SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Glaucoma”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

SourceResearch connectionFrom yearThrough year

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 271 records · Page 15Linked to original sources

PubMed2001

Analysis of myocilin gene mutations in Japanese patients with normal tension glaucoma and primary open-angle glaucoma.

The myocilin gene was identified as a gene (MYOC) that caused primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). Although a normal tension glaucoma (NTG) patient with the myocilin gene mutation was previously reported, no study using large numbers of patients with NTG has been reported. Single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis and subsequent sequence analysis were performed for genotyping the myocilin gene in 114 unrelated Japanese patients with NTG. One hundred and nineteen patients with POAG and 100 control subjects without glaucoma were studied as reference subjects. Five amino acid sequence changes of the myocilin were identified: Arg46Stop (one NTG), Arg76Lys (four NTG, 10 POAG, seven control), Arg158Gln (one NTG, one POAG, one control) found in only Japanese, Asp208Glu (four NTG, three POAG, one control), Pro481Ser (one control). Pro481Ser was novel. Arg76Lys always occurred with 1-83 from G to A in the promoter as it was reported in Chinese. Although some Japanese patients with NTG had sequence changes of the myocilin gene, there were no apparent specific mutations in patients with NTG.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

Preoperative features of patients with exfoliation glaucoma and primary open-angle glaucoma. The AHEPA study.

PURPOSE: To describe and compare the preoperative characteristics of Greek patients with exfoliation glaucoma (EXG) and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). METHODS: We prospectively investigated the preoperative features of 100 consecutive patients undergoing filtration surgery for either EXG, or POAG. We compared 74 patients with EXG and 26 with POAG. RESULTS: EXG patients were older (68.2 vs 62.4 years; p<0.05) and more often from the countryside (73%). Both glaucomas showed a preponderance for males, similar frequencies of positive family history and systemic disorders, with the exception of diabetes which was more common in POAG (19.2% vs 5.4%). The first IOP measurement, before treatment, was significantly higher in EXG (40.4 mm Hg) compared with POAG (33.9 mm Hg). Despite a shorter duration of medical therapy (25 vs 65 months) and more topical drugs EXG patients exhibited higher mean preoperative IOP (36 vs 27.8 mm Hg for POAG; p<0.05). EXG patients had significantly worse visual acuity than POAG (0.4 vs 0.6; p<0.05) and worse compliance to medical therapy (48%) compared to POAG (33%). CONCLUSION: Significant differences in preoperative features distinguish EXG from POAG.

Age Distribution↗

PubMed1994

Electrophysiology and psychophysics in ocular hypertension and glaucoma: evidence for different pathomechanisms in early glaucoma.

It is not clear whether glaucomatous optic nerve damage is the end result of one pathological process or whether there are several mechanisms by which the final disease is manifest. The use of electrophysiological and psychophysical tests which measure the function of specific subdivisions of the visual pathways have been shown to be of use in the early diagnosis of glaucoma. In addition these results may help to elucidate the mechanisms of loss of visual function in patients with early glaucoma. One hundred and ninety-three patients with ocular hypertension (intraocular pressure > 24 mmHg, with normal visual fields and optic discs), 30 with glaucoma and 35 controls underwent pattern electroretinogram (PERG), peripheral colour contrast thresholds, motion detection thresholds (MDT) and Humphrey automated visual fields at the same visit. For each test there was a significant proportion of patients with abnormal results as has been found in previous studies of these techniques. However, there was a significant lack of correlation between the groups with only a small number of patients having abnormalities on more than one test. Of the patients demonstrating abnormal PERGs, 36% had abnormal colour contrast and 32% abnormal MDT, but only 15% were abnormal on both tests. Early glaucomatous damage may be focal or diffuse in nature. Similarly there may be preferential damage to ganglion cells subserving different visual functions or damage at different retinal layers. The results lend support to these hypotheses and give further evidence that more than one pathomechanism may be involved early in the glaucomatous process.

Color Perception↗

PubMed1998

Cellular and plasma fibronectin in the aqueous humour of primary open-angle glaucoma, exfoliative glaucoma and cataract patients.

