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PubMed2005

The discrimination of facial expressions by typically developing infants and toddlers and those experiencing early institutional care.

Early experience likely plays an important role in the development of the ability to discriminate facial expressions of emotion. We posited that compared to children reared with their biological families (n=72), abandoned children being reared in institutions (n=39) should demonstrate impairments in this ability. The visual paired comparison procedure was utilized to assess the abilities of 13- to 30-month-old children to discriminate among multiple pairs of photographs of facial expressions. Both groups exhibited a normative profile of discrimination, with no group differences evident. Such findings suggest that early institutionalization does not affect the ability of 1- to 3-year-olds to discriminate facial expressions of emotion, at least as inferred by the Visual Paired Comparison Procedure.

Child Development↗
PubMed2002

Facial Expressivity at 4 Months: A Context by Expression Analysis.

The specificity predicted by differential emotions theory (DET) for early facial expressions in response to 5 different eliciting situations was studied in a sample of 4-month-old infants (n = 150). Infants were videotaped during tickle, sour taste, jack-in-the-box, arm restraint, and masked-stranger situations and their expressions were coded second by second. Infants showed a variety of facial expressions in each situation; however, more infants exhibited positive (joy and surprise) than negative expressions (anger, disgust, fear, and sadness) across all situations except sour taste. Consistent with DET-predicted specificity, joy expressions were the most common in response to tickling, and were less common in response to other situations. Surprise expressions were the most common in response to the jack-in-the-box, as predicted, but also were the most common in response to the arm restraint and masked-stranger situations, indicating a lack of specificity. No evidence of predicted specificity was found for anger, disgust, fear, and sadness expressions. Evidence of individual differences in expressivity within situations, as well as stability in the pattern across situations, underscores the need to examine both child and contextual factors in studying emotional development. The results provide little support for the DET postulate of situational specificity and suggest that a synthesis of differential emotions and dynamic systems theories of emotional expression should be considered.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1992

The consistency of facial expressions of pain: a comparison across modalities.

A number of facial actions have been found to be associated with pain. However, the consistency with which these actions occur during pain of different types has not been examined. This paper focuses on the consistency of facial expressions during pain induced by several modalities of nociceptive stimulation. Forty-one subjects were exposed to pain induced by electric shock, cold, pressure and ischemia. Facial actions during painful and pain-free periods were measured with the Facial Action Coding System. Four actions showed evidence of a consistent association with pain, increasing in likelihood, intensity or duration across all modalities: brow lowering, tightening and closing of the eye lids and nose wrinkling/upper lip raising. Factor analyses suggested that the facial actions reflected a general factor with a reasonably consistent pattern across modalities which could be combined into a sensitive single measure of pain expression. The findings suggest that the 4 actions identified carry the bulk of facial information about pain. They also provide evidence for the existence of a universal facial expression of pain. Implications of the findings for the measurement of pain expression are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Impaired recognition of facial expressions of emotion in Alzheimer's disease.

Recognizing facial emotions is an important aspect of interpersonal communication that may be impaired in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The authors examined facial emotion matching, facial emotion labeling, and same--different emotion differentiation in AD patients, healthy elderly volunteers, and elderly, nondemented psychiatric outpatients. Compared with both control groups, AD patients were significantly impaired on all three measures. AD patients were also impaired on a facial identity matching task. Using facial identity matching scores as a covariate provided evidence suggesting the facial emotion processing deficit may be independent of impairment in nonemotional face processing. AD patients also had selective impairment in labeling facial expressions of sadness. The authors conclude that patients with AD have deficits in recognizing facial emotions, which may be independent of their impairment in recognizing nonemotional features of faces.

Aged↗
PubMed1982

Discrimination and imitation of facial expression by neonates.

