Physical growth and development after intrauterine growth retardation.
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Child↗
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Results for “Growth and Development”
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Clinical applications of adolescent female sexual development.
Growth and development during the teenage years encompass two closely related maturational phenomena: 1) puberty, the process of physical growth and development, and 2) adolescence, the process of cognitive and psychosocial growth and development. Puberty and adolescence usually proceed in an orderly, predictable sequence. Knowledge of the usual sequence of adolescent physical and psychosocial development is critical for distinguishing normal developmental processes from pathologic conditions. Providing effective anticipatory guidance to adolescents and their parents requires an understanding of the wide range of normal adolescent behavior and the ability to identify young people who are not developing normally.
Adolescent↗
Dentofacial growth and development.
Theoretical growth and development, and practical aspects are explored in an overview of how growth has been considered by investigators and clinicians during the past twenty years, to the beliefs held today. Diagnostic and treatment methods, where technical innovations are the most apparent, are considered in the context of classical orthodontic thinking. New diagnostic techniques will be introduced that will require changes in our basic understanding of growth and treatment. Orthodontics will continue to be integrated into total patient diagnosis and treatment.
Adolescent↗
The role of growth hormone in neural development.
Growth hormone (GH) is integrally involved in the development of the central nervous system (CNS), as well as during its recovery from injury, two processes that share many similarities and may influence CNS functionality. This review discusses some of the most recent findings in the field and, in particular, the ontogeny, distribution, regulation and putative functions of GH and its receptor within the CNS, particularly during development. The relative roles of peripheral GH, acting in part through insulin-like growth factor-I, and of the autocrine/paracrine GH system within the brain are considered. The potential role of GH as a therapeutic agent to influence brain development and function is discussed.
Animals↗
Protein kinase C zeta regulation of hypertrophic and apoptotic events occurring during rat neonatal heart development and growth.
The development and growth of the rat heart implies hyperplasia, which stops at birth, and hypertrophy, allowing cardiac mass to grow in response to programmed genetic events along with to haemodynamic overload. Moreover, hypertrophy is accomplished to apoptosis which controls the final number of myocardial cells, deletes vestigial structures, and takes part in remodelling the organ. Since at the basis of all these processes, which lead to the complete development of the heart, the activation of specific signalling pathways underlies, attention has been addressed to the role played in vivo by Protein Kinase C zeta (PKC zeta) in regulating NF-kB signalling system and intrinsic mitochondrial apoptotic route at days 1, 4, 10 and 22 of rat life. In fact, a role has been assigned to PKC zeta in indirectly phosphorylating IKBa, which peaks between 10 and 22 days, through a IKK determining, in turn, NF-kB activation, concomitantly to cytochrome c/Apaf 1 co-localization in the cytoplasm and caspase-9/caspase-3 activation, which leads to the occurrence of apoptosis. Thus a key role for PKC zeta in regulating the hypertrophic and apoptotic events leading to establishment of complete function in rat neonatal heart is here suggested.
Animals↗
The effect of chronic childhood malnutrition on pubertal growth and development.
Pubertal growth and development were compared in 342 privileged, urban children and 347 impoverished rural adolescents from Kenya. Measurements of height, weight, upper arm circumference, and triceps skinfolds revealed marked differences between the two study groups just before the onset of sexual maturation. These differences were also found in the early stages of puberty but notable catch-up was evident throughout the later period of the maturational process. Early stages of sexual maturity were delayed by 3 yr in malnourished boys with a 2.1-yr lag in the age of onset of menarche in rural girls. Derived estimates of body fat as well as direct anthropometry revealed that the onset of puberty is not size related under the circumstances of chronic childhood malnutrition.
Adipose Tissue↗
Cotesia kariyai teratocytes: growth and development.
The growth and development of teratocytes was examined in the Cotesia kariyai-Pseudaletia separata system. Cotesia kariyai embryos released an average of 163 teratocytes at the time of hatching, 3.5 days after oviposition. The cells increased in diameter from 30 to 77 µm until 7 days post-parasitization, after which there was no significant increase in average diameter. However, there was significant variation in diameter within the population of teratocytes during the later developmental stages of the parasitoid larvae. The DNA contents increased up to day 7. The ploidy level of teratocytes increased 4-fold (2C to 8C) from days 4 to 7 and thereafter remained the same. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that the surface of the teratocytes was covered with microvilli during all developmental stages, although on days 9 to 10 post-parasitization, bleb structures were also observed on a few. In vitro analysis of the proteins secreted from teratocytes following labeling with (35)S-methionine showed that many proteins were synthesized de novo and secreted by the cells until 9 to 10 days post-parasitization. These results indicate that teratocytes in later stages of development maintain their activity and regulate the physiological state of the host.
Journal Article↗
The regulatory effect of estrogens on fetal growth. IV. Brain development in growth accelerated fetuses in rabbits.
