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At least 271 records · Page 15Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Nanny or steward? The role of government in public health.

The past year has witnessed contentious debates about public health in England around smoking bans, alcohol licencing, food labelling and junk food advertising. Some people argue that any government intervention in these areas is 'nanny statist'--an unnecessary intrusion into people's lives and what they do, eat and drink. Others argue that only the state can alter the environment that shapes people's decisions and behaviour. This paper suggests that there is a strong argument to be made for government intervention to safeguard public health. Legislation brings about changes that individuals on their own cannot, and sets new standards for the public good. Rather than condemning such activity as 'nanny statist', it might be more appropriate to view it as a form of 'stewardship'. The paper draws on international evidence about alcohol use, smoking and road safety to show how taxation, advertising bans, regulations proscribing behaviour and education create a public health framework and shape individual choices towards healthier and safer behaviour.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2001

Foods, health claims, and the law: comparisons of the United States and Europe.

Government, academia, and the food industry can play a significant role in the identification of healthy foods and ingredients important for weight management and health. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration developed regulations that define specific food categories for weight management and health. These categories include foods for special dietary uses and medical foods. Medical foods are classified for use in specific disease states and require a physician's recommendation and continuous monitoring. The European regulations specify energy-restricted foods as a subcategory of food for particular nutritional uses, which includes infant formula, medical foods, and foods for sports. European standards for energy-restricted diets have been established, leaving little flexibility for change. Three categories exist (i.e., very-low-calorie diets [450 to 800 kcal], low-calorie diets [800 to 1200 kcal], and meal replacements [200 to 400 kcal]). No claims on anticipated weight loss can be made even where significant clinical research has demonstrated long-term efficacy, thereby preventing informed choice management. Dramatic changes in lifestyle (e.g., disruption of the family unit, altered eating occasions, fast foods, and food grazing) have resulted in an epidemic of obesity and chronic disease. Regulating food selection or dietary patterns to limit the epidemic is not realistic. However, stimulating government health agencies and the food industry to increase public awareness through educational programs and regulating the definition of acceptable methods and products can provide an environment for change. A consensus is needed among academia, government, and industry for appropriate food labeling and claims. These actions are needed to help individuals make healthy food selections and maintain a healthy weight. Public health initiatives should change consumer attitudes with programs that are simple, affordable, effective, and accessible.

Diet, Reducing↗
PubMed2003

[Dietary treatment of coeliac disease and dermatitis herpetiformis].

Life-long gluten-free diet is the established therapy for coeliac disease and dermatitis herpetiformis. Diet therapy allows the intestinal mucosa to recover, improves nutrient malabsorption, osteoporosis and a weakened general condition. A gluten-free diet is without wheat, rye and barley and related products. Oats tested free of contamination by other cereals has recently been allowed for adult coeliac patients, but concern still remains regarding its general safety. Gluten-free flour mixes contain more starch and less proteins, vitamins, minerals and fibre compared to regular flour. Recently some questions have been raised as to the nutritional quality of the gluten-free diet. Successful therapy with gluten-free diet requires motivation and dietary counselling, including knowledge of the nutritional value of foods, labelling of prepackaged foods and practical training in cooking. The local chapters of the Norwegian Coeliac Society are active partners, as are the clinical nutritionists that work in most major hospitals. The physician making the diagnosis has a duty to see to it that all coeliac patients get adequate dietary counselling and management.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Determinants of healthy eating in community-dwelling elderly people.

Among seniors, food choice and related activities are affected by health status, biological changes wrought by aging and functional abilities, which are mediated in the larger arena by familial, social and economic factors. Determinants of healthy eating stem from individual and collective factors. Individual components include age, sex, education, physiological and health issues, psychological attributes, lifestyle practices, and knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and behaviours, in addition to other universal dietary determinants such as income, social status and culture. Collective determinants of healthy eating, such as accessible food labels, an appropriate food shopping environment, the marketing of the "healthy eating" message, adequate social support and provision of effective, community-based meal delivery services have the potential to mediate dietary habits and thus foster healthy eating. However, there is a startling paucity of research in this area, and this is particularly so in Canada. Using search and inclusion criteria and key search strings to guide the research, this article outlines the state of knowledge and research gaps in the area of determinants of healthy eating among Canadian seniors. In conclusion, dietary self-management persists in well, independent seniors without financial constraints, whatever their living arrangements, whereas nutritional risk is high among those in poor health and lacking in resources. Further study is necessary to clarify contributors to healthy eating in order to permit the development and evaluation of programs and services designed to encourage and facilitate healthy eating in older Canadians.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2000

Determination of titanium dioxide in foods using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry.

