Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “HOME ECONOMICS”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 271 records · Page 15Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

Exporting labor: the impact of expatriate workers on the home country.

The economic impact of emigration on the source country is analyzed through a literature review and a discussion of costs, benefits, and public policy implications. It is noted that "information collected from different sources and settings is needed for cross-validation of assessments and conclusions. Second....the cost/benefit analysis of emigration should be undertaken on a case by case basis. Third...these costs and benefits must be assessed in a long-term framework that considers the socio-economic conditions and the goals of the country....Fourth, effective governmental policies...need to recognize that emigrants generally are highly motivated people [who] are adept at overcoming legal or other obstacles in their path." (SUMMARY IN FRE AND SPA)

Behavior↗
PubMed1998

The roles of Medicaid and economic factors in the demand for nursing home care.

OBJECTIVE: To examine nursing home demand, focusing on how Medicaid affects demand, the role of economic variables, and on important interactions between explanatory factors. DATA SOURCES: From the 1989 National Long Term Care Survey, a nationally representative sample of community-based and institutionalized elderly persons with disabilities (N = 3,837). Survey data are merged with state- and county-level data on Medicaid policy and local market conditions. STUDY DESIGN: Sample members are classified as Medicaid-eligible or private pay, were they to enter a nursing home. The probability of being in a nursing home is estimated separately on these two groups using probit. To explore interactions, these subsamples are further divided between married and unmarried persons and between persons with high and low levels of disability. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Demand for nursing home care systematically differs, depending on eligibility for Medicaid. This is attributed in part to the structure of Medicaid benefits. Although economic factors do not appear important to demand decisions in the aggregate, they play a larger role among married persons relative to unmarried persons, and among less disabled persons relative to highly disabled persons. CONCLUSIONS: Understanding the nature of nursing home demand requires careful consideration of the different consumption choices people face by virtue of their eligibility for public benefits. Because behavioral responses to changes in policy are found to differ among various groups of disabled persons, policymakers should be sensitive to how these differences affect the efficiency and distributional effects of specific policy changes.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Socio-economic gradients in psychological distress: a focus on women, social roles and work-home characteristics.

A focus in the literature on determinants of women's health is the cost and benefit of occupying multiple roles as employee, spouse, and mother, yet little attention has been given to the work and home characteristics of different roles for women in paid and unpaid work. The impact of work-home factors on socio-economic gradients in health has also tended to be overlooked. This paper assesses the contribution of work-home factors on socio-economic differences in psychological distress among women, using data from the 1958 British birth cohort. Outcome measures include psychological distress and social class at age 33. Work-home measures include: (1) roles--employment, marital status, domestic responsibility and parental status (2) work characteristics--psychosocial job strain, insecurity, unsocial working hours, and (3) home characteristics youngest child's age, total number of children, childcare responsibilities and having an older adult in the household (over 70 years). A social gradient in psychological distress exists: the odds ratio (OR) for classes IV and V versus. I and II was 3.02, adjusting for prior psychological distress reduces this to 2.36. Whilst, work and home factors were associated separately with distress and social class, the combined effect of work and home factors did not account for the class gradient in distress. This surprising result therefore implicates factors beyond adult social roles examined here in the development of socio-economic gradients.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Multiple socio-economic circumstances and healthy food habits.

OBJECTIVE: To examine associations between seven indicators of socio-economic circumstances and healthy food habits, while taking into account assumed temporal order between these socio-economic indicators. DESIGN AND SETTING: Data were derived from cross-sectional postal questionnaires in 2000-2002. Socio-economic circumstances were assessed by parental education, childhood economic difficulties, own education, occupational class, household income, home ownership and current economic difficulties. Healthy food habits were measured by an index consisting of consumption of fresh vegetables, fruit or berries, rye bread, fish and choosing vegetable fats on bread and oil in cooking. Sequential logistic regression models were used, adjusting for age and marital status. PARTICIPANTS: Employees of the City of Helsinki, Finland (n=8960, aged 40-60 years). RESULTS: Healthy food habits were reported by 28% of women and by 17% of men. Own education, occupational class, household income, home ownership and current economic difficulties were associated with healthy food habits. These associations were attenuated but mainly remained after mutual adjustments for the socio-economic indicators. Among women, a pathway was found suggesting that part of the effects of education on food habits were mediated through occupational class. CONCLUSIONS: Employees in higher and lower socio-economic positions differ in their food habits, and those in lower positions and economically disadvantaged are less likely to report healthy food habits. Health promotion programmes and food policies should encourage healthier food choices among those in lower socio-economic positions and among those with economic difficulties in particular.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Domiciliary care for the elderly sick--economy or neglect?

This paper reports an investigation of the costs of domiciliary care for 139 elderly sick patients under the care of the home nursing service. The data suggest that there may be little economic advantage in home care for seriously disabled elderly people. The revenue cost of domiciliary care was equal to or greater than the average associated with residential or hospital custodial care in such patients. Even so, the cost of services received at home did not disclose the real need for domiciliary care, since at present this is obscured by compulsory rationing and the separation of responsibility between health and social services. It is suggested that the supposed economic advantage of domiciliary care will depend increasingly on restricting such services, thus increasing the degree of neglect to some patients.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

[Application of portable esophageal dilator in treatment of esophageal stenosis at home].