PURPOSE: To compare the concentrations of cellular fibronectin (cFN), plasma fibronectin (pFN), tenascin and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the aqueous humour in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), exfoliative glaucoma (EXFG) or cataract (control group). METHODS: The concentrations were determined by enzyme-linked immunoassays in the aqueous humour of patients with EXFG (n = 26), POAG (n = 29) or cataract (control group, n = 13). RESULTS: The pFN concentrations of the three patient groups differed significantly from each other (p = 0.0004 in a non-parametric analysis of variance). In multiple comparisons EXFG patients showed significantly higher pFN levels than POAG patients (p < 0.05) or cataract patients (p < 0.01). the cFN level was also significantly higher in EXGF patients than in POAG patients (p < 0.05) or cataract patients (p < 0.05). The pFN or cFN concentrations of the POAG group did not differ from those of the control group. Neither tenascin nor CGRP was detected in the aqueous humour of any of our patients. CONCLUSIONS: The significantly higher aqueous humour pFN concentration in exfoliative glaucoma may be a consequence of disruption of the blood-aqueous barrier and may further add to an increased outflow resistance.

Aged↗

PubMed2004

[Modern diagnostic methods for suspected glaucoma and glaucoma].

BACKGROUND: Diagnosis of early glaucomatous damage as well as the detection of glaucomatous change are still difficult tasks. During the last years numerous new diagnostic techniques have been investigated and some of them have been introduced to the market. METHODS: This paper reviews the different aims of diagnostic technologies in the field of glaucoma. Methods appearing suitable for a large-scale use by ophthalmologists will be judged according to their suitability to meet the goals of early diagnosis, objective diagnosis, progression analysis and screening. CONCLUSIONS: The new diagnostic techniques have not yet greatly influenced our diagnostic procedure. This is mainly due to the fact that, for the most difficult borderline cases of glaucoma, these methods are of limited value, or have not yet been sufficiently investigated. Nevertheless, the Heidelberg retina tomograph (HRT), the nerve fiber analyzer GDX, short wavelength perimetry (SWAP), and the frequency doubling test (FDT) may play a role in these cases. For follow-up, HRT and GDx have proven valuable, especially in early stages of the disease. The very short testing time of FDT together with good specificity qualifies this test for glaucoma screening.

Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological↗

PubMed1999

[Comparison of postoperative recovery after trabeculectomy for pseudoexfoliation glaucoma and chronic primary open angle glaucoma].

BACKGROUND: A former study showed an increased biochemical and tyndallometrical concentration of proteins in the anterior chamber in eyes with pseudoexfoliation glaucoma (PEX). This may induce an increased healing process, which may reduce the effectiveness of a trabeculectomy. To evaluate the intraocular pressure (IOP) lowering effect of trabeculectomy over time in eyes with PEX and primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) a retrospective study was conducted. METHODS: Thirty eyes of 30 patients with PEX were matched to 30 eyes of 30 patients with POAG in terms of age, glaucoma medication, and visual field loss. All patients underwent primary trabeculectomy by one surgeon without the use of antimetabolites. Maximum IOP and the duration of antiglaucomatous therapy before trabeculectomy was evaluated. IOP readings were analyzed before and 1 day, 1, and 2 years after trabeculectomy. Statistical evaluation was performed by Mann and Whitney's U-test. RESULTS: Patients with PEX showed a significant higher maximum IOP and a significant shorter duration of antiglaucomatous therapy before trabeculectomy. Both groups showed no significant differences in IOP before and after trabeculectomy. In the group with PEX a tendency to a lower IOP was found 1 year (p(U) = 0.13) and 2 years (p(U) = 0.16) after trabeculectomy. There was no significant difference in antiglaucomatous therapy after trabeculectomy. CONCLUSIONS: This study did not find a reduced IOP lowering effect of trabeculectomy in eyes with PEX in comparison to eyes with POAG over time.

