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At least 271 records · Page 15Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

Disposal of CAPD waste in the community.

Fifty-nine patients returned a confidential mailed questionnaire, to determine their procedures for disposal of CAPD waste including bags, fluids and needles, and to assess their instruction and opinions on health risks from their wastes. Patients came predominantly from rural communities. Sixty four percent used disposal boxes for used needles, 80% discarded drained bags in the garbage without wrapping them in plastic and 7 to 17% of patients discarded needles straight to the garbage, depending on circumstances. Thirty seven percent did not recall receiving instruction on waste disposal, and of those who did, instructions came predominantly from nurses. Twenty of 32 patients who had suffered peritonitis disposed of their bags during peritonitis in the same manner as when they did not have peritonitis. Most patients (61%) felt issues dealing with CAPD waste disposal were "important" or "very important", but fewer "agreed" or "strongly agreed" that it posed a health risk to others (16%) or to the environment (10%). Inconsistencies in methods of disposal and potential risks of infection dictate that guidelines must be developed to deal with these issues.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Seroprevalence of murine typhus and fièvre boutonneuse in certain human populations in Egypt.

A study was conducted between 1984 and 1987 to determine the prevalence of Rickettsia typhi and Rickettsia conorii infections among humans residing in the Nile Delta, Suez Canal area and Nile Valley of Egypt. Serum specimens were obtained from garbage and rodent control workers, other unclassified occupational workers, and from patients with fever of undetermined aetiology. All sera were assayed for IgA + IgM + IgG (IgAMG) antibody mixture and if positive, reassayed for specific IgM antibody to rickettsia by the indirect fluorescent antibody technique. R. typhi antibody was found in 19% (33/178) of the garbage collectors, whereas only 1% (2/178) had demonstrable antibody to R. conorii. Among those with other occupations, R. typhi antibody was detected in 0.7% (2/295) and none had R. conorii antibody. The antibody prevalence rate for R. typhi among patients with febrile illness ranged from 25 to 41%, and from 2 to 15% for R. conorii, at three different locations in Egypt. In addition, IgM antibody to R. typhi was demonstrated in some patients showing symptoms compatible with rickettsial disease and in some patients who seroconverted, indicating that R. typhi was the cause of illness among some of these patients. These findings support previous observations that R. typhi and R. conorii are the causes of human rickettsial disease in Egypt, and that humans are commonly infected with R. typhi.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Up from the beach: medical waste disposal rules!

The recent incidents of floating debris, garbage, wood, and medical waste on our nation's beaches have focused public attention on waste management problems. The handling and disposal of solid waste remains a major unresolved national dilemma. Increased use of disposables by all consumers, including the medical profession, and the increasing costs of solid waste disposal options have aggravated the solid waste situation. Medical waste found on beaches in the summer of 1988 could have been generated by a number of sources, including illegal dumping; sewer overflow; storm water runoff; illegal drug users; and inadequate handling of solid waste at landfills and coastal transfer facilities, which receive waste from doctors' offices, laboratories, and even legitimate home users of syringes. As officials from New Jersey have determined, the beach garbage is no mystery. It's coming from you and me. In response to the perceived medical waste disposal problem, various state and federal agencies have adopted rules to regulate and control the disposal of medical waste. This article outlines the more significant rules that apply to medical waste.

Medical Waste↗
PubMed1988

Mutagenicity and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons analysis of airborne particulate matters from Taipei City.

