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At least 271 records · Page 15Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

Changes in the collodiaphyseal angle with growth in the fowl (Gallus domesticus).

The angle formed between the femoral neck and shaft is referred to as the collodiaphyseal angle. In man, the angle decreases during growth and is frequently different in the right and left limbs. This study examines the collodiaphyseal angle in another biped, the growing fowl. Three groups (A, B and C) of growing fowls were examined. The weight difference between birds would alter the forces applied to the growing proximal femur and at the end of the experimental period the birds in group B weighted three times those in group A. Nevertheless, in all three groups the collodiaphyseal angle decreased from 120 degrees to 108 degrees over the growth period. Where there was a difference in collodiaphyseal angle between right and left limbs the angle was more frequently greater in the right. Bodyweight apparently had little effect on the development of collodiaphyseal angle in the fowl, possibly due to the trocharteric/antitrocharteric articulation reducing the stresses applied to the femoral neck.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Anatomical features of cloacal region of male guinea fowl with special reference to the ejection of lymph-like fluid.

Cloacal region of male guinea fowl was investigated macro- and microscopically with special reference to the ejection of lymph-like fluid (LF) in the cloaca. In male guinea fowl, a negligible amount of LF was ejected at the time of ejaculation. LF was confirmed to be oozed out from the tissue near the papilla of the ductus deferens (TVP). Electrical cauterization of TVP led to a complete cessation of the ejection of LF. TVP was abundant in capillaries which were branched off from the A. pudenda interna at the site of paracloacal vascular body (PVB). Evans blue (T-1824) solution injected into the A. pudenda interna was easily exuded out directly from TVP. The dye solution introduced into PVB provoked the erection of the copulatory organ without oozing out from TVP. No ejection of LF from the tissues other than TVP in the cloaca was observed. These results showed that TVP was the tissue responsible for the ejection of LF in the cloaca of male guinea fowl.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

The abdominal air sac ostium of the domestic fowl: a sphincter regulated by neuro-epithelial cells?

A microscopic study of the ostium of the abdominal air sac of the domestic fowl has shown that the ostium has a sphincter-like ring of well innervated smooth muscle. Three types of neuro-epithelial cell characterised by their content of numerous large granular vesicles are found in the wall of the ostium. Type I cells are present within the submucosal nerve plexus and appear to be morphologically similar to SIF cells. Type II cells occur in the lamina propria, in clusters or cords, are often associated with fenestrated capillaries, and have synaptic contact with axonal terminals containing small agranular vesicles. The cells of Types I and II are not intra-epithelial and therefore differ from the cells which have been found elsewhere in the respiratory tract of the domestic fowl and other vertebrates. Type III cells are intra-epithelial, and some of those in the basal region of the epithelium are associated with axon terminals. Type III cells are similar in ultrastructure and location to neuro-epithelial cells found elsewhere in the major airways of the domestic fowl. They also resemble cells in neuro-epithelial bodies in amphibian, reptilian and mammalian lungs, although neuro-epithelial bodies have not been found in the lung of this species of bird. The morphology of the ostium suggests that it may have a sphincter-like function, possibly regulated by the neuro-epithelial cells. The presence of a mucociliary epithelium and defensive tissue in the lamina propria indicates that the ostium is the site of defence mechanisms.

Air Sacs↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Fowl cholera: influence of Bordetella avium on vaccinal immunity of turkeys to Pasteurella multocida.

