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PubMed2005

Obtaining sensitive information from a wary population: a comparison of telephone and face-to-face surveys of welfare recipients in the United States.

Recent studies reveal the benefits of technological developments such as audio computer assisted self-interviewing (A-CASI) in interview methodology, especially for surveys of sensitive behavior and information. However, we believe that the selection of mode of administration depends not only on the technology available and the behavior of interest, but also on the specific population under study. We therefore assess survey mode effects on reported rates of alcohol and drug use among welfare recipients, an especially important group for scholars and public health agencies. The sample consisted of adult recipients of Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) in Oklahoma, January 2001. Adjusting for demographic characteristics, employment, and education, we employ odds ratios to compare 30-day, 1 year, and lifetime prevalence estimates from telephone and face-to-face surveys. Telephone methodology yields similar or higher estimates for lifetime prevalence of alcohol, marijuana, and hard drug use and abuse, though lower estimates of recent use. We discuss our findings in relation to underfunded public health agencies that must efficiently assess and respond to local levels of drug abuse and we conclude that mode selection may depend upon the population under study.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Face-straight-down and face-near-straight-down positions in healthy, prone-sleeping infants.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency and physiologic consequences of the face-straight-down (FSD) position, a postulated mechanism for the sudden infant death syndrome in prone-sleeping infants. STUDY DESIGN: A survey of 151 infants, aged 1 to 7 months, in Montreal showed that 33% slept prone. Ten healthy prone-sleeping infants were studied in their homes at age 10 to 22 weeks. Infrared video and cardiorespiratory recordings were made on 3 consecutive nights in the prone (nights 1 and 3) and lateral (night 2) positions. RESULTS: Infants maintained the prone position during 17 of 19 studies, but only 4 of 9 infants maintained the lateral position. The FSD position was observed 27 times in 17 prone nights: median frequency, 0.6 times per night (interquartile range, 0 to 4), and median total duration, 3.3 minutes (0.8% of total sleep time). A related position, the face-near-straight-down (FNSD) position, occurred more often, 5.3 (1 to 10) time per prone night, for 22.4 minutes (5.8% of total sleep time). Most periods in the FSD and FNSD position had no physiologic consequences; however, 14% of FSD and 3% of FNSD episodes were associated with airway obstruction as indicated by snoring, paradoxical respiratory movements, apnea, and/or increased partial pressure of transcutaneous carbon dioxide. Spontaneous arousal and head turning terminated the FSD and FNSD episodes. CONCLUSION: The FSD and FNSD positions occur commonly in healthy prone-sleeping infants, and these positions can cause airway obstruction. We speculate that those infants with sudden infant death syndrome found in the FSD or FNSD position either have a congenital or an acquired defect in the arousal-head turning response or have encountered insurmountable environmental factors that prevent effective head turning.

Airway Obstruction↗
PubMed2001

Alkyl and aryl substituted corroles. 2. Synthesis and characterization of linked "face-to-face" biscorroles. X-ray structure of (BCA)Co(2)(py)(3), where BCA represents a biscorrole with an anthracenyl bridge.

The synthesis, spectroscopic properties, and electrochemistry of (BCA)Co(2) and (BCB)Co(2) are described where BCA and BCB represent biscorroles linked by an anthracenyl (A) or a biphenylenyl (B) bridge. The pyridine and CO binding properties of (BCA)Co(2) and (BCB)Co(2) are also presented, and one of the compounds in its pyridine-ligated form, (BCA)Co(2)(py)(3), is structurally characterized. The data on the biscorroles are compared on one hand to the monocorrole having the same substitution pattern and on the other hand to bisporphyrins having two Co(II) ions and the same anthracenyl or biphenylenyl linkers in order to better understand the interaction which occurs between the two corrole macrocycles. A parallel study on five different Co(III) phenyl-substituted corroles showed that bis-pyridine and mono-CO adducts are readily formed from the complexes in CH(2)Cl(2). This present paper examines how the ligand binding properties and electrochemistry of these Co(III) corroles are modified by the anthracenyl or biphenylenyl bridge which links the two macrocycles in a face to face orientation. An X-ray crystal structure was obtained for the tris-pyridine adduct of the anthracenyl bridged derivative, (BCA)Co(2)(py)(3), and gives the following results: C(127)H(99)Co(2)N(11).2CHCl(3), M = 2135.90, triclinic, space group P&onemacr;, a = 13.2555(5) A, b = 18.6406(8) A, c = 22.2140(9) A, alpha = 94.186(9) degrees, beta = 102.273(9) degrees, gamma = 94.205(9) degrees, V = 5326.8(4) A(3), 9293 independent reflections collected, R(F) = 0.066.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Intermetallic interactions in face-to-face homo- and heterodinuclear bismacrocyclic complexes of copper(II) and nickel(II).