The mutagenic activity of dichloromethane extracts of 147 air particulate samples collected from 8 stations during December 1986-June 1987 in Taipei city was consistently higher in S. typhimurium strain TA 98 than in strain TA 100 in the presence of S9 mixture. Among the 8 stations, Nan Kang Police Station, Fu Hsing Elementary School, and Chung Hsing University which were located in the industrial district, downtown area, and heavy traffic zone, respectively, had significantly higher levels of PAHs than the other stations. In contrast, the levels of PAHs were much lower in the suburban station, near Pei Tou Elementary School. However, PAH contents of the air particulate samples collected from these stations did not show good correlation with their mutagenicity. The air particulates collected at some stations on Sunday when the traffic changed from heavy to light showed lower mutagenicity and PAH contents as compared with the other weekdays at the same stations. On the contrary, the samples collected at Pei Tou station in a suburban area where the traffic changed from light to heavy on Sunday showed higher mutagenicity and PAH contents. The monthly average of PAHs of air particulate samples collected over a 7-month period from 8 stations in Taipei city was lower than the average in 1980. Moreover, when compared with other countries, such as U.S.A., the Netherlands, West Germany, Italy, Norway, and Japan, the levels of PAHs and mutagenicity of air particulate matters in Taipei city were similar or slightly lower. The mutagenicity and contents of PAHs of air particulates collected from burnt ABS were significantly higher than those of burnt PVC. One sample PT-6-3 was collected while a nearby garbage collection area was on fire. The mutagenicity of that sample increased 3 to 16 fold and contained an 11 to 33 times higher content of the six PAHs (BaP, BeP, BbF, BaA, Chr, and DbA) as compared with the other samples collected at the same location at a different time. The higher mutagenicity and PAH contents of that sample might be due to the pollution of the air from combustion of the garbage containing products made of ABS.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed1970

Coronary, aortic and cerebral atherosclerosis in swine of 3 age-groups: implications.

CORONARY, AORTIC AND INTERCRANIAL ATHEROSCLEROSIS HAS BEEN COMPARED IN SWINE MAINTAINED UNDER THE FOLLOWING CONDITIONS: (1) adequate food and housing but animals held in test social situations for 1 year; postmortem examination at ages of 13 to 15 months; (2) food and management designed for high productivity; postmortem examination at ages of 6 to 9 years; (3) an outdoor system of husbandry and a cooked garbage diet; postmortem examination at ages of 8 to 14 years.Extramural coronary, aortic and intracranial atherosclerosis was most advanced in swine that were fed garbage. Cerebral infarction (cerebromalacia) also was most advanced in these swine but developed in swine of the younger groups in which it was associated with atherosclerosis of small intracranial extracerebral arteries rather than with stenosis of the larger intracranial extracerebral arteries as in the oldest swine. The lesions of atherosclerosis in swine of these 3 age-groups form a continuous series and are morphologically identical with corresponding stages of atherosclerosis of man.It is concluded that swine can replace non-human primates as subjects for studies of atherosclerotic vascular disease, and that experimental designs must allow for age and behaviour patterns of the species.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1994

[A hygienic validation of prospective ways to decrease the amount of solid wastes on board ship].

The most perspective way of reduction of solid waste on board the ship is to modify the system of food supplies. The new system must provide for food which is completely ready for use or contain semi-finished products which need few cookery. The food packings must be easily utilized or recycled. The existing amount of garbage on board the ship will be sorted, pressed, treated by conservants, packed into polyethylene bags, and stocked in special compartments or vacant refrigerated store-rooms. The realization of these proposals will make it possible to reduce the quantity of garbage on board the ship, lower the expenditure of labour and electricity for cookery, reduce the potable water consumption, and diminish the size and the quantity of caboose equipment. It's possible to use electric ovens to heat the food, reduce or exclude the usage of submarine disposable containers, and thus, preserve the ecology of world ocean.

Military Hygiene↗
PubMed1993

[Radiographic waste coming from Flemish dental offices. A survey of a representative sample of 373 Flemish dentists].