Brain weights and DNA, RNA, and total protein concentrations were determined on 31-day-old fetuses whose growth had been accelerated incidental to estrogen deficiency following maternal oophorectomy. Compared to controls, there were no differences in the DNA, RNA, or total protein concentrations, although the mean brain weight was increased. The higher mean brain weight in the growth accelerated fetuses was related to the increased mean fetal weight, and did not represent an independent response to the estrogen deficiency. A comparison of the influence of fetal weight versus gestational age on the weight of the fetal brain shows that gestational age exerts an effect apart from that of fetal weight.
Animals↗
Studies on growth and development. XII. Physical growth of North American Negro Children.
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Adolescent↗
How should salinity influence fish growth?
Development and growth (continuous in fish) are controlled by 'internal factors' including CNS, endocrinological and neuroendocrinological systems. Among vertebrates, they also are highly dependent on environmental conditions. Among other factors, many studies have reported an influence of water salinity on fish development and growth. In most species, egg fertilization and incubation, yolk sac resorption, early embryogenesis, swimbladder inflation, larval growth are dependent on salinity. In larger fish, salinity is also a key factor in controlling growth. Do the changes in growth rate, that depend on salinity, result from an action on: (1) standard metabolic rate; (2) food intake; (3) food conversion; and/or (4) hormonal stimulation? Better growth at intermediate salinities (8-20 psu) is very often, but not systematically, correlated to a lower standard metabolic rate. Numerous studies have shown that 20 to >50% of the total fish energy budget are dedicated to osmoregulation. However, recent ones indicate that the osmotic cost is not as high (roughly 10%) as this. Data are also available in terms of food intake and stimulation of food conversion, which are both dependent on the environmental salinity. Temperature and salinity have complex interactions. Many hormones are known to be active in both osmoregulation and growth regulation, e.g. in the control of food intake. All of these factors are reviewed. As often, multiple causality is likely to be at work and the interactive effects of salinity on physiology and behaviour must also be taken into account.
Acclimatization↗
Expression and localization of growth factors during mammary gland development.
Growth and differentiation of the mammary gland during development and lactation are controlled by complex hormonal mechanisms. Additionally growth factors are supposed to act as local mediators of the hormonally controlled developmental processes. Mammary tissue for this study was obtained from non pregnant control heifers, primigravid heifers (second part of pregnancy), around parturition, during lactation (early and late) and from dry cows. Using RT-PCR and ribonuclease protections assay (RPA) the expression of the following growth factors was studied in the different phases bovine mammary gland development: Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II), fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF-I), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2), transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-alpha). Additionally the expression of fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) and growth hormone receptor (GHR) was investigated. The cellular distribution pattern of several of these growth factors and GHR was obtained using Immunocytochemical techniques. The detailed expression and localization pattern of these growth factors are presented and their role in the local regulation of the bovine mammary gland is briefly discussed.
Animals↗
Comparison of in situ and in vitro regulation of soybean seed growth and development.
The growth characteristics of soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) embryos in culture and seeds in situ were found to be similar, but developmental differences were observed. Embryos placed in culture when very small (<2 milligrams dry weight) failed to attain the maximal growth rates attained by embryos which were more mature when placed in culture. When nutrient levels were maintained in the culture medium, embryos continued to grow indefinitely, reaching dry weights far in excess of seeds matured in situ. Apparently, maternal factors were important in early and late development during the determination of maximum growth rate and the cessation of growth. Embryo growth rate was not affected by substituting glucose plus fructose for sucrose in the medium, nor by hormone treatments, including abscisic acid. Glutamine was found to give substantially better growth than glutamate, however. Contrary to prior reports, the response of soybean embryo growth rate to irradiance was found to be primarily an artifact of the effect of irradiance on media temperature. Across seven genotypes the correlation coefficient between seed growth rate in situ and embryo growth rate in vitro was 0.94, indicating essentially all of the variability of in situ seed growth rate between cultivars could be attributed to inherent growth rate differences associated with the embryos. The response to temperature was very similar for both embryos in culture and seeds in situ at temperatures below 30 degrees C. Beyond that temperature, embryo growth rate continued to increase, while seed growth rate did not. The implication is that in situ seed growth rate is determined by the inherent growth potential of the embryo at low to moderate temperatures; however, at higher temperatures, the maternal plant is unable to support the rapid growth rates that the embryo is capable of attaining under conditions of unlimited assimilate supply.
Journal Article↗
Matrix metalloproteinases are not essential for aggrecan turnover during normal skeletal growth and development.
The growth plate is a transitional region of cartilage and highly diversified chondrocytes that controls long bone formation. The composition of growth plate cartilage changes markedly from the epiphysis to the metaphysis, notably with the loss of type II collagen, concomitant with an increase in MMP-13; type X collagen; and the C-propeptide of type II collagen. In contrast, the fate of aggrecan in the growth plate is not clear: there is biosynthesis and loss of aggrecan from hypertrophic cartilage, but the mechanism of loss is unknown. All matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) cleave aggrecan between amino acids N341 and F342 in the proteinase-sensitive interglobular domain (IGD), and MMPs in the growth plate are thought to have a role in aggrecanolysis. We have generated mice with aggrecan resistant to proteolysis by MMPs in the IGD and found that the mice develop normally with no skeletal deformities. The mutant mice do not accumulate aggrecan, and there is no significant compensatory proteolysis occurring at alternate sites in the IGD. Our studies reveal that MMP cleavage in this key region is not a predominant mechanism for removing aggrecan from growth plate cartilage.