New face-to-face heterodinuclear complexes containing copper(II) and nickel(II) in identical tetraazamacrocyclic environments have been synthesized and characterized using ESI mass-spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, spectroscopic methods, and elemental analysis. These new bismacrocyclic systems were compared with the respective mono- and bismacrocyclic and [2]catenane homonuclear complexes. Interactions between the metal centers were monitored by magnetic and electrochemical measurements. Magnetic data indicate that all copper compounds studied behave as weakly interacting magnets. In the case of copper [2]catenane, the extent of magnetic interactions decreased when a benzocrown moiety was introduced between the macrocyclic units. On the basis of electrochemical data, the interactions between the metal centers were found to be substantially larger for the nickel complexes than for the corresponding copper ones. Interlocking of a benzocrown ether to form [2]catenane led to a nonequivalence of the metal centers and to the increase of donor abilities of the catenane compared to the respective bismacrocyclic complex. This is reflected by the shift of the first formal potential to less positive values. Intermetallic interactions for the heteronuclear nickel/copper complexes were found intermediary compared to the homonuclear ones. They were strengthened by shortening the spacer between the two tetraazamacrocyclic subunits which is a convenient way of fine-tuning the interactions. The increase of intermetallic interactions led to the increased stability of the intermediate mixed-valence states indicated by the higher values of comproportionation constants.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Novel metal-linked face-to-face porphyrazine dimer.

We report the synthesis and physical studies of a novel porphyrazine (pz) dimer [1[Ni,Cu]]2, which has Ni(II) ions incorporated into the pz cores and is linked by two Cu(II) ions coordinated to bis(picolinamide) chelates attached to the pz periphery. [1[Ni,Cu]]2 was prepared from precursor pz 2 with a selenodiazole ring fused to the pz core. This ring was deprotected to form the diamino-pz 3, which reacted with 2 mol of picolinoyl chloride hydrochloride to form pz 1[2H,2H], with peripheral bis(picolinamide) chelates; this was metalated to form [1[Ni,Cu]]2. The crystal structures of 1[2H,2H] and [1[Ni,Cu]]2 are presented. The latter is a dimer in which parallel, face-to-face pz's with an average separation of 3.30 angstroms are linked through the peripheral picolinamide ligands by a pair of peripheral Cu(II) ions. Each Cu(II) is coordinated with distorted square-planar geometry by a picolinamide from each pz. In this report, we focus on the interaction of these two peripheral Cu(II) ions. We discuss the preparation and magnetic properties of the pz dimer complex [1[Ni,Cu]]2 with two Cu(II) ions in the peripheral chelate but a diamagnetic metal ion Ni(II) in the pz core. Although [1[Ni,Cu]]2 contains two Cu(II) ions (S = 1/2), we could detect no electron paramagnetic resonance signal, which suggests very strong antiferromagnetic exchange between those two Cu(II) ions. Temperature-dependent magnetic susceptibility measurement gives an exchange splitting between the S = 0 ground state and the excited triplet state of delta = 660 cm(-1).

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

A cyclic oligophenylene containing two 1,8-naphthalene units bridged by two face-to-face biphenyl linkages exhibiting unusual strain and pi-pi interaction

1,8-[1,8-Naphthalenediylbis(4',4-biphenyldiyl)]naphthalene, a very stable strained cyclophane, has been synthesized in moderate yield using the copper-catalyzed coupling of 1, 8-bis(4-(tributylstannyl)phenyl)naphthalene. The X-ray analysis of the titled compound discloses bent p,p'-biphenylylene chains with splayed naphthalene rings, and the p,p'-biphenylylene chains located face-to-face indicate a fairly strong pi-pi interaction.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Self-administered questionnaires versus face-to-face interviews in assessing sexual behavior in young women.