Human neonates (average age, 36 hours) discriminated three facial expressions (happy, sad, and surprised) posed by a live model as evidenced by diminished visual fixation on each face over trials and renewed fixations to the presentation of a different face. The expressions posed by the model, unseeen by the observer, were guessed at greater than chance accuracy simply by observing the face of the neonate, whose facial movements in the brow, eyes, and mouth regions provided evidence for imitation of the facial expressions.

Behavior↗
PubMed1995

[Interrelationship between the facial expression and familiarity: analysis using spatial filtering and inverted presentation].

We investigated interrelationship between the facial expression and familiarity using spatial filtering and inverted presentation. The stimuli were facial images (smiling and neutral faces) band-pass filtered in the spatial domain. If the filtering is carried out at low spatial frequencies, the images convey more global features than the local ones, whereas the local features are emphasized in the images filtered at high frequencies. The task of subjects was to judge the expression (Experiment 1) or familiarity (Experiment 2) of such images, which were presented in the upright or inverted orientation. The following results were obtained. 1) Spatial frequency components in the middle range (12.4 and 24.8 cycles/face-width) were important in recognizing both expression and familiarity, 2) there was close relationship between the facial expression and familiarity, and 3) smiling faces were harder to recognize when they are shown in the inverted orientation. These results suggest that there are the common and different recognition processes between facial expression and familiarity.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

The judgement of facial expressions by depressed patients, their partners and controls.

BACKGROUND: Research has shown that cognitive and interpersonal processes play significant roles in depression development and maintenance. Depressed patients judgments of emotions displayed in facial expressions, as well as those of their partners, allow for better understanding of these processes. METHODS: In this study, twenty major depression outpatients, their partners and control persons (matched on the sex and age of the partner) judged facial expressions as to the emotions they felt were portrayed, at the patients outpatient admission. It was expected that the patients would judge the facial expression more negatively and less positively than their partners and that the partners would judge more negatively and less positively than the controls. RESULTS: It was found that while both the patients and partners judged less positive emotions than the controls, the patients and partners did not judge the expressions differently. A trend in the same direction was found between the three groups as to judgment of negative emotions. CONCLUSION: These findings are related back to interpersonal and cognitive theories of depression. LIMITATION: A limitation of this study was the somewhat small patient population available for study. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This study helps to shed light on the similarity between interpersonal and cognitive processes of depressed patients and their partners.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Is this happiness I see? Biases in the identification of emotional facial expressions in depression and social phobia.

The present study was designed to examine the operation of depression-specific biases in the identification or labeling of facial expression of emotions. Participants diagnosed with major depression and social phobia and control participants were presented with faces that expressed increasing degrees of emotional intensity, slowly changing from a neutral to a full-intensity happy, sad, or angry expression. The authors assessed individual differences in the intensity of facial expression of emotion that was required for the participants to accurately identify the emotion being expressed. The depressed participants required significantly greater intensity of emotion than did the social phobic and the control participants to correctly identify happy expressions and less intensity to identify sad than angry expressions. In contrast, social phobic participants needed less intensity to correctly identify the angry expressions than did the depressed and control participants and less intensity to identify angry than sad expressions. Implications of these results for interpersonal functioning in depression and social phobia are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Infantile spasms: facial expression of affect before and after epilepsy surgery.

This is a longitudinal study of facial expression of affect in 28 children with intractable infantile spasms who underwent epilepsy surgery. After a mean follow-up period of 1.8 years, there was a significant increase in positive affect, a significant decrease in neutral affect, and no change in negative affect during a nonverbal communication paradigm. These findings were unrelated to surgical (i. e., side of surgery, type of surgery) or seizure-related variables (i.e., seizure control, age at onset of illness, duration of illness, change in antiepileptic drugs). Comparison of affect in a subgroup of 16 patients with those of 32 normal subjects suggest a normal age-related increase in the use of positive affect. Both before and after surgery, the patients used the most positive affect while not communicating. They also used significantly more positive affect during while requesting objects or assistance rather than during social referencing. Intractable infantile spasms might be associated with reduction in the facial expression of positive affect and with impaired use during social communication.