Apart from amalgam, the materials used for dental radiography also endanger the environment. The debate on toxic chemicals in dentistry is focused on the way these radiographic materials (fixator, developer, the small lead plates and the old roentgenograms) are discharged into the environment. This study investigated the answers to the following research questions: What is the total volume of fixator, developer, small lead plates and old roentgenograms that is used in Flemish dentistry and what part ends up in the household waste? How do Flemish dentists manage (store and dispose of) these radiographic materials? A randomly selected group of 500 dentists working in the Flemish part of Belgium was invited to answer a mail questionnaire. A total of 373 dentists responded (response rate 74.6%), providing a representative sample. Of the 2.1 million roentgenograms made yearly in Flemish dentistry only 160,000 are dropped in the household garbage can. About 70% of the 2.2 million small lead plates used yearly in Flemish dentistry is discharged in the household garbage, to end on the rubbish-dump or in the combustion furnace where the lead vapours will poison the surrounding air. Although the storing and the ecological responsible discharging of the pollutants fixator and developer does not pose any problems, most of these products are discharged into the sewage system: about 80% of the 80,000 liter developer and 75% of the 70,000 liter fixator used each year in Flemish dentistry.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Diversity in the association between occupation and lung cancer among black and white men.

A population-based case comparison study of incident lung cancer and occupational risk factors was conducted in the tricounty Detroit metropolitan area. Nearly 6000 lung cancer cases and a comparison group of 3600 colon cancer cases were interviewed. This report includes 3792 white and black male lung cancer cases and 1966 black and white colon cancer referents. Cigarette smoking, age at diagnosis, and lifetime work history were assessed to determine the relationship between length of employment in specific occupations and industries and lung cancer. Diverse patterns of association between work history and lung cancer were observed for black and white men. Significant associations were seen between lung cancer and increasing length of employment in the following occupations: for white men, concrete and terrazzo finishers, grinding machine operators, heat treating machine operators, miscellaneous machine operators, truck drivers, driver sales, and laborers; for black men, farm workers, automobile mechanics, painting machine operators, furnace operators, and garbage collectors; for both black and white men, farmers, slicing and cutting machine operators, and garbage collectors. Distinct patterns for black and white men also were observed for length of employment by industry. This study clearly demonstrates the need to include black men in studies of occupational cancer etiology and to evaluate black and white men separately. It also indicates the necessity for cigarette smoking history to accurately assess workplace cancer risks. We propose guidelines for incorporating the use of biomarkers into further studies of occupational cancer epidemiology.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Sharps utilization and disposal in British Columbia physicians' offices.

To determine the pattern of sharps utilization and disposal in British Columbia physicians' offices, a questionnaire was mailed to all office-based physicians belonging to the British Columbia Medical Association (BCMA). 1,167 physicians (25%) responded. Over 166,000 sharps per month were used by responding physicians, a per physician use of 95 per month. 67% of physicians used a specific plastic container for sharps disposal and 22% used a recycled container. 40% of the used containers were returned to a hospital or laboratory for disposal; 29% contracted out to a waste removal company, 18% placed with regular office garbage and 4% taken directly to a landfill or incinerator. Most offices (64%) had access to an autoclave or chemclave but few physicians (2%) sterilized their sharps waste prior to disposal. The recommended options for discarding used sharps containers in the office setting are: return to a hospital or laboratory for processing with their infectious waste; removal by a waste disposal service; or sterilization followed by disposal with regular garbage.

British Columbia↗
PubMed2004

Respiratory and general health impairments of ragpickers in India: a study in Delhi.

OBJECTIVE: This study attempted to assess the respiratory and general health of ragpickers who rummage through the garbage dumps and landfill sites in India to collect and sell recyclable materials for a living. METHODS: 98 ragpickers and 60 controls from Delhi, matched for age, sex, and socioeconomic conditions, were examined. Health data were obtained from questionnaire survey, clinical examination, and laboratory investigations. Lung function was evaluated by spirometry. RESULTS: After controlling for smoking as a confounder, respiratory symptoms and lung function decrement were recorded in 94% and 52% of the ragpickers, respectively, compared with 56% and 34% of controls. The ragpickers showed a higher prevalence of low hemoglobin, high circulating eosinophil and monocyte counts, unhealthy gums, frequent diarrhea, and dermatitis, when compared with controls. Their sputum showed an abundance of alveolar macrophages, siderophages and inflammatory cells, and a very high frequency of squamous metaplasia and dysplasia of bronchial epithelial cells, suggesting inflammation and cellular changes in the airways. CONCLUSION: The ragpickers suffer from a multitude of health problems which seem related to their occupation.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Effect of addition of organic waste on reduction of Escherichia coli during cattle feces composting under high-moisture condition.