Turkeys exposed to Bordetella avium were vaccinated against fowl cholera with live Pasteurella multocida vaccine. Previous exposure to B. avium resulted in impairment of systemic immunity conferred by the vaccine: 86% of the vaccinated turkeys exposed to B. avium at 1 day old developed lesions or died of fowl cholera after challenge at 15 weeks old with virulent P. multocida. Of vaccinated turkeys not previously exposed to B. avium, only 26% had lesions or died of fowl cholera.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Fowl cholera immunity in broiler breeder chickens determined by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed to detect antibodies in broiler breeders vaccinated (wing web) with the CU fowl cholera vaccine. Birds were bled weekly from 9 to 26 weeks, every other week from 26 to 40 weeks, and every 4 weeks from 40 to 56 weeks of age. Overall mean ELISA antibody titers (9 to 56 weeks) reported as log10 values and survivability of the vaccinates after virulent challenge were as follows: unvaccinated--5.75, 48%; birds vaccinated once at 8 weeks--5.91, 78%; birds vaccinated twice at 8 and 14 weeks--6.11, 100%; birds vaccinated thrice at 8, 14, and 20 weeks--6.23, 100%; birds vaccinated twice at 8 and 20 weeks--6.12, 100%; and birds vaccinated twice at 8 and 20 weeks (plus fowl pox at 8 weeks)--6.08, 95%. Survivability in the vaccinates after virulent challenge with strain X-73 Pasteurella multocida was 100% in birds with ELISA antibody titers (log10) greater than 6.02. Under the conditions of this experiment, birds vaccinated two or three times between 8 and 20 weeks proved to be sufficiently immune at 56 weeks of age to withstand a virulent fowl cholera challenge. Birds not vaccinated or vaccinated only once at 8 weeks were not sufficiently immunized to withstand virulent challenge.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1995

[Incidence of allergic reactions in small flocks of poultry and the pathogenesis of avian mycobacteriosis in domestic fowl].

Incidence of allergic reactions to avian tuberculin was investigated in 12,549 birds of the domestic fowl in the territory of one district, in 16 villages and in 721 small flocks. The reactions were found in 7.3% of birds and 35.5% flocks were infected. The zero reactions to tuberculin were observed only in one village out of the 16 villages investigated. Experimental infection confirmed high susceptibility of the domestic fowl to M. avium. After intramuscular implantation of M. avium suspension allergy to avian tuberculin was observed within a fortnight while within the same period histological lesions were found in muscle at the spot of puncture, in liver and spleen. Macroscopic lesions at the spot of puncture and in liver appeared in 21 days, and miliary tuberculosis of liver and spleen was detected almost regularly since day 28. Cultivation demonstrated mycobacteria in all the organs and tissues examined except the intestine in 12 days after infection. After peroral infection tuberculin allergy was observed in 106 days. Histological lesions were found in spleen in 49 days, as well as in liver, lungs and intestines in 96 days. Macroscopic lesions occurred in liver, spleen, lungs and intestine in 106 days. Small numbers of mycobacteria were isolated from various organs and tissues in 36 days after infection, and also from the intestine in 160 days. After infection by contacts with the tuberculous fowl tuberculin allergy appeared in 157 days. The first tuberculous lesions appeared in liver in 106 days, in spleen and intestine in 180 days.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Lice on helmeted guinea fowls at five localities in South Africa.

A total of 234 helmeted guinea fowls, Numida meleagris coronata, were examined for lice at five localities in South Africa. These were the Mountain Zebra National Park in the eastern Karoo, Cape Province; the Andries Vosloo Kudu Reserve and the farm Bucklands, in Valley Bushveld, eastern Cape Province; the Bontebok National Park, south-western Cape Province; and the southern part of the Kruger National Park, eastern Transvaal Lowveld. A total of eight louse species, comprising Amyrsidea desousai, Clayia theresae, Goniodes gigas, Goniodes numidae, Lipeurus numidae, Numidicola antennatus, Numidilipeurus lawrensis and Somaphantus lusius were recovered from the guinea fowls. With the exception of A. desousai, which was not recovered from the guinea fowls in the Bontebok National Park, all eight species were present on the birds at each locality. The prevalence of infestations on the birds at the various localities ranged from 99.2-100%, and the numbers of lice present on individual birds, from 0-3619. Goniodes spp. and N. antennatus were the most abundant and A. desousai the least.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Comprehensive evaluation of fatty acids in foods. IX. Fowl.