Affect↗
PubMed2001

Impaired emotional facial expression recognition in alcoholism compared with obsessive-compulsive disorder and normal controls.

Emotional facial expression (EFE) decoding skills have been shown to be impaired in recovering alcoholics (RA). The aim of the present study is to replicate these results and to explore whether these abnormalities are specific to alcoholism using two control groups: non-patient controls (NC) and patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OC). Twenty-two alcoholic patients at the end of their detoxification process (RA) were compared to 22 OC and 22 NC matched for age, sex and education level. They were presented with 12 photographs of facial expressions portraying different emotions: happiness; anger; and fear. Each emotion was displayed with mild (30%) and moderate (70%) intensity levels. Each EFE was judged on 8 scales labeled happiness, sadness, fear, anger, disgust, surprise, shame and contempt. For each scale, subjects rated the estimated intensity level. RA were less accurate in EFE decoding than OC and NC, particularly for anger and happiness expressions. RA overestimated the emotional intensity for mild intensity level expressions compared with both OC and NC while no significant differences emerged for moderate intensity level expressions. Deficits in EFE decoding skills seem to be specific to RA when compared with OC. Comparison with other psychopathological groups is still needed. Possible consequences of EFE decoding deficits in RA include distorted interpersonal relationships.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

fMRI study of recognition of facial expressions in high-functioning autistic patients.

Autistic disorder is associated with deficits in social function. The disorder may be related to dysfunction in the brain regions that are involved in the process of recognising facial expressions of other persons. Using fMRI, we investigated whether autistic patients with relatively high IQ would have different brain activation on the tasks of recognition of facial expressions (i.e. faces expressing disgust, fear, and happiness) compared with normal control subjects. In disgust and fear recognition tasks, there were different patterns of brain activation in the cortico-limbic neural circuits qbetween autistic and normal groups. Patients with autistic disorder may have difficulty in grasping facially expressed qemotions in others, and thereby cannot manipulate the interpersonally derived information.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Normal recognition of emotional similarity between facial expressions following bilateral amygdala damage.

Bilateral damage to the amygdala in humans has been previously linked to two deficits in recognizing emotion in facial expressions: recognition of individual basic emotions, especially fear, and recognition of similarity among emotional expressions. Although several studies have examined recognition of individual emotions following amygdala damage, only one subject has been examined on recognition of similarity. To assess the extent to which deficits in recognizing similarity among facial expressions might be a general consequence of amygdala damage, we examined this ability in two subjects with complete bilateral amygdala damage. Both subjects had previously demonstrated entirely normal recognition of individual facial emotions. Here we report that these two patients also are intact in their ability to recognize similarity between emotional expressions. These results indicate that, like the recognition of individual basic emotions in facial expressions, the recognition of similarity among emotional expressions does not have an absolute dependence on the amygdala.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

[Fibromyalgia and facial expression].

QUESTION: Do female inpatients with fibromyalgia (FM) differ from healthy women in their nonverbal affective behavior? METHODS: The data culled from 15 interviews with female FM inpatients and 15 interviews with healthy women were analyzed and the analyses of facial expression were subsequently correlated with gaze behavior. RESULTS: FM patients exhibited neither a reduction of total activity of facial expression nor of absolute frequency of primary affects in comparison to healthy subjects who did (also in eye contact) however exhibit a significantly higher proportion of "genuine joy" and lower proportion of "contempt." CONCLUSION: The absence of reduced total activity of facial expression is in contrast to the elaborate descriptions of symptoms provided by the patients, but detailed analyses show that elements which stabilize relationships are lacking and that dissociative elements are implanted in the interactions.