To ensure Escherichia coli reduction during cattle feces composting, co-composting with a variety of organic wastes was examined. A mixture of dairy cattle feces and shredded rice straw (control) was blended with organic wastes (tofu residue, rice bran, rapeseed meal, dried chicken feces, raw chicken feces, or garbage), and composted using a bench-scale composter under the high-moisture condition (78%). The addition of organic waste except chicken feces brought about maximum temperatures of more than 55 degrees C and significantly reduced the number of E. coli from 10(6) to below 10(2)CFU/g-wet after seven days composting, while in the control treatment, E. coli survived at the same level as that of raw feces. Enhancements of the thermophilic phase and E. coli reduction were related to the initial amount of easily digestible carbon in mass determined as BOD. BOD value more than 166.2 mg O2/DMg brought about significant E. coli reduction.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Identification of chemical substances in industrial wastes and their pyrolytic decomposition products.

In order to quantify the sources of chemical pollutants in the leachate from reclaimed wastes, chemical substances in 11 different types of industrial wastes were identified. Their elution behaviors were also investigated. Alkanes (5.3-890 ng g(-1)), benzenes (8.1-110 ng g(-1)), polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (3.2-560 ng g(-1)), alcohols, steroids, phenol (7.1 ng g(-1)), ketones, furans (190-210 ng g(-1)), phthalates (8.9-560 ng g(-1)), benzoquinones, dibenzothiophene (190 ng g(-1)), benthiocarb (4.2 ng g(-1)), sulfur, nitrile compounds, amino compounds, amido compounds, pyridines, quinolines (1.8-15 ng g(-1)), isoquinolines, carbazoles, acridines, chlordenes (1.5-1.6 ng g(-1)) and nonachlors (1.1-1.6 ng g(-1)) were detected in 9 types of industrial wastes. The chemical substances detected in waste at the highest concentrations were alkanes, PAHs and phthalates. Water supply sludge, dust and brick garbage contained many kinds of chemical substances. The elution behaviors of specific chemical substances, COD and nutrients varied by characteristic and production process of each waste. Over 100 different compounds were detected in pyrolysis products including carbohydrate, carotynoid, amino acids, proteins, humic acids, lignin and combustion products.

Dust↗
PubMed2004

Metal elution and content of fused slags produced from incinerated ash.

In recent years, trials to reuse fused slags, obtained through the further treatment of incinerated ash produced in the process of the disposal of garbage or sewer sludge, such as for building materials including bricks, have drawn attention. To establish the safety of using such substances, elution tests for metals and metal contents were investigated in this study. As the result of examining 13 slags, which were made by different methods, little elution of toxic metals was found in the elution tests when water was used as a solvent. However when acid was used, there was a tendency for the elution of many kinds of metals to become greater. On other hand, the results of content measurements showed that arsenic and selenium, which were not seen to be eluted from any of the slags tested, were detected; and that aluminum and manganese existed in the slags in high concentrations.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Occupational leptospirosis in a Colombian Caribbean area].

