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PubMed1987

[An epidemiological study on the similarity of dietary habits among brothers and sisters].

An epidemiological study was conducted to ascertain the similarity of dietary habits among grown-up brothers and sisters who live separately in a small town. Twenty-three dietary habits of 53 pairs of brothers and 29 pairs of sisters were analyzed in comparison with the same number of control pairs who were matched with sex and age. Cramér's coefficients of contingency on many dietary habits in brother pairs were larger than those in control pairs. Multivariate analysis (quantification method of the third type) also showed that similarity of dietary habits both in brothers and sisters. Therefore, familial aggregation of any diseases is supposed to result in an interaction between hereditary factors and similarity of dietary habits among family members.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

An intervention study of tobacco chewing and smoking habits for primary prevention of oral cancer among 12,212 Indian villagers.

In a house-to-house screening survey, 12,212 tobacco chewers and smokers were selected from the rural population in the Ernakulam district, Kerala state, India. These individuals were interviewed for their tobacco habits and examined for the presence of oral cancer and precancerous lesions, first in a baseline survey, and then annually, over a five-year period. They were educated using personal and mass media communication to give up their tobacco habits. The control group was provided from the results of the first five years of a 10-year follow-up study conducted earlier by the authors in the same area with the same methodology but on different individuals without any educational intervention. The stoppage of the tobacco habit was substantially higher in the intervention group (9.4%) compared to the control group (3.2%). A logistic regression analysis showed that the behavioural intervention was helpful to all categories of individuals, however, the effect was different for different categories: intervention was more helpful to men, chewers, and those with a long duration of the habit. These individuals rarely quit their habit without intervention.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

[Food habits of high school graduates in the metropolitan area of Santiago, Chile].

The purpose of this study was to determine the food habits of Chilean high-school graduates, and measure the effect that socioeconomic level (SEL), type of school (public and private school), sex and age exerts on those habits. A random and stratified sample of 283 schoolers, according to type of school, sex and SEL, measured through the Graffar Modified Scale was selected for the study. Food habits were defined by the frequency of consumption of food, expressed as days per week and were compared with the Model Allowance established by the Ministry of Health of Chile. A food habits questionnaire was administered to students by duly trained interviewers, and were defined by the frequency of consumption of food groups. Data were analyzed by the chi-square procedure, analysis of variance and Student's "t" test. In accordance with the results, the most consumed foods (over 90% of students) were meat, poultry, eggs, potatoes, apples, bread, rice, oil and butter or margarine. On the other hand, the most disliked foods (40% and more of students) were fresh cheese, viscera, radish and chickpeas. The high SEL students showed a significantly greater frequency of consumption of dairy products, and of meat products and eggs (p less than 0.001). No differences were found according to type of school, sex and age of students. We conclude, therefore, that SEL exerts a significant effect on food habits, in spite of which they were adequate according to the Model Allowance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Diagnostic yield of colorectal neoplasia with colonoscopy for abdominal pain, change in bowel habits, and rectal bleeding.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the clinical yield of colonoscoping in patients who present with rectal bleeding, persistent abdominal pain, or change in bowel habits in the absence of bleeding. DESIGN: A prospective study of colonoscopy patients. SETTING: Three colonoscopy practices in New York City between April 1986 and November 1989. PATIENTS: Eight hundred sixty-one patients with rectal bleeding, 113 patients with abdominal pain, 154 with change in bowel habits, and 44 patients with both abdominal pain and bowel change. MAIN RESULTS: Of 861 patients with rectal bleeding, 293 (33.6%) had colonic neoplasia (8.6% cancer and 25% adenomatous polyps). In patients who had colonoscopy because of abdominal pain (n = 113), change in bowel habits (n = 154), or both abdominal pain and bowel change (n = 44), respectively 25 (22.1%), 42 (27.3%), and 10 (22.7%) had colonic neoplasms. If one looks at significant neoplasia (cancer or adenomas > 1 cm), then the findings in rectal bleeders were 14.5%, whereas the abdominal pain, change in bowel habits, and both groups had 7.1%, 7.1%, and 13.6%, respectively. Patients with rectal bleeding were more likely to have multiple adenomas than those with nonbleeding symptoms (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with persistent nonbleeding GI symptoms, including abdominal pain and change in bowel habits, have almost as high a yield of colorectal neoplasia as those with rectal bleeding.