Aggrecans↗
Growth Performance and Gonadal Development of Growth Enhanced Transgenic Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (L.) Following Heat-Shock-Induced Triploidy.
Triploid induction offers a way of considerably reducing fertility in fish, and could therefore be employed to help ensure that any adverse environmental impact of transgenic fish was markedly less. In order to produce sterile growth-enhanced transgenic fish, we have induced triploidy in two lines of transgenic tilapia. Growth performance and gonadal development were analyzed following triploidization by heat shock. Ploidy status was confirmed by nuclear size measurement of erythrocytes. Erythrocytes of triploids were found to be 1.5 times larger than diploids. Observations of growth enhancement and gonadal development were made on diploids and triploids from both transgenic and nontransgenic full sibling batches. In both lines, transgenic diploids were superior in growth performance, followed by transgenic triploids, nontransgenic diploids, and nontransgenic triploids. Although the testes of transgenic triploids were significantly smaller than those of nontransgenic triploids and nontransgenic diploids, histologically they did not show signs of gross deformation. There were also some spermatozoa present in the testes of some triploids, which could be indicative of reproductive functionality. However, the ovaries were devoid of oocytes, underdeveloped, and deformed in all triploids and were completely nonfunctional. Although the best growth performance was shown by the fertile diploid transgenics, the triploid transgenic females could offer a good option for aquaculture purposes because they showed superior growth performance over the normal wild-type tilapias with the advantage of sterility to ensure nonhybridization and noncontamination with the local gene pool. However, careful monitoring of potential gene flow would be required prior to commercial use.
Journal Article↗
Physical growth of Swiss children from birth to 20 years of age. First Zurich longitudinal study of growth and development.
Physical growth from birth to adulthood in healthy Swiss children born 1954-1956 is described. The data are based on the First Zurich Longitudinal Study in which 137 individuals of each sex have been followed from birth to adulthood between 1954 and 1976. Distance standards of 20 anthropometric measurements such as weight, height and head circumference are presented as mean values and standard deviations or as median values (for weight and skinfold thickness) with smoothed empirical centiles. Velocity standards are provided for seven anthropometric parameters. The following standard growth charts for clinical use are presented: weight, length/height and head circumference in the perinatal period, in the age range of 0-48 months and in the age range of 1-18 years (including some data on puberty), as well as weight for length/height and height velocity (cross-sectional and peak height centered). Comparison of the growth standards with those of previous Swiss studies and of recent foreign studies revealed only minor differences. Various aspects relevant for the clinical use of growth standards, such as measurement error or secular trend, are discussed.
Adolescent↗
Curve smoothing and transformations in the development of growth curves.
Growth charts such as those published by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) consist of a set of smoothed percentile curves showing the distribution of different aspects of body size for infants, children, and adolescents. The original NCHS growth charts are currently being revised to incorporate additional national data, to include growth curves for body mass index (BMI, in kg/m2), to reduce or eliminate dis-continuities, and to use new and improved methods of smoothing. Methods of curve smoothing in the development of growth curves are briefly discussed in the context of this revision by using examples based on the provisional data set for revision of the growth curves. Among the factors that may affect the construction of the revised growth curves are sample sizes, sampling weights, and secular trends. The use of BMI or other weight-height indexes in growth curves presents some new issues because these transformations of weight and height data do not increase monotonically with age. Some of the advantages and disadvantages of several different approaches to creating smoothed percentiles and standardized scores are discussed briefly. These effects need to be considered in the broader context of constructing growth curves. No single method of developing smoothed curves is clearly the best for all purposes, and estimates of overweight and underweight may be sensitive to the method chosen. Alternative approaches to constructing smoothed curves by using weight-height functions other than BMI might warrant further exploration.
Journal Article↗
The genetic contribution to pubertal growth and development studied by longitudinal growth data on twins.
Forty-eight pairs of MZ and like-sex DZ twins of Panjabi parentage were studied longitudinally for such pubertal changes as growth of genitalia, pubic, axillary and facial hair, change of voice and ejaculation of semen in boys, and growth of pubic and axillary hair, breast development and onset of menarche in girls, besides growth in height and weight. Mean intra-pair age differences are small and intra-pair correlations for age at different secondary sexual developments are higher in MZ twins than in DZ twins in both sexes. Mean intra-pair differences and intra-pair correlations for the time taken to pass from first stage to the final stage of development also present a similar picture. Intra-pair height and weight differences and differences in their growth velocities also indicate that MZ twins are more concordant than DZ twins throughout the adolescent growth period. These findings indicate a strong genetic component in regulating the pubertal changes as well as in the growth of height and weight in the two sexes. The role of environmental factors in at least some of the pubertal changes is also indicated.
Adolescent↗