An extensive survey of the post-1960 literature on the lipids of fowl has been completed. This review shows that the total lipid content of chicken tissues increases with age. The fatty acid composition of both chicken and turkey tissues reflects the fatty acid composition of the dietary fat. The fatty acid composition data for dark meat, light meat, or skin of all classes of chicken --broiler-fryer, roaster, and stewing hen--raised on diets equivalent to commercial feed were combined into single tissue-type fatty acid profiles. Similar profiles were also established for roaster-fryer turkey, young tom turkey, and young hen turkey. Breed, sex, and environmental temperature showed only minor effects on the tissue fatty acid compositions. Young chicken flesh contains less fat than that of stewing hens, turkeys, and other fowl, which all have approximately equal total fat content. White meat of chicken and turkey contains the least amount of fat, and the skin of all birds contained the largest amount, duck and goose skin containing the greatest of all. Tables of the total fat and fatty acid composition of tissue and tissue composites of fowl are given. Studies on chicken and turkey tissues were sufficiently numerous that the computed fatty acid compositions in the tables are considered reliable representation of market birds. Data for goose, duck, partridge, pheasant, pigeon, and quail were computed from sparse information and should be viewedas provisional guides.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Detection of fowl adenovirus associated with hydropericardium hepatitis syndrome by a polymerase chain reaction.

Hydropericardium hepatitis syndrome (HHS), previously unknown in the broiler industry, is an emerging disease that causes severe hydropericardium. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was developed to detect the fowl adenovirus (FAV) associated with HHS. The virus from infected livers was purified, with confirmation by electron microscopy and experimental infection. Methods were developed to isolate the viral DNA from purified virus and infected tissues. Available sequence data on the hexon gene of fowl adenoviruses and other adenoviruses were aligned to determine the conserved and variable regions. Primers were constructed from the alignment data. The amplified fragment consisted of the variable region of the hexon gene flanked by conserved primer sites. Optimum conditions were standardized to achieve the amplification of the desired fragment. As expected, the amplified product was found to be of 0.7 kg size. The nucleotide sequence analysis confirmed the specific nature of the product. Amplification of the specific product could be obtained not only from the DNA isolated from the purified virus but also from the total DNA extracted from infected tissues. The PCR was useful for the detection of FAV associated with HHS.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Study of vertical transmission of fowl adenoviruses.

The vertical transmission of fowl adenoviruses (FAdVs) was studied by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and virus isolation. Liver, spleen, kidney, and bursa of Fabricius were collected from 60 chicks 1 d old representing progenies hatched to 6 broiler breeder flocks in 6 geographically different premises in Ontario, Canada. The presence of FAdV DNA sequences was detected by PCR with the use of primers specific for the conserved pVI gene of FAdV-9 in 58 (24%) of the 240 samples tested. All samples from 1 flock were negative for FAdV sequences, and only a few samples were positive in 3 flocks, whereas 32% and 72% of the samples from the other 2 flocks were positive. Testing of 1 sample with primers designed to amplify the L1 region of the hexon protein gene and amino acid sequence analysis of the PCR product indicated that the sequences were similar to serotype-8a FAdV sequences. No fowl adenoviruses were isolated in chicken hepatoma cells from any of the 30 samples inoculated. These findings imply that vertical transmission and establishment of latent infection with FAdVs can occur in chickens.

Adenoviridae Infections↗
PubMed1984

Comparative analysis of the development of wing-flapping and flight in the fowl.

The development of wing-flapping rate, lateral flight, wing area, and the ratio of wing area to body weight are described in the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) and three chickens (Gallus gallus) to determine common developmental phenomena and to assess the effects of domestication. The chickens were the White Leghorn (a commercial egg producer), the Cornish X Rock (a commercial meat producer), and the Red Jungle fowl (the probable ancestor of domestic chickens). All birds performed drop-evoked wing-flapping on the day of hatching, at least 1 week before lateral flight was possible. Flapping rate of chickens doubled between hatching (approximately 4-6 Hz) and 13 days (approximately 9-12 Hz), after which it leveled off. Japanese quail (JQ) maintained a high flapping rate (approximately 11-13 Hz) during the 21 days after hatching. The Jungle fowl (JF) and JQ flapped the fastest and the White Leghorn (WL) and Cornish X Rock (CR) chickens flapped the slowest. The JF, WL, and JQ developed lateral flight at 7-9 days. The CR first flew 1-2 weeks later but subsequently became flightless. The WL, JF, and JQ had similar ratios of wing area to body weight; the ratios increased to a peak at 11-15 days and later declined. The ratio of the very heavy, essentially flightless, CR was approximately one-half that of the flighted JQ, WL, and JF. The wing-flapping frequencies of the domestic WL and CR chickens approximated that of the JF, suggesting that domestication did not affect the motor pattern generator for flight. The artificial selection of the CR for high body weight drastically diminished its flight performance by producing an unfavorable ratio of wing area to body weight. The JF and the domestic WL both flew well and had similar ratios. Domestication affected flight performance but not the neural circuitry producing wing-flapping. The central nervous system is much more conservative in its response to selection than the peripheral effector structures that it drives.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Maturation of glomerular size distribution profiles in domestic fowl (Gallus gallus).

