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PubMed1991

Influence of physical aging on mechanical properties of polymer free films: the prediction of long-term aging effects on the water permeability and dissolution rate of polymer film-coated tablets.

The effects of physical aging on the water permeation of cellulose acetate and ethylcellulose, the mechanical properties of ethylcellulose, and the dissolution property of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate were investigated. The water permeabilities of cellulose acetate and ethylcellulose and the dissolution rate of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate were found to decrease with physical aging time after being quenched from above the glass transition temperatures to sub-Tg temperatures. The gradual approach toward thermodynamic equilibrium during physical aging decreases the free volume of the polymers. This decrease in free volume is accompanied by a decrease in the transport mobility, with concomitant changes in those properties of the polymer that depend on it. The effects of long-term aging on the dissolution rate and water permeabilities of these polymers can be estimated from a linear double-logarithmic relationship between the mobility properties and physical aging time. The existence of the linear double-logarithmic relationship can be derived from the Williams-Landel-Ferry equation, the Doolittle equation, Struik's model, and Fujita's relationship between diffusion and free volume.

Cellulose↗
PubMed2001

[The presentation of disease and medicine in film. Film stereotypes of epilepsy].

Our presentation examines historical changes in the contextualisation of epilepsy by the media. In movies, one may note a particularly long-lasting predominance of traditional complexes of the significance of epilepsy. Epilepsy as an hereditary disease, as a degenerative illness, as a cause of criminality. These are the motifs, established myths, which lived on in movies long beyond the time at which scientific opinion had distanced itself from them. A radical change in the manner of presentation of epilepsy began in the late sixties. From that time on, not only the connotation of epilepsy was altered, but, above all, the presentation of the patient, who henceforth, according to the changing processes of society was shown as a self-aware and active shaper of his life. Thus it is precisely the development during the last fifteen years, in which numerous sensitive motion pictures have tackled the inner perspective of the patient, movies having not only ceased to pass on the established myths, but become promoters of new attitudes toward disease. With this type of representation of disease and patient, due to its direct and broad effect, motion pictures can spread new realities in a manner hardly possible for other media.

Epilepsy↗