, a cross-sectional serological, epidemiological and environmental survey was conducted. Demographic, social and behavioural information was obtained by standardized questionnaire from 1225 Santa Clara residents (61.3%) aged 5 years or older. Additional data were obtained on the environmental variables and immature mosquito species and abundance surrounding each household (n = 248). Sera that had been collected previously by the Peruvian Ministry of Health from residents were tested by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for DEN virus IgG antibody. Antibody identity was verified as DEN by plaque reduction neutralization test. Data on individuals were analysed by univariate and multivariable methods, and independent sample t-tests. Spatial clustering was evaluated by comparing distances among DEN positive households. Overall, antibody prevalence was 29.4 % and more than doubled from the youngest to the oldest age groups, but did not differ by sex. Curiously, length of residence in Santa Clara was negatively associated with DEN virus antibodies. More frequent travel to Iquitos was positively associated with seroprevalence. Residents who obtained water from a river source rather than a local well also had significantly higher antibody prevalence. None of the environmental variables measured at each household corresponded to the patterns of antibody distribution. Of the larval mosquitoes found around residences, all were determined to be species other than Aedes. No evidence of spatial autocorrelation among antibody-positive households was detected. These results strongly suggested that recent DEN virus transmission did not occur in the village and that most infections of residents of this rural village were acquired while visiting the city of Iquitos.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Rural emergency medical volunteers and their communities: a demographic comparison.

This research compares the personal, household, and professional characteristics volunteer emergency medical service (EMS) providers in Ulster County, NY with those of the general population of this rural upstate county, using a survey instrument implemented by the author in conjunction with the 1990 U.S. Census data. A principal objective of this research was to identify the characteristics of these volunteers in order to support the recruitment and retention efforts of volunteer EMS organizations. Statistically significant deviations between these two sample populations include age distribution, maximum educational attainment, size of household, years in residence, type of employer, employing industry, occupation, household income, and commuting distance from work. Population differences for race, sex, marital status, household site, home ownership, housing costs, and in-county employment were not statistically significant. Additional data reported for the EMS volunteers include total emergency responses, active squad membership, length of service, level of medical qualifications, and intensity and nature of individual participation, age of recruitment, family involvement, tenure in the community, rates of household work participation, other volunteer activity, motivation, and receptivity to alternative incentive programs. The relevance of these data is interpreted with respect to the prospects for effective recruitment of volunteers, the level of commitment and retention of the volunteers, the degree of support which volunteers can expect from their communities, and the extent of cohesiveness and integration which volunteer EMS squads provide to their communities.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Field evaluation of two bait delivery systems for the oral immunization of dogs against rabies in Tunisia.

Two bait delivery systems for the oral immunization of dogs against rabies were tested in small scale field trials in a semi-rural area in Tunisia: bait delivery to owned dogs during door to door visits of households (door to door baiting) and distribution of baits on transect lines (transect line baiting). A prototype bait (DBL2) configured for industrial production and containing either sulfadimethoxine (SDM) as a systemic marker or Rhodamine B as a topical marker was used. The overall proportion of dogs which took a bait and presented topical marker staining after door to door baiting was 59.1%. The total time and costs spent per bait accepting dog averaged 34 person minutes and US$4, respectively. Unconsummated baits were readily recovered. No unprotected human contacts with baits were recorded. Door to door baiting is a very specific but time-consuming method that enables a safe administration of vaccine baits to owned dogs. For transect line baiting, baits were distributed at a density of ca 3000 baits per km2 along double transect lines. Baits were recovered after 20 h. According to the proportion of SDM positive serum samples, 24.1% of owned dogs in the baiting area had consumed baits. Of all owned and ownerless dogs, presumably free-roaming during transect line baiting, > 40% had consumed baits. The total time and costs spent per bait accepting dog averaged 48 person minutes and ca US$20, respectively. The household census revealed 32 direct human contacts with the bait matrix which corresponds to 1.4% of inhabitants. Placing baits on transect lines gives the possibility to vaccinate dogs not accessible by vaccination systems which base on dog owner participation. However, the method is not specific, less safe than other systems, not easily accepted by the human population, and costly.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1984

Components of change in the number of households: 1970-1980.

There was an increase from 62.8 to 79.1 million households in the United States during the 1970s. The number of households increased much more rapidly than the population. This paper decomposes this growth in the number of households into components associated with changing age and martial status composition and changing age by marital status-specific propensities to form households. About one-third of the increase in the number of households was due to increased age by marital status propensity to form households, and two-thirds was due to shifts in the age by marital status distribution and population growth. The increased propensity to form households had its major impact at ages under 35, and primarily among never-married persons. The composition component had its primary impact at ages 25-44 as a result of the baby boom, and also because of the increased fractions never married and separated and divorced.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Relation between residential radon concentrations and housing characteristics. The Cracow Study.

The survey on indoor radon exposure was undertaken to explain whether the excess in lung cancer deaths in Cracow city center may be attributed to this particular exposure. A total of 310 detectors was placed in households randomly chosen from three homogenous strata of residential buildings. The first stratum included house in the old city center constructed predominantly out of the stone bricks. The second stratum covered area of the city with big apartment condominiums built out of concrete blocks. The third stratum consisted of single family houses located in a suburban area. From each of these residency strata a random sample of equal number of households has been chosen and the radon detectors were placed in households located at different levels of buildings. The three-month radon sampling data were used to determine the distribution of various levels of radon in the households. In the measurement of radon exposure the Landauer alpha-track samplers were used. The data collected show that the best single predictor of indoor radon concentrations was type of building. Other variables found to be associated significantly with indoor concentrations were household level in the building and house age. In general, residences with a concrete slabs and dwellings with rarely-opened windows were found to have slightly higher radon concentrations.

Air Pollution, Indoor↗
PubMed2002

Targeting performance of three large-scale, nutrition-oriented social programs in Central America and Mexico.

This study evaluated whether three nutrition-oriented programs in Central America and Mexico have been successful in targeting those households most vulnerable to undernutrition and poverty. For each country, nationally representative data sets were used to estimate cutoff points dividing the population into 10 equal-sized groups according to child anthropometric measurements (age-standardized height) and household income (per capita household expenditures). Households meeting eligibility criteria were then assessed using special baseline surveys or national data obtained before implementation of the program. Children in these households were classified according to national deciles of height-for-age, and households were classified according to expenditure deciles. In spite of markedly differing targeting strategies, each of the programs was well targeted, with 45% (Honduras and Mexico) and 52% (Nicaragua) of children in eligible households coming from the lowest two deciles of the national distributions, and virtually none from the upper two deciles. Similar results pertained to household income. These experiences demonstrate that vulnerable households can be targeted relatively straightforwardly, and that the need to do this does not in every case imply household-level income screening.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Assimilation and differences between the settlement patterns of individual immigrants and immigrant households.

Analyses of immigrant settlement patterns typically rely on counts of foreign-born individuals by neighborhood, metropolitan area, state, or region. As an alternative, this study classifies immigrants and their descendents into household types to shift attention from individuals to relationships between individuals. The study uses pooled current population survey data to identify seven household types, six of which have various degrees of immigrant or second-generation presence. The research compares distributions of first- and second-generation immigrants with different types of households that include first- and second-generation immigrants. Our analysis shows that the geography of immigration based on households differs considerably from geographies based on individuals. The spatial distribution and concentration of the foreign-stock population provides one picture of immigrant geographies, whereas the patterns of concentration by several different household types opens up the chance to tell other stories. More pointedly, we emphasize that the unit of analysis shapes assimilation research results and implies that this analytical choice cannot be thought of as independent from the politics of immigration.

Acculturation↗