Previous histological evaluations of chick kidneys indicated nephrons continue to develop from embryonic foci for up to 6 weeks after hatching. The present study was conducted using an in vivo alcian blue staining technique to quantify posthatch changes in glomerular numbers and sizes in female domestic fowl at 1, 3, 5, 9, 12, 21, and 30 weeks of age. Changes in glomerular size distributions reflect changes in the heterogeneous nephron populations of avian kidneys. Foci of embryonic tissue were observed at the periphery of renal lobules up to 12 weeks of age. Glomerular numbers increased from 69,800/kidney at 1 week to 586,000/kidney at 12 weeks, with no further significant increase up to 30 weeks (599,000/kidney). The increase in glomerular number per gram kidney weight remained constant as kidney mass increased up to 12 weeks of age, after which the number of glomeruli per gram kidney weight declined significantly as kidney size increased without further addition of new nephrons. Glomerular size distribution profiles were constructed using eleven circumference categories. The peak number of glomeruli fell within the 0.11-0.14 mm category at 1 and 3 weeks; within the 0.15-0.18 mm category at 5, 9, and 12 weeks; and within the 0.19-0.22 mm category at 21 and 30 weeks. One and 3-week-old chicks had no glomeruli within the largest (greater than or equal to 0.35 mm circumference) size categories, and 9-12-week-old birds had significantly fewer glomeruli in these categories than 21-30-week-old birds. These results demonstrate that posthatch renal maturation in domestic fowl involves the ongoing formation of new nephrons up to 12 weeks of age, with subsequent kidney growth (12-30 weeks of age) accomplished by enlargement of existing nephrons (nephron hypertrophy). The cumulative evidence indicates that nephrons destined to develop loops of Henle (mammalian-type) develop first, with shorter (reptilian-type) nephrons developing later as the kidneys enlarge.

Aging↗
PubMed1990

Early nuclear events of in vitro fertilization in the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus).

In vitro fertilization in the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus) was investigated by observation of the early nuclear events. Ova retrieved from the fimbria following ovulation were inseminated in vitro with 10(6)-10(7) spermatozoa in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) for 10 min and then further incubated in DMEM + albumen for 1, 2, 3, or 4 hr. These eggs were histologically examined by epifluorescent microscopy after staining with 4',6'-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). Nuclei of spermatozoa at various stages of transformation were observed in the ova incubated for 1-3 hr. Close pairing of two pronuclei, presumed to be male and female juxtaposition, was detected in ova incubated for 4 hr. These data provide direct evidence for the in vitro fertilization of fowl eggs and suggested that the early process of in vitro fertilization is comparable to that of in vivo fertilization.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Dephosphorylation of a 30-kDa protein of fowl spermatozoa by the addition of myosin light chain kinase substrate peptide inhibits the flagellar motility.

Phosphorylation of demembranated fowl sperm proteins during incubation with [gamma-32P]ATP and various protein kinase substrate peptides at 30 degrees C was analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). A marked difference in phosphorylation was observed in a 30 kDa protein. This protein was strongly phosphorylated after the addition of Kemptide, a cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) substrate peptide; Syntide 2, a calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II substrate peptide; a protein kinase C (PKC) substrate peptide; as well as control samples but only slightly phosphorylated in the presence of a myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) substrate peptide. The motility of demembranated spermatozoa at 30 degrees C remained high in control samples and following the addition of Kemptide, Syntide 2 and PKC substrate peptide, but decreased markedly following the addition of MLCK substrate peptide. These results suggest that the 30 kDa protein is identified as a substrate for MLCK or a MLCK-like protein in fowl spermatozoa and that phosphorylation-dephosphorylation of this protein is involved in the regulation of flagellar movement at 30 degrees C.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1997

The addition of mitogen-activated protein kinase and p34cdc2 kinase substrate peptides inhibits the flagellar motility of demembranated fowl spermatozoa.