Aged↗

PubMed1998

[External trabecular excision--alternative to filtering glaucoma operation in patients with open angle glaucoma].

BACKGROUND: Postoperative complications concerning glaucoma filtering surgery (trabeculectomy, goniotrepanation) often include hypotonia that may lead to athalamia or choroidal detachment, which are difficult to handle. Cystic non filtering blebs are due to postinflammatory reactions, and may limit the success of filtering surgery. Aim of the study was to compare the success and the complications of a new operating technique, which will be described, with those of usual glaucoma filtering surgery. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In 24 open angle glaucoma patients with mean intraocular pressure of 28.12 mm Hg (+/- 8.6) we performed external trabecular excision in 25 eyes since June 1997. Preoperative visual acuity and peak intraocular pressure were compared retrospectively in all eyes with the values of the first postoperative day, in 22 eyes after one month and in 17 eyes after 3 months. RESULTS: Intraocular pressure measured between 0 mm Hg and 16 mm Hg on the first postoperative day (7.64 mm Hg +/- 4.3), after one month between 10 mm Hg and 30 mm Hg (17.81 mm Hg +/- 5.5) and after 3 months between 9 mm Hg and 26 mm Hg (15.29 mm Hg +/- 4.2). After 1 month 10 of 22 (45%) and after 3 months 7 of 17 eyes (42%) required antiglaucomatous drugs; 3 eyes needed gonitrepanation (2 weeks, 1 month, 3 months after ETE). Concerning postoperative complications, we observed 6 choroidal detachments, once erythrocoytes in the anterior chamber, twice hyphemata, twice inflammatory reaction in the anterior chamber, two flat anterior chambers and twice a positive seidel test. CONCLUSION: Complications after ETE are similar to those after filtering surgery. Postoperative intraocular pressure dip after ETE in most eyes was not as pronounced as after goniotrepanation or trabeculectomy, and postoperative complications were all reversible. 45% of the eyes again needed antiglaucomatous drugs after one month and 42% after 3 months. A prospective long-term study has to verify the success respectively the complications of ETE.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

[Pallor of the optic papilla--an early sign of glaucoma. A clinical controlled study of optic disk pallor and papillar cupping in glaucoma simplex, ocular hypertension and normal eyes with the optic nerve head analyzer].

Double examinations of 99 eyes (34 healthy, 12 with ocular hypertension, 53 with primary open-angle glaucoma) were performed with the Optic Nerve Head Analyzer to evaluate whether an increase in disk pallor or in the cup-disk ratio (CDR) is the earlier sign of glaucoma. In eyes with primary open-angle glaucoma the CDR and the mean optic disk pallor value are significantly higher than in healthy eyes. There is no significant difference in the CDR of patients with ocular hypertension as compared to normals. However, the mean pallor value is significantly higher in eyes with ocular hypertension than in healthy eyes. Therefore, an increase in pallor may precede a significant increase in the CDR or detectable visual field defects.

Glaucoma, Open-Angle↗

PubMed1998

Effect of betaxolol on primary open-angle glaucoma and normal-tension glaucoma patients.

This study is aimed at establishing the efficacy of the therapeutic agent, betaxolol, in diurnal control of IOP (intraocular pressure). Therapy was performed on 32 eyes affected by POAG (primary open-angle glaucoma) and 16 eyes affected by NTG (normal-tension glaucoma). Two preparations of betaxolol were utilized: betaxolol hydrochloride 0.50% (Betoptic) was administered to 15 POAG and 7 NTG eyes; betaxolol hydrochloride 0.25% ophthalmic suspension (Betoptic S) was administered to 17 POAG and 9 NTG eyes. IOP measurements were taken every two hours from 8 a.m. to 8 p.m. IOP was measured before therapy and at 12 hours, 30 days, and 3 months of therapy. Betaxolol hydrochloride 0.50% was more effective at lowering IOP during the day. Diurnal pressure peaks, which are a risk factor concerning the maintenance of visual field in glaucoma patients, were also reduced using 0.50% betaxolol hydrochloride.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗

PubMed2004

Factors for progression and glaucoma treatment: the Early Manifest Glaucoma Trial.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review summarizes factors for progression in the Early Manifest Glaucoma Trial (EMGT), including the effect of treatment. EMGT randomized patients with early glaucoma either to argon laser trabeculoplasty plus betaxolol (n = 129) or to no immediate treatment (n = 126) and followed them every 3 months. RECENT FINDINGS: Treated patients had delayed progression, as compared with controls. In Cox regression, EMGT treatment halved the risk of progression (hazard ratio = 0.50; 95% confidence interval: 0.35, 0.71). Risk decreased about 10% with each millimeter mercury of intraocular pressure (IOP) reduction from baseline; the higher (or lower) the IOP at follow-up, the higher (or lower) the risk. Baseline factors increasing progression were higher IOP, exfoliation, bilateral disease, worse perimetric mean deviation and older age; frequent disc hemorrhages at follow-up also increased risk. SUMMARY: EMGT treatment reduced progression risk in half, demonstrating the value of IOP lowering in early glaucoma. Age and indicators of disease severity also predicted progression.

Antihypertensive Agents↗

PubMed2001

How does nonpenetrating glaucoma surgery work? Aqueous outflow resistance and glaucoma surgery.

Histologic, experimental, and theoretical studies of the aqueous outflow pathways point toward the juxtacanalicular region and inner wall of Schlemm's canal as the likely site of aqueous outflow resistance in the normal eye. At least 50% of the aqueous outflow resistance in the normal eye and the bulk of the pathologically increased resistance in the glaucomatous eye resides in the trabecular meshwork and the inner wall of Schlemm's canal. The uveoscleral, or uveovortex, pathway, which accounts for perhaps 10% of the aqueous drainage in the healthy aged human eye, can become a major accessory route for aqueous drainage after pharmacologic treatment. Surgeries designed to incise or remove the abnormal trabecular meshwork of glaucoma address the pathologic problem of the disease. Surgeries that unroof Schlemm's canal or expand the canal, such as viscocanalostomy, probably cause inadvertent ruptures of the inner wall and juxtacanalicular tissue, thus relieving the abnormal outflow resistance of glaucoma. This review is a summary of current thought on the pathophysiology of aqueous outflow resistance in glaucoma and, in light of this, provides an interpretation of the mechanism of pressure reduction created by these new surgeries.

Anterior Eye Segment↗

PubMed2001

The role of myocilin/TIGR in glaucoma: results of the Glaucoma Research Foundation catalyst meeting in Berkeley, California, March 2000.

Approximately 3 years ago, the first major (biochemical, molecular biologic, and biologic) insight into primary open-angle glaucoma was the finding that mutations in the myocilin (MYOC/TIGR) gene were related to certain forms of juvenile onset of this disease. Since then, a great deal of work has been done to determine the possible mechanisms by which MYOC/TIGR might cause not only juvenile but also adult-onset primary open-angle glaucoma. To assess the current knowledge and those areas in which more research is necessary, a meeting of scientists was held by the Glaucoma Research Foundation of San Francisco, California in the spring of 2000. This meeting attempted to concentrate on the MYOC/TIGR protein rather than the genetics of this gene. Possible functions and roles of this protein intracellularly and extracellularly were critically examined and discussed. Normal transcriptional and translational events and the effect of mutations on these events were explored. The discussions yielded insight not only in those areas in which important information is known but also in vital areas in which little is currently understood. This review attempts to summarize the current knowledge regarding MYOC/TIGR and to elucidate the points that the people attending the meeting thought needed further study.

Cytoskeletal Proteins↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Glaucomatous damage in normotensive fellow eyes of patients with unilateral hypertensive pseudoexfoliation glaucoma: normotensive pseudoexfoliation glaucoma?