Abdominal Pain↗
PubMed1995

Habits affecting dental and maxillofacial growth and development.

In concluding this discussion, it is apparent that altered oral function or rest position may have a significant influence on the developing orofacial region. In the case of non-nutritive sucking habits, the child's commitment and desire to stop the habit is important to the successful elimination of the habit. At times, a hands-off approach is our best approach. Other habits are managed by addressing their cause. We, as dentists, have the ability to influence this process through the proper identification and management of these problems.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1994

The influence of nicotine on performance, mood, and physiological parameters as related to smoking habit, gender, and suggestibility.

Based on previous observations that sensory suggestibility might be related to cholinergic drug effects, and that individual susceptibility to nicotine as defined by response differences to various doses is lower in males, nonsmokers, and highly suggestible subjects, the present study investigated whether nicotine serum blood levels, cardiovascular responses, and sensory suggestibility show differences according to gender and smoking habit, and whether differences in nicotine susceptibility measured by a discrimination task by subjective ratings on activation can be reproduced in the direction predicted by the previous data. In a double-blind threefold cross-over design 48 subjects divided according to smoking habit, gender, and sensory suggestibility were tested in balanced order under the influence of an oral dose of 0, 0.014, or 0.028 mg/kg body weight of nicotine. Results revealed higher serum levels of nicotine in males and smokers, a dose-dependent increase in heart rate and systolic and diastolic blood pressure, partly interacting with gender or smoking habit (females and nonsmokers showing larger increase with the low doses), and a change in suggestibility in the expected direction (decrease with the low dose, increase with the large one only in female nonsmokers). A fourfold interaction among dose, smoking habit, gender, and suggestibility for the discrimination task partly reproduced the observations of higher nicotine susceptibility in females and non-smokers, whereas suggestibility did not seem to reveal the expected changes. Also, on a subjective level larger doses were necessary to make male smokers feel activated, while the other groups showed the biphasic response pattern to the two nicotine doses. In conclusion, the data justify further research on the concept of nicotine susceptibility defined by biphasic effects of nicotine on vigilance.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of daily life habits and health examination data between smokers and ex-smokers suggests that ex-smokers acquire several healthy-lifestyle practices.

BACKGROUND: The association between smoking and health status including healthful life habits was evaluated in subjects living in a rural Japanese area. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted with subjects who were smokers and ex-smokers ranging in age from 40 to 59 years who participated in health examinations in 1993 in 17 towns of Gunma Prefecture, Japan. A total of 4,629 of 6,076 subjects (76.2%) agreed to an interview by our public health nurses. Numbers of smokers and ex-smokers among subjects were 2,681 and 245, respectively. RESULTS: Percentages of subjects in their 40s (p <0.01) who ate breakfast daily and those of subjects in their 50s (p <0.05) who exercised more than once a week were significantly higher among ex-smokers than among smokers. Mean body mass index (BMI) was higher in ex-smokers than in current smokers in their 40s (p <0.05) and 50s (p <0.01), and mean high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level (HDLC) was also significantly higher in ex-smokers than in current smokers in their 40s (p <0.05). Furthermore, two-way analysis of variance on BMI and HDLC was conducted considering smoking and drinking habits. BMI was related only with smoking both in subjects in their 40s (p <0.05) and those in their 50s (p <0.001). HDLC was related with both smoking and drinking in subjects in their 40s and to only drinking in subjects in their 50s (p <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Ex-smokers performed regular exercise more often and showed improvement of lipid metabolism. To clarify cause-effect relationship between smoking and health status or habits, a follow-up study including factors such as smoking status, pulmonary function, exercise habits, and obesity should be conducted.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

An association between smoking habits and blood pressure in normotensive Japanese men: a 5-year follow-up study.

