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PubMed1998

Residue levels of organochlorinated insecticides in breast milk: a preliminary report from Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia.

Breast milk samples obtained from 115 mothers residing in Al-Kharj area, Saudi Arabia, were quantified by gas chromatography and confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for lindane, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, dieldrin, endrin, p,p-DDE, p,p-DDD, and p,p-DDT. The results showed that 80.9% of the samples contained p,p-DDT, 93.9% p,p-DDE, and 74.8% p,p-DDD. Whereas lindane, heptachlor, heptachlor-epoxide, dieldrin, and endrin were found in 23.5, 20.9, 36.5, 48.7, and 32.2% screened samples, respectively. Results of this survey clearly show that infants were exposed to organochlorinated pesticides. Although the levels of organochlorinated pesticides reported here are lower than those reported from several other countries, the maximum daily intakes of those pesticides exceeded the WHO/UNEP Acceptable Daily Intakes for a 5-kg infant. This finding warrants further research to determine the magnitude of the problem in Saudi Arabia. As there is a bulk of literature that highlights the adverse health effects of organochlorinated pesticides on children and infants, it would be advantageous to establish a regular organochlorinated pesticides monitoring program.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

The science of teratology in a regulatory setting.

The science of teratology is discussed from a regulatory point of view. A brief history of this branch of toxicology is presented with emphasis on specific instances of the inadvertent production of birth defects in humans as a result of exposure to exogenous agents. The basic principles of teratology are elucidated as a means of understanding current test protocols and their scientific rationale. A typical, general protocol is given and some of the major shortcomings of such a bioassay are presented. Among these shortcomings are the problems of significance of fetal toxicity and lack of a postnatal component to the teratology test system. The teratogenic and/or fetotoxic potential of selected pesticides are examined with special reference to the bioassay problems alluded to. Pesticides discussed include cacodylic acid, endrin, benomyl, ETU, nitrofen, and mirex. Finally, a brief discussion of a proposed teratology screen using pregnant laboratory animals is presented.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed1994

Predicting ecotoxicological impacts of environmental contaminants on terrestrial small mammals.

This review examines whether the effects of environmental contaminants on wild small mammals can be predicted from the results of single-species, laboratory toxicity studies. Heavy metals, organochlorines, chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons, and OP/carbamate pesticides were identified as the groups of xenobiotics for which there are toxicity data for terrestrial small mammals and that, on the basis of persistence, acute toxicity, and bio-accumulation potential, present the greatest hazard to wild mammals. Laboratory-generated toxicity data, which used lethality and reproduction as measurable endpoints, were reviewed and intake and residue LOAELs estimated for representative chemicals (lead, endrin, PCBs) from the heavy metal, organochlorine, and chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbon substance groups; the OPs and carbamates were reviewed as a whole. Intakes and residues of these compounds in wild small mammals were compared with laboratory-defined LOAELs and the likelihood of effects predicted. The accuracy of these predictions was examined and the efficacy of extrapolating toxicity data from laboratory to wild species assessed. Qualitative extrapolation from laboratory to wild species was good for all the chemicals considered, laboratory tests correctly identifying the types of effects chemicals had on a wide range of wild mammals. In contrast, the quantitative extrapolation of dose-response data was either poor or largely unvalidated. This is because interspecies variation in sensitivity to xenobiotics and the effects on toxicity of differences in exposure pattern between laboratory and wild species are largely unquantified. Based upon the limited evidence available, errors in the direct extrapolation of dose-response data from laboratory to field may be as large as three orders of magnitude. Direct extrapolation of residue-response data from laboratory to wild mammals is good both for the effects of heavy metals on specific organs and for residues and acetylcholinesterase inhibition associated with pesticide-induced mortality. The use of organ residues or biomarkers to predict the severity of sublethal effects on reproductive output may be possible, although large residues or biomarker responses are not necessarily indicative of the severity of wider physiological effect. Appropriate residues/biomarkers may differ for various xenobiotics and even between species for the same xenobiotic. Further research is required to identify suitable markers that can be correlated with the occurrence and magnitude of ecologically important effects. Xenobiotics likely to have a direct effect on population dynamics are those that are persistent and adversely affect survival and reproduction. At present, this weak correlation is the only one that can be made between single-species laboratory tests and population effects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Influence of pretreatment with various insecticides on the N-demethylation of dimethylnitrosamine.

The effects of various classes of insecticides were studied on the N-demethylation of dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) by mouse liver enzymes. Organochlorine insecticides, represented by lindane, DDT, and endrin, increased the activities of DMN demethylase I and II. The latter enzyme was more susceptible to the inducive action of the tested chlorinated insecticides. On the other hand, the synthetic pyrethroids, fenvalerate and flucythrinate, did not alter the activity of either enzyme. While pretreatment with carbaryl, a carbamate derivative, was without effect, moderate elevation in the activity of both demethylases was observed following administration of carbofuran. Dimethoate, representing organophosphorus compounds, was the only insecticide tested to inhibit the N-demethylation of DMN, with more pronounced effect on DMN demethylase I. Since DMN requires metabolic activation for its hepatotoxic and carcinogenic actions, alterations in the activities of its metabolizing enzymes as a sequela of exposure to certain insecticides may change susceptibility to its toxicity and/or carcinogenicity.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Ontogenesis and properties of the convulsant recognition site(s) of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor complex in chicken embryo.