BACKGROUND: The objective of the study was to investigate the prevalence of glaucomatous damage in normotensive fellow eyes of patients with unilateral high-tension pseudoexfoliation (PX) glaucoma. METHODS: Initial examination records of 111 patients with unilateral PX glaucoma with intraocular pressure (IOP) > or = 22 mmHg in the hypertensive eye and IOP < or = 21 mmHg in the normotensive fellow eye without any prior antiglaucomatous treatment were retrospectively studied. Visual field and optic disc examination results were evaluated for glaucomatous damage in the normotensive eyes. RESULTS: Glaucomatous changes were detected in 45 of the 111 fellow eyes (40%). The damage was mild in 25 eyes (22%), moderate in 18 eyes (16%), and severe in 2 (2%). The factors significantly associated with glaucomatous findings in the normotensive eyes were clinical detection of PX, higher age (> or =70 years), higher maximal IOP (> or =18 mmHg) and wider IOP fluctuation (> or =6 mmHg) in the univariate analyses. In the multivariate analysis, associated factors remained as higher maximal IOP (odds ratio = 7.92, confidence interval = 2.82-22.23, P < 0.001) and wider IOP fluctuation (odds ratio = 5.67, confidence interval = 2.05-15.74, P = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Normotensive fellow eyes of patients with unilateral high-tension PX glaucoma are under significant risk of glaucomatous damage, related with the level and the fluctuation range of IOP.

Adult↗

PubMed1988

Exfoliation syndrome in the southeastern United States. I. Prevalence in open-angle glaucoma and non-glaucoma populations.

A prospective study of 2,121 patients, 30 years of age or older, examined in two clinics in the southeastern United States with dilated slit-lamp biomicroscopy, revealed the exfoliation syndrome in 1.6% of the total population and in 6.0% of an open-angle glaucoma subpopulation. All but one of the 33 patients with exfoliation syndrome were over age 60 years, and the prevalence of exfoliation syndrome in the subgroup over age 60 was 3.2%. Among the patients over age 60 who did not have open-angle glaucoma, 1.6% had exfoliation syndrome. By chi square analysis, the prevalence of the exfoliation syndrome in the over age 60 population without glaucoma was found to be significantly less (P = 0.00009) than reported in studies from other geographic areas.

Age Factors↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Central corneal thickness in primary open angle glaucoma, pseudoexfoliative glaucoma, ocular hypertension, and normal population.

PURPOSE: This study was designed to determine the relationship between central corneal thickness (CCT) and intraocular pressure (IOP) measured by applanation tonometer in glaucomatous, ocular hypertensive, and normal eyes. METHODS: A total of 125 subjects were included in the study. Twenty-six had primary open angle glaucoma (POAG), 25 had pseudoexfoliative glaucoma (PXG), 24 had ocular hypertension (OHT), and 50 of them were normal. IOP values were measured by Goldmann applanation tonometer whereas CCT values were measured by ultrasonic pachymeter. RESULTS: CCT values in the OHT group (595.75+/-22.52 microm) were greater than the CCT values of the POAG group (539.92+/-21.50 microm), the PXG group (526.28+/-31.73 microm), and the normal group (533.96+/-29.25 microm) (p<0.05). Eight patients who were diagnosed with OHT showed IOP values of 21 mm Hg or lower with corrected IOP values according to CCT. CONCLUSIONS: Increased CCT may lead to falsely high values of IOP measured with Goldmann applanation tonometer. In this study, when IOP values of the OHT group were redefined according to the formulae regarding the CCT, the authors noted that one third of them were normal. Determination of the CCT in OHT cases is crucial since it has great impact on IOP values, measured with applanation tonometer, which is the main parameter in the diagnosis and follow-up of glaucoma.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation of the Brusini glaucoma staging system for follow-up in glaucoma.