Effects of mode of assessment, person, and situational variables on the accuracy of self-reports of sexual behavior remain uncertain. To evaluate these influences, 190 young women completed measures of erotophilia and social desirability and then monitored their health-related behaviors with a diary for 8 weeks. They returned on two occasions to complete either a face-to-face interview (FTFI) or a self-administered questionnaire (SAQ) regarding their behavior over the same interval. To check the apparent accuracy of participants' retrospective self-reports, a difference score was calculated by subtracting responses obtained on the FTFI or SAQ from the diary card. Results indicated that both modes of assessment were reliable; reliability did not differ as a function of mode of assessment. However, SAQs elicited less discrepant responses for protected vaginal sex; SAQ and FTFI reports for unprotected sexual behaviors were equivalent. Situational and person variables did not predict accuracy scores, which were impaired at higher frequencies of behavior. Results suggest that both modes of assessment were reliable and SAQs may be more accurate for some sexual behaviors.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Stability and transitions in mother-infant face-to-face communication during the first 6 months: a microhistorical approach.

In this study the authors attempted to unravel the relational, dynamical, and historical nature of mother-infant communication during the first 6 months. Thirteen mothers and their infants were videotaped weekly from 4 to 24 weeks during face-to-face interactions. Three distinct patterns of mother-infant communication were identified: symmetrical, asymmetrical, and unilateral. Guided by a dynamic systems perspective, the authors explored the stability of and transitions between these communication patterns. Findings from event history analysis showed that (a) there are regularly recurring dyadic communication patterns in early infancy, (b) these recurring patterns show differential stabilities and likelihoods of transitions, (c) dynamic stability in dyadic communication is shaped not only by individual characteristics (e.g., infant sex and maternal parity) but also by the dyad's communication history, and (d) depending on their recency, communication histories varying in temporal proximity exert differential effects on the self-organization processes of a dyadic system.

Child Behavior↗
PubMed2003

Affect and face perception: odors modulate the recognition advantage of happy faces.

Previous choice reaction time studies have provided consistent evidence for faster recognition of positive (e.g., happy) than negative (e.g., disgusted) facial expressions. A predominance of positive emotions in normal contexts may partly explain this effect. The present study used pleasant and unpleasant odors to test whether emotional context affects the happy face advantage. Results from 2 experiments indicated that happiness was recognized faster than disgust in a pleasant context, but this advantage disappeared in an unpleasant context because of the slow recognition of happy faces. Odors may modulate the functioning of those emotion-related brain structures that participate in the formation of the perceptual representations of the facial expressions and in the generation of the conceptual knowledge associated with the signaled emotion.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Through-space interactions between face-to-face, center-to-edge oriented arenes: importance of polar-pi effects.

Two series of conformationally restricted polycyclic compounds (1-3 and 4-7) have been synthesized as model systems for studying the through-space interactions between face-to-face, center-to-edge (parallel-offset) oriented arenes. These compounds feature different X substituents on one of the interacting rings. By monitoring the variation of the delta Gz for the rotation around the aryl-aryl bond in 1-7 as a function of X by 2D [1H,1H] EXSY NMR spectroscopy, it was found that the barriers increase on passing from electron-donating to electron-withdrawing substituted derivatives. Quantum mechanical calculations [MP2/DVZ (2d,p)//B3LYP/DVZ(2d,p)] gave barrier values and variations in agreement with the experimental data. The results are consistent with a repulsive arene-arene interaction dominated by electrostatic effects.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1992

Human placental syncytiotrophoblast expresses two pharmacologically distinguishable types of Na(+)-H+ exchangers, NHE-1 in the maternal-facing (brush border) membrane and NHE-2 in the fetal-facing (basal) membrane.