Titanium dioxide is a common food additive of increasing interest in dietary intake studies and dietary exclusion studies. Food labelling for titanium dioxide is imprecise so a method was developed for its rapid determination in foods using acid digestion and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICPOES). Twenty-five foods thought to contain titanium dioxide were obtained. Based on preliminary digestion studies, samples (500 mg) were digested in 18 mol l-1 H2SO4 at 250 degrees C for 1 h and then diluted to 5.9 mol l-1 H2SO4 before determination of titanium by ICPOES at 336.121 nm. Emission intensity was suppressed by H2SO4 so standards were matched for acid concentration. Titanium dioxide embedded in gelatine was used to assess accuracy. A standard reference material of known titanium concentration and six foods of known titanium dioxide content were used as external reference materials. Limits of detection were 2-7.5 ppb, depending on spectral integration times, and the signal was linear up to 5 ppm. Results for all control samples were in good agreement with the expected values. Twelve of the foods contained detectable titanium, ranging from 0.001 to 0.782% by weight, but only eight indicated this on their labels, four being exempt under food labelling regulations. Based on food portion sizes, an individual's daily intake of titanium dioxide could exceed 200 mg from just one of these products. This method may facilitate future studies on titanium dioxide intake, given the present limitations of food labelling.

Food Additives↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effectiveness of a nutrition intervention with rural low-income women.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate Cookin' Up Health, a computer-based interactive nutrition intervention. METHODS: After randomization to intervention and control groups, 262 women in rural clinics in West Virginia completed both a baseline and 3-month follow-up survey. RESULTS: Compared to the control group, the intervention group had significantly improved scores on knowledge of dietary fats, food label reading, and readiness to eat 5 fruits and vegetables a day and foods lower in fat. CONCLUSIONS: This brief interactive nutrition intervention shows potential as a strategy to begin the process of change, but follow-up may be needed for actual behavior change to occur.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

[Example of examination of allergic substances (egg, milk) in commercial foods].

Allergic substances (eggs, milk) in commercial foods were measured by means of the notified ELISA methods using FASTKIT ELISA kit (N kit) and "Tokuteigenzairyo sokutei kit" (M kit). Some samples were also analyzed with the notified western blot method using "Tokuteigenzairyo western blot kit". In the methods for detection of eggs, proteins of fish egg and chicken muscle were examined using the ELISA and Western blotting methods to check for cross-reaction. Sujiko was false positive with the M kit. Difficulties were also encountered in the notified ELISA and Western blotting methods with raw chicken. In foods labeled as containing eggs, it was difficult to detected in the heart-processed food using both notified methods. In the method for detection of milk, foods containing thickening polysaccharides, showed cross-reaction with the N kit. However, this cross-reaction was eliminated when an improved N kit was used. Foods labeled as containing milk did not present any difficulty.

Allergens↗
PubMed1999

Over-the-counter human drugs; labeling requirements. Food and Drug Administration, HHS. Final rule.

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is issuing a final rule establishing a standardized format and standardized content requirements for the labeling of over-the-counter (OTC) drug products. This final rule is intended to assist consumers in reading and understanding OTC drug product labeling so that consumers may use these products safely and effectively. This final rule will require all OTC drug products to carry the new, easy-to-read format and the revised content requirements within prescribed implementation periods.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2002

Assessment of perceptions of nutrition knowledge and disease using a group interactive system: the Perception Analyzer.

Food labels can be used as a tool for nutrition education, but the information available is of little value to consumers who do not understand how to apply it. In an effort to assess nutrition knowledge and identify misconceptions, a group interactive system--the Perception Analyzer--was used as a lecture aid and data collection tool. The Perception Analyzer is composed of a laptop computer, an antenna, and handheld electronic handsets, or dials, that participants use to answer questions. Participants (N = 621) were surveyed on 14 multiple-choice questions concerning nutrition with 4 nutrition questions repeated at the end of a session as a posttest. A knowledge score was calculated by counting correct answers. Linear regression analyses were used to study the main effects of demographic variables on the knowledge score. Our study reports the following: although participants reported reading food labels, nrisconceptions about label content were identified; analyses of mean scores indicated that age, education, and race influenced the nutrition knowledge score; and participants found the Perception Analyzer to be enjoyable. The findings indicate that because the Perception Analyzer provides immediate and anonymous feedback to a discussion leader about audience's current knowledge, it is a promising tool for nutrition education by dietetic practitioners.

Adolescent↗