OBJECTIVE: To explore an economical protocol for esophageal stenosis treatment at home and evaluate the effects of portable esophageal dilator. METHOD: Sixty-seven patients with esophageal stenosis were treated at home by themselves with portable esophageal dilator, which was designed by Prof Wang HT, one of the authors. Twenty-nine cases of esophageal stenosis were caused by chemical damage, 23 cases by esophageal tumor, 13 postoperation cases with hypopharyngeal and upper esophageal tumor and two cases by laryngeal thyroid gland recurrent tumor. Stricture happened at esophageal entrance and upper segment in 15 cases, at middle in 32 cases, both at middle and upper in 17 cases and at whole length of esophagus in three cases. Stricture was not complete atresia and dilators could insert into esophagus in all patients. RESULT: Significant effects were found in 43 patients and good effects in 24 patients. Seven deaths were caused by remote metastasis of recurrent cancer resulting in multiple organ failure or large blood vessels bleeding resulting of tumor erosion. Follow-up visit ranged from the shortest period of four months to the longest period of five years and 1 month, 9.8 months on average. CONCLUSION: Family portable dilator and self-catering dilation is an effective and safe method for treating esophageal stenosis. It is so simple, convenient, painless with low expense that it is especially useful in countryside hospitals and undeveloped rural areas.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Factors associated with achievement of goals for home health care.

With the introduction of Medicare's Prospective Payment System (PPS) and DRGs, the economic value of home health care services lies in its ability to reduce total patient care costs by the substitution of outpatient home care for inpatient hospital care. Analysis of service delivery patterns utilized by home health agencies in meeting goals for patient care will be an important ingredient in meeting these objectives. The purpose of this study was to determine if important patient characteristics known at the onset of home health care are predictive of utilization of home health services and/or the likelihood of meeting goals for home care established at the time of certification of care. Multivariate models were developed which predicted the odds of terminating with goals met based upon age, intensity of utilization, functional limitations, prognosis, presence of a caregiver, and type of patient condition. Results indicated that variability in likelihood of meeting goals for care is much better predicted by patient characteristics than by utilization of home care services.

Health Care Costs↗
PubMed2002

The economic burden of informal care.

OBJECTIVES: The great interest focused on home care technologies during the last decade resulted from its potential to cut costs. However, the reallocation of costs between healthcare providers and social welfare providers, and the indirect costs of informal care, are not as frequent topics of discussion. The aim of this paper is to discuss different models for estimating the costs of informal care in the home care setting in economic appraisals. METHODS: The outcome of using different models for estimating indirect costs was illustrated using empirical data regarding the time spent by informal caregivers in providing care in a group of home care patients (n = 59). The models used comprise different interpretations of the traditional human capital approach and the friction cost model. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Informal care is an important component in home care. The inclusion of indirect costs of informal care in economic appraisals will have implications for the cost-effectiveness of home care, since it will raise costs depending on the model used for estimating indirect costs. In this study we have shown that indirect costs estimated by the friction cost model only amount to 18% to 44% of the cost when the human capital approach is used. The results indicate that, regardless of the method used to estimate indirect costs, the cost of informal care in evaluations of home care programs is often underestimated due to the exclusion of indirect costs.

Aged↗
PubMed1984

Is small beautiful if it isn't viable? The case of nursing homes.

The optimal size of nursing home is examined in the light of overseas and Australian research evidence. The economic optimal size nursing home was found to be in the range of 45-55 beds for a sample of proprietary New South Wales homes in 1978-9 where average weekly expenditure per bed was minimised. However, this did not take into account a number of other important social and environmental factors as well as costs of travel and the quality of care provided or the characteristics of patients. When these factors are considered, evidence suggests that larger than average homes have the economic advantage. Smaller adapted residences, or those incorporating group living design, may be more homelike for residents but at slightly higher cost. Thus there is unlikely to be one single optimal size of home but rather a range. The final selection of scale is therefore a matter of striking a compromise between these and other factors in each situation.

Australia↗
PubMed2003

Correlates of fruit and vegetable intake among adolescents. Findings from Project EAT.