We investigated whether highly purified preparations of basal (fetal-facing) membrane isolated from normal term human placentas possess Na(+)-H+ exchanger activity. Uptake of Na+ into basal membrane vesicles was stimulated many-fold by an outwardly directed H+ gradient. This H(+)-gradient-dependent uptake was inhibitable by amiloride and its analogues. Na+ uptake in these vesicles did not occur via a Na+ channel, as it was not influenced by changes in membrane potential and, in addition, was inhibited by benzamil only at high micromolar concentrations. The results indicate that the human placental basal membrane possesses Na(+)-H+ exchanger activity. We then studied whether this exchanger is similar to or distinct from the Na(+)-H+ exchanger described in brush border (maternal-facing) membrane preparations. For this purpose, we compared the pharmacological characteristics of the basal membrane Na(+)-H+ exchanger with those of the brush border membrane Na(+)-H+ exchanger. The basal membrane exchanger was about 20-fold less sensitive to inhibition by amiloride and about 70-fold less sensitive to inhibition by dimethylamiloride than was the brush border membrane exchanger. The exchanger activity in both membrane preparations was inhibitable by clonidine and cimetidine, but the inhibition patterns with these compounds were markedly different between basal and brush border membrane preparations. These data demonstrate that the basal membrane Na(+)-H+ exchanger is distinct from the brush border membrane Na(+)-H+ exchanger. The pharmacological profiles of these exchangers indicate that the human placental brush border membrane possesses the housekeeping or non-epithelial type Na(+)-H+ exchanger (NHE-1), whereas the basal membrane possesses the epithelial or apical type Na(+)-H+ exchanger (NHE-2).

Basement Membrane↗
PubMed1998

Different standards for reporting ADRs to herbal remedies and conventional OTC medicines: face-to-face interviews with 515 users of herbal remedies.

AIMS: To determine whether adverse drug reactions (ADRs) to herbal remedies would be reported differently from similar ADRs to conventional over-the-counter (OTC) medicines by herbal-remedy users. METHODS: Face-to-face interviews (using a structured questionnaire) with 515 users of herbal remedies were conducted in six pharmacy stores and six healthfood stores in the UK. The questionnaire focused on the likely course of action taken by herbal-remedy users after experiencing an ADR associated with a conventional OTC medicine and a herbal remedy. RESULTS: Following a 'serious' suspected ADR, 156 respondents (30.3%) would consult their GP irrespective of whether the ADR was associated with the use of a herbal remedy or a conventional OTC medicine, whereas 221 respondents (42.9%) would not consult their GP for a serious ADR associated with either type of preparation. One hundred and thirty-four respondents (26.0%) would consult their GP for a serious ADR to a conventional OTC medicine, but not for a similar ADR to a herbal remedy, whereas four respondents (0.8%) would consult their GP for a serious ADR to a herbal remedy, but not for a similar ADR to a conventional OTC medicine. Similar differences were found in attitudes towards reporting 'minor' suspected ADRs. CONCLUSIONS: Consumers of herbal remedies would act differently with regard to reporting an ADR (serious or minor) to their GP depending on whether it was associated with a herbal remedy or a conventional OTC medicine. This has implications for herbal pharmacovigilance, particularly given the increasing use of OTC herbal remedies. The finding that a high proportion of respondents would not consult their GP or pharmacist following ADRs to conventional OTC medicines is also of concern.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Comparison of self-administration and face-to-face interview for surveys of low back pain in adolescents.

UNLABELLED: The aim of this study was to compare self-administration with face-to-face interview in the investigation of low back pain in adolescents. Fifty-seven adolescents with low back pain (mean age 17.3 y; range 16-18) first completed a questionnaire and were then invited to an interview. Analysis included item completion, percentages of agreement and weighted kappa. Item completion rates were high and comparable between self-administration and interview. Information between both methods was analogous for severity and localization of problems, sleep behaviour, medical consultation and sports/leisure activities. Onset, progression, duration of low back pain and some items on the influence of movement/positions presented less comparable data. CONCLUSION: Even when two different methods of data acquisition are used, results suggest that the method used does not change the interpretation of results in the case of most items.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Working alliance in online therapy as compared to face-to-face therapy: preliminary results.

Online therapy, defined as the provision of mental health services through the Internet, is a growing field that has sparked an abundance of interest and controversy. A primary concern in the practice of online therapy is whether a working alliance, considered a central component of successful therapy, can develop when participants are geographically separated. Working alliance scores were compared between a small, primarily female sample of online therapy consumers and a representative sample of traditional face-to-face therapy clients. Results revealed significantly higher means on the goal subscale and composite score of the Working Alliance Inventory in the online sample, suggesting that a working alliance can be adequately established in therapy delivered online. No significant differences in the level of working alliance were found within the online therapy sample with respect to modality of communication, client presenting problem, or therapist. Themes from comments suggest the importance for participants of the disinhibiting effects of the medium.

Adult↗