The motility of demembranated fowl spermatozoa was vigorous at 30 degrees C, but decreased markedly following the addition of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase or p34cdc2 kinase substrate peptide. Dephosphorylation of approximately 116, 86 and 79-kDa proteins of demembranated spermatozoa was observed after the addition of MAP kinase or p34cdc2 kinase substrate peptide. The activities of MAP kinase and histone H1 kinase of spermatozoa, estimated by measuring the phosphorylation of myelin basic protein and histone H1 as substrates, were 1.22 and 0.29 pmol/min/ mg protein, respectively. Both enzymatic activities of spermatozoa were lower than those of chick brain, but higher than those of chick liver. These results suggest that the phosphorylation of axonemal and/or accessory cytoskeletal proteins mediated by MAP kinase and p34cdc2 kinase may be involved in the regulation of flagellar movement of fowl spermatozoa.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

The general ultrastructure of the carotid body of the domestic fowl.

Electron microscopic studies of the carotid body of the domestic fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus) have shown Type I and Type II cells combined with axons into compact groups. The many Type I cells in the depths of the organ had a body, containing the nucleus, and an elongated, flared process. Some of the Type I cells in the superficial regions tended to be spindle-shaped. Type I cells were characterised by membrane-bound, dense-cored vesicles about 120 nm in diameter. Type II cells invested the Type I cells and had axons embedded in them as in Schwann cells. The fine structure of the carotid body in the domestic fowl resembles that of the Lovebird (Uroloncha domestica) and of various amphibia and mammals. The possibility is discussed that the Type I cells may have a chemoreceptor or a general secretory function, or even both of these axons leading to or from Type I cells. The main role of the Type II cells seems to be to provide a pathway for functions together.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

A pineal ganglion associated with the pineal tract in the domestic fowl.

A ganglion-like aggregate consisting of acetyl-cholinesterase-positive neurons was demonstrated in the pineal organ of the domestic fowl by means of light and electron microscopy. This ganglion is located in juxtaposition with the pineal tract at the posterior (caudal) aspect of the pineal stalk. Numerous large and small neurons formed the ganglion in 40-day-old domestic fowl. Some of these nerve cells established direct neuro-neuronal contacts, others were surrounded by satellite cells. These ganglion cells displayed axo-somatic and axo-dendritic synapses. The above-mentioned cluster of nerve cells may be considered as a "pineal ganglion". It central or peripheral nature is open to discussion.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Ultrastructural and tissue-culture studies on the role of fibronectin, collagen and glycosaminoglycans in the migration of neural crest cells in the fowl embryo.

The initial migration of neural crest (NC) cells into cell-free space was studied by transmission electron microscopy at trunk levels of fowl embryos, some of which were fixed in the presence of ruthenium red. Migrating NC cells occurred in zones which contained fewer ruthenium-red stained 15-40nm diameter granules than other regions. The ruthenium-red stained granules were linked by similarly stained thin (greater than 3nm diameter) microfibrils. The granules resemble proteoglycan and the microfibrils may be hyaluronate. NC cells contacted thicker (greater than 10 nm diameter) fibrils and interstitial bodies, which did not require ruthenium red for visualization. Cytoplasmic microfilaments were sometimes aligned at the point of contact with the extracellular fibrils, which may be fibronectin and collagen. Phase-contrast time-lapse videotaping and scanning electron microscopy showed that NC cells of the fowl embryo in vitro migrated earlier and more extensively on glass coated with fibronectin-rich fibrous material and adsorbed fibronectin molecules than on glass coated with collagen type I (fibres and adsorbed molecules). NC cells became completely enmeshed in fibronectin-rich fibres, but generally remained on the surface of collagen-fibre gels. When given a choice, NC cells strongly preferred fibronectin coatings to plain glass, and plain glass to dried collagen gels. NC cells showed a slight preference for plain glass over glass to which collagen was adsorbed. Addition to the culture medium of hyaluronate (initial conc. 20 mg/ml), chondroitin (5 mg/ml) and fully sulphated chondroitin sulphate and dermatan sulphate (up to 10 mg/ml) did not drastically alter NC cell migration on fibronectin-rich fibrous substrates.

Animals↗