BACKGROUND: There are few studies on the effects of smoking on blood pressure (BP) that consider confounding factors such as age, obesity, lifestyle and blood chemistry. As such, we conducted a 5-year follow-up study to clarify the effects of smoking habits on blood pressure in normotensive Japanese men. METHODS: The subjects were 2107 normotensive male steelworkers aged 40-54 years. They were classified using three indices: smoking habits in 1990, changes in smoking habits, and changes in amount of smoking. The associations between these indices and changes in blood pressure were evaluated using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). As analyses, BMI, salt intake, physical activity, drinking habit, and results of blood chemistry in 1990 and their changes, age and blood pressure in 1990 were used as covariates. RESULTS: The cumulative incidence of hypertension in smokers was lower than in non- and ex-smokers. The adjusted mean of change in blood pressure of smokers was significantly lower than in non- and ex-smokers. No significant difference between non-smokers and ex-smokers, or among groups of smokers who varied their amount of smoking was observed. CONCLUSION: Chronic smoking reduces changes in blood pressure and 5-year cumulative incidence of hypertension. However, no significant dose-dependent effect of smoking on changes in blood pressure was observed.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

A review of behavioral and pharmacological treatments for habit disorders in individuals with mental retardation.

This paper reviews the prevalence and behavioral and pharmacological treatment-outcome studies for habit disorders exhibited by individuals with mental retardation. The treatment-outcome studies target the habit disorders identified previously by researchers including nervous habits (nail biting, bruxism, and trichotillomania), motor and vocal tics, and Tourette's disorder. The paucity of behavioral treatments and the lack of controlled pharmacological research warrants further experimental evaluation of treatments for habit disorders affecting individuals with mental retardation. Conclusions and recommendations for future research are made.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed2000

Associations between different aspects of alcohol habits in adolescence, early adulthood, and early middle age: a prospective longitudinal study of a representative cohort of men and women.

Previous research has indicated that the relation between adolescent and adult alcohol habits is not very strong. The objective of the present study was to illustrate associations between different aspects of alcohol habits from adolescence to early middle age in a normal, representative Swedish birth cohort of male (n = 122) and female (n = 90) participants. The sample was prospectively followed by means of self-reports on drinking habits at ages 18, 25, and 36. The results show that heavy drinking at age 18 and frequent intoxication at age 25 substantially increase the risk of heavy consumption at age 36 but that hazardous alcohol habits at either age 18 or 25 alone cannot be considered a substantial risk factor.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Oral habits and their association with signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders in adolescent girls.

A group of 248 randomly selected high school girls, aged 15-16 years, completed a questionnaire and were examined clinically with regard to various oral habits and signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders (TMD). Common habits reported in the literature, such as gum chewing, nail biting, biting foreign objects, clenching and bruxism, eating seeds and crushing ice, as well as two less reported habits, 'jaw play' and continuous arm leaning, were evaluated. The most outstanding finding was the high prevalence and intensity of gum chewing among our study group: 92% of the girls chewed daily and 48% chewed gum for more than 3 h a day (intensive gum chewing). Statistically significant associations were found between intensive gum chewing and muscle sensitivity (P<0.001) and joint noises (P<0. 05), and between crushing ice and muscle sensitivity to palpation (P<0.005). A positive association was found between 'jaw play' and joint disturbances: reported joint noises (P<0.01), catching of the joint (P<0.01) and joint tension (P<0.001). A positive association was also found between arm leaning and reported joint noises (P<0. 05), catching (P<0.05), and joint tension (P<0.005). There was no association between the presence of bruxism and muscle sensitivity to palpation or joint disturbances. The potential harmful effects of intensive gum chewing, 'jaw play', continuous arm leaning and ice crushing are presented in this study. In light of these findings, the professional community should address these habits with proper data gathering, examination and consultation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Toilet habits of children evaluated for urinary tract infection.