OBJECTIVE: To establish the seroprevalence of infection by Leptospira in an occupational setting in Cordoba. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 334 farmworkers, butchers, and garbage collectors, to identify the presence of anti-leptospira IgM antibodies, in the Department of Cordoba, Colombia. Stratified sampling proportional to the number of inhabitants and occupation was used to select the sample population (confidence level 99.9%, error 0.5%, prevalence 72%). The SPSS software 11.0 version was used to perform non parametric tests with p < 0.05, as well as odds ratios with confidence intervals. RESULTS: The prevalence of previous infection by Leptospira was high (13.1%). No differences among areas were found, however, higher infection was associated with living in Cienaga de Oro municipality (OR = 3.52 Cl 1.70-7.26) (p = 0,00283). Being a farmer was also a risk factor for infection (OR = 2.04 Cl 1.080-3.85) (p = 0.025), as well as drinking water from a dam (OR = 2.4 CI 1.24-4.70) (p = 0.00787). CONCLUSIONS: The rate of infection is important and a significant public health problem in this area of the Colombian Caribbean coast.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed2002

Contact rates of raccoons (Procyon lotor) at a communal feeding site in rural eastern Ontario.

Intra- and interspecific contact rates of 12 adult (five females, seven males) raccoons (Procyon lotor) were recorded while these animals fed at a rural garbage dump 40 km north of Kingston, Ontario, Canada from 15 June to 5 September 1995. While raccoons were being observed, they bit, and were bitten, by their conspecifics an average of 0.99 (+/- 0.21) and 1.28 (+/- 0.21) times per hour, respectively, while feeding. Based on mean nightly contact rates (which included time when raccoons were not observed), raccoons bit one of their conspecifics once every 3 nights while feeding. The mean rate of bites made and received per hour for males was not significantly different from lactating females. There was no detectable difference between the mean rate of bites made and received per hour for raccoons which regularly versus occasionally fed at the dump. No interspecific contacts were observed, though raccoons and striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis) often fed at the dump concurrently. The contact rates in this study are the first to be calculated for raccoons directly from field data and will be useful as a point of reference for modeling rabies spread in raccoons in areas with similar site characteristics.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Anaerobic digestion of organic waste in Japan: the first demonstration plant at Kyoto City.

Recycling of Municipal Solid Waste is vigorously promoted in Japan and the necessity of energy recovery from organic waste is increasing. An anaerobic digestion demonstration plant for organic waste in Kyoto City, Japan has been operated for about two years. Three kinds of wastes (garbage and leftovers from hotels, yard waste and used paper) mixed at various ratios are used. The plant has maintained stable operations with each mixture, generating biogas by the decomposition of VS at the rate of about 820 m3N/ton-VS.

Bacteria, Anaerobic↗
PubMed2005

Ecofriendly approach of urban solid waste management: a case study of Jalgaon city, Maharashtra.

In India, the traditional methods are used for urban solid waste management. These practices are associated with degradation of the urban environment Hence, an environmentally sound garbage management system is required for the urban waste management. The concept of waste minimization needs to be adopted in such systems. It is possible to implement certain corrective measures at collection, storage, transport and disposal of urban solid waste to minimize the adverse impacts on the environment The present investigations are emphasized on generation, characterzation and ecofriendly disposal of solid waste generated in Jalgaon city, Maharashtra. In the present study the waste generation at source was studied in the various income groups of the city. The per capita waste generation was studied by sampling the waste directly from the source of generation. The study reveals that the waste generation is large in the high-income group followed by middle and low-income group public. Further the physicochemical characterization of the waste was also studied. The data generated will help to develop environmentally sound and economically feasible solid waste management system for Ihe city.

Cities↗
PubMed1985

Evaluation of a health education programme in Tayba Qurashi Village, Central Sudan during 1983.

Schistosomiasis, diarrhoeal disease and malaria are spread by improper use of water. The influence of health education on the behaviour of women, who spend their time in the houses and are responsible for their children, was studied in regard to the use of water in Tayba Village in central Sudan. Seventy per cent of the women were illiterate. The education campaign improved understanding of how bilharzia is acquired and how to protect against it. Understanding of how diarrhoea occurs and how to prevent diarrhoea and malaria also increased. Progress was made towards keeping food correctly, in cleanliness of water jars and houses, and in disposal of garbage. The need for cleanliness of latrines and removal of stagnant water was emphasized.

Adult↗