Emotions↗
PubMed2005

Event-related potential of facial expression processing.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate spatial and temporal patterns of event-related potentials (ERP) evoked by facial expression. METHODS: ERP was recorded in 25 healthy subjects while they performed facial recognition task. Repeated-measure one-way ANOVA was adopted to compare the subjects' responses to stimulation by 3 different expressions (positive, neutral and negative) with statistical parametric mapping (SPM). RESULTS: Significant facial expression effects occurred separately in the left parietal and bilateral occipital regions (280-340 ms), left frontal region (400-420 ms), and right prefrontal region (480-500 ms). In 4 time periods, significant difference was observed between positive and neutral emotion wave in the right frontoparietotemporal and left prefrontal regions (60-80 ms), right occipital region (120-140 ms), left occipital region (280-320 ms), and left frontoparietal region (400-440 ms). Significant difference between negative and neutral emotion waves was observed in 5 time periods in the right occipital region (120-140 ms), central frontoparietal region (220-240 ms), central parietal region (280-300 ms), left parietal and right temporopartial regions (320-340 ms) and frontopartial occipitotemporal region (480-500 ms). CONCLUSIONS: The spatiotemporal patterns of ERP suggest that the information processing of facial expression involves extensive brain regions dynamically.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

The role of context in interpreting facial expression: comment on Russell and Fehr (1987).

In their article, "Relativity in the Perception of Emotion in Facial Expressions," Russell and Fehr (1987) argued that context is the principal determinant in interpreting facial expressions of emotion. They questioned the biological bases for emotion suggested by Darwin and supported by many cross-cultural studies. We suggest that their results occurred because the target faces they used were emotionally neutral or ambiguous. We also argue that their findings can be interpreted as supporting the communicative importance of the face.

Cross-Cultural Comparison↗
PubMed1997

Computer-enhanced emotion in facial expressions.

Benson & Perrett's (1991 b) computer-based caricature procedure was used to alter the positions of anatomical landmarks in photographs of emotional facial expressions with respect to their locations in a reference norm face (e.g. a neutral expression). Exaggerating the differences between an expression and its norm produces caricatured images, whereas reducing the differences produces 'anti-caricatures'. Experiment 1 showed that caricatured (+50% different from neutral) expressions were recognized significantly faster than the veridical (0%, undistorted) expressions. This held for all six basic emotions from the Ekman & Friesen (1976) series, and the effect generalized across different posers. For experiment 2, caricatured (+50%) and anti-caricatured (-50%) images were prepared using two types of reference norm; a neutral-expression norm, which would be optimal if facial expression recognition involves monitoring changes in the positioning of underlying facial muscles, and a perceptually-based norm involving an average of the expressions of six basic emotions (excluding neutral) in the Ekman & Friesen (1976) series. The results showed that the caricatured images were identified significantly faster, and the anti-caricatured images significantly slower, than the veridical expressions. Furthermore, the neutral-expression and average-expression norm caricatures produced the same pattern of results.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Photorealistic speech agents and facially expressive robots.

In an ideal human-computer interface, the computer would be able to understand and use modalities such as speech, hearing, facial gestures and body language in as realistic and natural a manner as a human. This paper discusses two kinds of computer-to-human interaction techniques which involve computerizea facial gestures: the first is the graphics representation of the human face projected on a video display; the second is the physical embodiment of facial expressions using an android robot. These simulated facial gestures may be accompanied by computerized speech synthesis, voice recognition capability or machine vision for recognition of the facial expressions of the human viewer. The author reviews both major techniques, then discusses current and proposed applications of this methodology.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMed2006

Memory for facial expressions: the power of a smile.

Faces with expressions (happy, surprise, anger, fear) were presented at study. Memory for facial expressions was tested by presenting the same faces with neutral expressions and asking participants to determine the expression that had been displayed at study. In three experiments, happy expressions were remembered better than other expressions. The advantage of a happy face was observed even when faces were inverted (upside down) and even when the salient perceptual feature (broad grin) was controlled across conditions. These findings are couched in terms of source monitoring, in which memory for facial expressions reflects encoding of the dispositional context of a prior event.

Adult↗