BACKGROUND: Brusini developed a new interpretation system for Octopus and Humphrey automated perimeters that is based on mean defect (MD) and corrected loss variance (CLV) or corrected pattern standard deviation (CPSD). This study tested the performance of Brusini's glaucoma staging system (GSS) in staging and follow-up. METHODS: Retrospectively, 610 visual fields of 64 eyes of open-angle glaucoma patients were analyzed with Brusini GSS and compared with Aulhorn-Karmeyer stages and by PeriData 7.0 trend analysis. RESULTS: Follow-up was comparable to PeriData 7.0 trend analysis in 97%. Change was observed in 41% of eyes, i.e., initial improvement (19% eyes), deterioration (16%), and after an initial improvement, either deterioration (11%) or a stable period (5%). No change was seen in 59% of the eyes, of which 30% showed small and 19% high long-term fluctuation (LF) due to fatigue effect, poor cooperation of patient, impaired reliability, or short-term fluctuation (SF) greater than 1.7 dB. However, for 8% of the eyes there was no apparent reason for high LF. CONCLUSIONS: Brusini GSS is useful for staging and recommended for follow-up evaluation of visual fields in glaucoma.

Aged↗

PubMed1996

Open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension: the Long Island Glaucoma Case-control Study.

This case-control study evaluated risk factors for open-angle glaucoma (OAG) and high intraocular pressure (IOP), including systemic hypertension and its treatment, other systemic factors, familial, and demographic variables. The three study groups were based on masked ophthalmologic gradings of visual fields and fundus photographs, as well as tonometry. The OAG group (n = 122) had OAG field defects, IOP > 21 mmHG, and cup-disc ratios > or = 0.5 and/or evidence of glaucoma disc damage. The ocular hypertensives (n = 108) had no field defects, IOP > 21 mmHg and normal discs. The controls (n = 190) had no field defects, IOP < 21 mmHg and normal discs. The data collection protocol included a standardized interview and measurements. Medical history was confirmed by contacting the primary care physicians (89% response from physicians). Study groups were compared by polychotomous logistic regression analyses. Men were more likely to have OAG and less likely to have ocular hypertension. Systemic hypertension was more frequent in ocular hypertensives (Odds Ratio = 2.36); high diastolic pressure was associated with OAG and ocular hypertension (OR = 2.13 and 2.21, respectively). Treatment for systemic hypertension was unrelated to OAG risk. Low perfusion pressures (blood pressure-IOP differences) were strongly associated with OAG and ocular hypertension, a finding that could be due to the high IOP in these groups. A family history of glaucoma was more frequent in OAG (OR = 3.08) and ocular hypertension (OR = 2.38) than in controls. Alcohol consumption was related to ocular hypertension (OR = 2.32). No other associations were significant. The results confirm an association of blood pressure with intraocular pressure. Since the OAG and ocular hypertensive groups had similar blood pressure results, an independent effect of blood pressure on OAG was not substantiated.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Glaucoma risk factors in primary open-angle glaucoma patients compared to ocular hypertensives and control subjects.

To investigate the risk factors for glaucoma, we reviewed the clinical record of 361 primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) patients, 178 ocular hypertensives (OH), and 927 controls without POAG or OH, randomly selected from an urban medical center eye clinic. Old age defined as > or = 55 year, (odds ratio ratio (OR) = 3.13 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.06-4.76, P < .0001), black race (OR = 2.58, 95% CI: 1.79-3.74, p < .0001), hypertension (OR = 1.709, 95% CI: 1.15-2.51, P < .0108), and diabetes mellitus (OR = 1.83, 95% CI: 1.08-3.09, P = .0308) were identified as significant risk factors in POAG compared to OH. Old Age (OR = 4.94, 95% CI: 3.62-6.76, p < .0001), and black race (OR = 2.04, 95% CI: 1.59-2.61, P < .0001), HTN (OR = 1.63, 95% CI: 1.26-2.11, P = .0002), and DM (OR = 1.40 95% CI: 1.02-1.92 P = .0450) were also significant risk factors when compared to normal controls. However, when the 361 POAG patients were compared to 361 controls matched with respect to age, race, and sex, hypertension and diabetes mellitus did not appear to be independent risk factors. Family history of glaucoma was found to be a risk factors more significantly for OH (OR = 6.79, 95% CI: 4.39-10.50, P < .0001) than for POAG (OR = 2.83, 95% CI: 1.90-4.21, P < .0001) compared to the matched control subjects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Age Factors↗