The toilet habits of 77 girls and 24 boys who were evaluated after having a urinary tract infection were examined prospectively. Children with known urological conditions that can predispose to urinary tract infections were excluded. A voiding cystourethrogram and renal ultrasound were performed, and a diary of toilet habits was obtained for all patients. Six children were lost to followup. Of the remaining 95 children imaging studies were negative in 60 (negative imaging group) and positive in 35 (positive imaging group). Only 10% of the negative imaging group were without constipation or abnormal voiding compared to 60% of the positive imaging group (p = 0.0001). Toilet habits can affect the development of urinary tract infections. Our data suggest that the evaluation of urinary tract infection should include an inquiry into these habits. Among children with negative imaging studies there may be functional problems that promote the development of urinary tract infections.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Reading habits of physical medicine and rehabilitation resident physicians.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the focus and extent of the resident physician reading habits, to compare how these change over the years of their training, and to compare these habits with those of physiatrists in practice. DESIGN: A total of 1,076 surveys were sent to 80 physical medicine and rehabilitation residency programs accredited by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education. The questionnaire contained a list of 36 journals pertinent to the field of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. Resident physicians were asked to indicate which journals they read during the past year and how extensively they read them. Respondents were also asked whether they participated in a journal club and if they read as much as they would like. RESULTS: A total of 324 surveys (30.1%) were completed correctly. At least half of the surveyed resident physicians scanned or read six journals:Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (85.2%), American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (80.6%), Journal of the American Medical Association (68.8%), New England Journal of Medicine (60.5%), American Journal of Sports Medicine (50.9%), and Rehab in Review (49.7%). Most resident physicians (93.9%) responded that they do not read as much as they would like, and 90.1% of resident physicians participate in some form of journal club. CONCLUSION: Most resident physicians in the field of physical medicine and rehabilitation tend to scan for important articles within one of six journals, with most of these physicians noting that they do not read as much as they would like. As the resident physicians advance in postgraduate-year level, the number of journals that they scan increases. The reading habits of the resident physicians were quite similar to those noted in our previous study of the reading habits of practicing physiatrists.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Situations influencing habits in diet and exercise among nurses working night shift.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the investigation was to describe situations with a significant influence on healthy diet and exercise habits among nurses working night shift. METHODS: A qualitative descriptive design with a Critical Incident Technique approach was used. Situations were collected by means of interviews with 27 registered/enrolled community nurses. RESULTS: A total of 143 situations were identified comprising two main areas: coping ability at work and coping ability during leisure hours. Coping ability at work included 81 critical incidents grouped into two categories: the nurses' diet and exercise habits were influenced by social interaction with colleagues at work and by the disruption to their circadian rhythm. Coping ability during leisure hours included 62 critical incidents grouped into two categories: the diet and exercise habits were influenced when the nurses recovered from the disruption to their circadian rhythm and when they took advantage of the freedom of action offered by night work. CONCLUSIONS: By identifying the factors that influence diet and exercise habits among nurses working night shift, strategies can be developed in order to strengthen the factors with a positive influence.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2026

Integrative Multi-Omics Analysis of Stem Growth Habit Divergence in Wild Soybean (Glycine soja).