BACKGROUND: This study aims to identify correlates of fruits and vegetables from within the domains of personal factors (taste preferences, health/nutrition attitudes, weight/body concerns, and self-efficacy), behavioral factors (meal frequency, fast food intake, and weight control behaviors), and socio-environmental factors (social support for healthy eating, family meal patterns, food security, socio-economic status, and home availability of fruits/vegetables). This study further aims to identify correlates of home availability and taste preferences for fruits/vegetables, and to explore patterns of interaction between availability and taste preferences. METHODS: The population included 3957 adolescents from 31 public middle and high schools in Minnesota. Structural equation modeling was used for model testing. RESULTS: The strongest correlates of fruit/vegetable intake were home availability of fruits/vegetables and taste preferences of fruits/vegetables. The final model explained 13% of the variance in fruit/vegetable intake, 45% of the variance in home availability, and 28% of the variance in taste preferences. Correlates of home availability included social support for healthy eating, family meal patterns, family food security, and socio-economic status. Correlates of taste preferences included health/nutrition attitudes and home availability of fruits/vegetables. A test of interaction effects indicated that when home availability of fruits/vegetables was low, intake patterns did not differ, regardless of taste preferences. In contrast, even when taste preferences for fruits/vegetables were low, if fruits/vegetables were available, intake increased. CONCLUSIONS: Interventions to increase fruit/vegetable intake in adolescents need to target socio-environmental factors such as greater availability of fruits/vegetables.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Costs of informal care for patients in advanced home care: a population-based study.

OBJECTIVES: Several studies have sought to analyze the cost-effectiveness of advanced home care and home rehabilitation. However, the costs of informal care are rarely included in economic appraisals of home care. This study estimates the cost of informal care for patients treated in advanced home care and analyses some patient characteristics that influence informal care costs. METHODS: During one week in October 1995, data were collected on all 451 patients in advanced home care in the Swedish county of Ostergötland. Costs were calculated by using two models: one including leisure time, and one excluding leisure time. Multiple regression analysis was used to analyze factors associated with costs of informal care. RESULTS: Severity percent of the patients in the study had informal care around the clock during the week investigated. The patients had, on average, five formal care visits per week, each of which lasted for almost half an hour. Thus, the cost of informal care constituted a considerable part of the cost of advanced home care. When the cost of leisure time was included, the cost of informal care was estimated at SEK 5,880 per week per patient, or twice as high as total formal caregiver costs. When leisure time was excluded, the cost of informal care was estimated at SEK 3,410 per week per patient, which is still 1.2 times higher than formal caregiver costs (estimated at SEK 2,810 per week per patient). Informal care costs were higher among patients who were men, who were younger, who had their own housing, and who were diagnosed with cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Studies of advanced home care that exclude the cost of informal care substantially underestimate the costs to society, regardless of whether or not the leisure time of the caregiver is included in the calculations.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2001

Effectiveness and economic evaluation of a nurse delivered home exercise programme to prevent falls. 1: Randomised controlled trial.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the effectiveness of a trained district nurse individually prescribing a home based exercise programme to reduce falls and injuries in elderly people and to estimate the cost effectiveness of the programme. DESIGN: Randomised controlled trial with one year's follow up. SETTING: Community health service at a New Zealand hospital. PARTICIPANTS: 240 women and men aged 75 years and older. INTERVENTION: 121 participants received the exercise programme (exercise group) and 119 received usual care (control group); 90% (211 of 233) completed the trial. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Number of falls, number of injuries resulting from falls, costs of implementing the programme, and hospital costs as a result of falls. RESULTS: Falls were reduced by 46% (incidence rate ratio 0.54, 95% confidence interval 0.32 to 0.90). Five hospital admissions were due to injuries caused by falls in the control group and none in the exercise group. The programme cost $NZ1803 (523 pound sterling) (at 1998 prices) per fall prevented for delivering the programme and $NZ155 per fall prevented when hospital costs averted were considered. CONCLUSION: A home exercise programme, previously shown to be successful when delivered by a physiotherapist, was also effective in reducing falls when delivered by a trained nurse from within a home health service. Serious injuries and hospital admissions due to falls were also reduced. The programme was cost effective in participants aged 80 years and older compared with younger participants.

Accidental Falls↗
PubMed2001

Effectiveness and economic evaluation of a nurse delivered home exercise programme to prevent falls. 2: Controlled trial in multiple centres.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the effectiveness of trained nurses based in general practices individually prescribing a home exercise programme to reduce falls and injuries in elderly people and to estimate the cost effectiveness of the programme. DESIGN: Controlled trial with one year's follow up. SETTING: 32 general practices in seven southern New Zealand centres. PARTICIPANTS: 450 women and men aged 80 years and older. INTERVENTION: 330 participants received the exercise programme (exercise centres) and 120 received usual care (control centres); 87% (371 of 426) completed the trial. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Number of falls, number of injuries resulting from falls, costs of implementing the programme, and hospital costs as a result of falls. RESULTS: Falls were reduced by 30% in the exercise centres (incidence rate ratio 0.70, 95% confidence interval 0.59 to 0.84). The programme was equally effective in men and women. The programme cost $NZ418 (121 pound sterling) (at 1998 prices) per person to deliver for one year or $NZ1519 (441 pound sterling) per fall prevented. Fewer participants had falls resulting in injuries, but there was no difference in the number who had serious injuries and no difference in hospital costs resulting from falls in exercise centres compared with control centres. CONCLUSIONS: An individually tailored exercise programme, delivered by trained nurses from within general practices, was effective in reducing falls in three different centres. This strategy should be combined with other successful interventions to form part of home programmes to prevent falls in elderly people.

Accidental Falls↗