Stem architecture is a major determinant of lodging resistance, biomass accumulation, and harvest efficiency in soybean. However, the molecular features associated with contrasting stem growth habits in wild soybean remain incompletely characterised. Here, we performed an integrated transcriptomic, metabolomic, and epigenomic analysis of stem growth-habit divergence in wild soybean, comparing the wild-type accession ZYD7068 with contrasting vining and erect mutant lines derived from carbon-ion beam mutagenesis. Pairwise transcriptomic comparisons identified between 20&#x2009;311 and 28&#x2009;705 differentially expressed genes per contrast, with a core set of 2672 genes consistently altered across the comparisons. Functional enrichment, gene set variation analysis, and gene set enrichment analysis converged on xylem and phloem pattern formation as a prominent molecular pathway associated with growth-habit divergence. Random forest analysis identified BBR-BPC and ARF transcription factor families as major molecular discriminators, while metabolomic profiling revealed distinct metabolic profiles involving amino-acid-derived and lipid-associated metabolites. Whole-genome bisulfite sequencing revealed context-specific DNA methylation differences, including substantial variation in CHG methylation among erect mutant lines. Integrated network and in silico perturbation analyses prioritised four candidate genes associated with vascular development for future functional validation. Together, these results provide a multi-layer molecular resource for investigating stem growth-habit divergence in G. soja and establish testable candidate pathways and genes for subsequent functional studies and soybean improvement.

glycine soja↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Clinical habits and the psychiatrist: an adult developmental model focusing on the academic psychiatrist.

OBJECTIVE: The authors examine the development of the psychiatrist from an adult developmental perspective, focusing on the early development and consolidation of highly adaptive clinical and other professional habits. They place special emphasis on the professional development of the academic psychiatrist. METHOD: The authors review and use literature on adult psychological development as a formative template upon which a prototypical psychiatrist proceeds through a telescoping series of adult developmental stages. At each stage of clinical development, specific tasks are identified and outlined, and articles from the academic psychiatry literature are cited to provide content-specific examples of the development of academic and clinical habits of importance to those psychiatrists who then develop an academic career. RESULTS: The clinical development of the psychiatrist follows either a continuous or episodic process that parallels the broader themes of adult development, allowing for optimal integration of the interests and skills of the individual in a niche within the increasingly diverse field of psychiatry. For the academic psychiatrist, a continuation of this model applies to development as a clinical instructor and researcher. CONCLUSIONS: Optimum developmental attention to clinical habits and skills begins in medical school and proceeds sequentially throughout subsequent career stages, correlating with subsequent stages of adult development. The authors describe in functional terms strategies for successful navigation of these challenges in clinical habits development. At all stages, mentorship and supervision are highly encouraged, as is attention to macrolevel changes in the clinical and administrative milieu.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Writer's cramp: a controlled trial of habit reversal treatment.

In uncontrolled studies, several behavioural methods, including habit reversal, were said to be useful in writer's cramp. In this controlled study, 23 subjects with writer's cramp recruited from a neurology clinic were randomly allocated to five sessions over four weeks of either habit reversal training or a control treatment of relaxation training. Three subjects dropped out. Twenty patients (9 habit reversers, 11 controls) completed the trial up to three months follow-up. Outcome measures included observation of writing within the session, assessment of writing tasks completed at home, and blind ratings by an independent assessor. The results showed that habit reversal was no better than relaxation. Taking both treatments together, patients improved to three months follow-up on seven of nine measures, but remained substantially handicapped.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Effective prevention of diabetes mellitus: a motto for healthy habits--"none of one, less of two, more of three".

OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the correlation of six healthy habits with plasma glucose. METHODS: Our mnemonic or motto for promoting healthy habits is "none of one, less of two, more of three". The 'one' behavior is smoking. The two things are intake of food and alcohol. The three things are exercise, rest and enjoyable activities. SUBJECTS: A questionnaire recording compliance with this motto was completed by 8,113 subjects undergoing medical health check-ups. Subjects under medication were excluded. Fasting plasma glucose was measured. RESULTS: Fasting plasma glucose decreased significantly in relation to the number of healthy habits practiced (5.57 mmol/l for one, 5.51 for two, 5.49 for three, 5.41 for four, 5.38 for five, and 5.31 for six) . CONCLUSION: Practicing these six healthy habits contributes to the prevention of diabetes mellitus.

Attitude to Health↗