Ontogenesis of the convulsant (picrotoxinin or t-butylbicyclophosphorothionate (TBPS] site(s) was defined in chicken embryonic brain with the radioligands [35S]TBPS and [3H]t-butylbicycloorthobenzoate [( 3H]TBOB). Binding of the radioligands is detectable from day 6 of incubation. The increase in binding after day 14 of incubation is due to an increase in the number of binding sites. The pharmacological properties of the embryonic recognition site(s) do not undergo significant changes during hatching based on the affinity of embryonic and chick brain membranes for [3H]TBOB; the rate of association and dissociation for TBOB; non-competitive inhibition of [3H]TBOB binding and modulation of 1R, alpha S-cis-cypermethrin interaction with the recognition site(s) by GABA; and inhibition of radioligand binding by endrin, picrotoxinin and TBPS. Early development and in vitro susceptibility of the recognition site to convulsive toxicants makes the embryo a possible target for a variety of drugs and environmental toxicants acting at this site.

Aging↗
PubMed1990

Effects of lindane on the glucose metabolism in rat brain cortex cells.

The influence of 0.5 mM gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (gamma-HCH, lindane) on glucose transport has been investigated using the analog 3-O-methyl-D-(U-14C)glucose. The glucose uptake was lineal for at least 10 sec. Preincubation of dissociated brain cortex cells with lindane decreased the transport of glucose with respect to the controls. The treatment of brain cortex cells with other organochlorine compounds indicated that the alpha-, delta-HCH isomers and dieldrin reproduced the same inhibitory pattern, while beta-HCH and endrin were inactive. The total radioactivity incorporated into CO2 from (U-14C) glucose in the cerebral cortex is also inhibited by lindane in a time dependent manner.

3-O-Methylglucose↗
PubMed1988

Contamination of urban, industrial and continental waters by chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides along the Mediterranean coast of Morocco.

Residual waters (urban, industrial and continental) of the Moroccan Mediterranean coast situated between Tangier and Al Hoceima were found to be contaminated by chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides. Hexachlorobenzene, lindane, aldrin and heptachlor were frequently encountered. The contamination was relatively low for endrin and dieldrin and irregular for DDT and its derivatives. The levels detected differed from traces to 0.5 ppm. The areas of high urban density showed the highest contamination, with some seasonal variation.

Aldrin↗
PubMed1985

Potential consequences of a fire in an insecticide storage facility.

Assumptions are identified and made in an attempt to model the acute human health risk associated with a hypothetical fire in an insecticide storage facility. The insecticides used in the model are endrin and dimethoate. The model indicates that persons residing a few hundred meters from the facility could suffer a variety of adverse effects, including possible death from contact with smoke from a prolonged, low-temperature fire. Knowledge of the special hazards of cool toxic smoke as well as current atmospheric conditions could be of use to fire fighters. That is, fire fighters might wisely choose to promote a fast, hot fire which would propel toxicants high into the atmosphere rather than risk local fumigation.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Effects of cyclodiene compounds on calcium pump activity in rat brain and heart.

The in vitro and in vivo effects of aldrin, dieldrin, and endrin on calmodulin regulated Ca2+-pump activity in rat brain synaptosomes and heart sarcoplasmic reticulum were investigated. All the 3 cyclodiene compounds inhibited both brain synaptosomal and heart sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-pump activity in vitro in a concentration dependent manner. Calmodulin depleted Ca2+-pump activity was insensitive to the action of toxic compounds. Oral administration of pesticides (0.5-10 mg/kg) to rats similarly decreased the Ca2+-pump activity, in addition to decreasing the levels of calmodulin of both brain and heart thus indicating disruption in membrane Ca2+ transport mechanisms. Exogenous addition of calmodulin (1-20 micrograms) could effectively reverse the pesticide induced inhibition. Ca2+-pump activity is more sensitive to the 3 cyclodiene compounds in brain than in heart. The results of the present study indicate that the cyclodiene compounds may produce neurotoxic effects by altering calmodulin regulated calcium dependent events in neurons.

Aldrin↗
PubMed1986

Field studies on health effects from the application of two organophosphorus insecticide formulations by hand-held ULV to cotton.

Two field studies to assess the health implications for farmers applying two different formulations containing organophosphorus (OP) pesticides to cotton by hand-held ULV are described. The first study, carried out in the Ivory Coast, involved the application of an endrin/DDT/methylparathion (MEP) formulation in an aromatic hydrocarbon solvent. The second study took place in Indonesia with a 20% monocrotophos formulation in a mixture of a glycol and a glycol ether. Both studies were carried out under actual field conditions. The purpose of the studies was to get a good assessment of the health hazards of the particular formulation, used under the specific circumstances and agronomic requirements of the area of application and taking into account all local, climatic and cultural conditions that could be of possible influence. The results showed that in both studies skin exposures took place during application and especially during handling, filling and cleaning, and that inhalation of spray mist was negligible. Absorption was confirmed by the presence in urine of metabolites of endrin and methylparathion in the Ivory Coast study, and of dimethyl phosphate in the Indonesia study. No clinical signs or symptoms of intoxication were discovered in either study, nor were inhibitions of cholinesterase (ChE) activity of health significance established under the conditions of the studies. In addition, various practical aspects such as choice of apparatus, of formulation, the application procedures etc. are discussed.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1992

Sodium and GABA-activated channels as the targets of pyrethroids and cyclodienes.

The symptoms of poisoning by the pyrethroid and cyclodiene insecticides are characterized by hyperexcitation and convulsions followed by paralysis. The main target site of the pyrethroids has been identified to be the sodium channels which are kept open for unusually long periods of time, causing a prolonged sodium current to flow which, in turn, leads to hyperexcitation of the nervous system. We have now found large differential sensitivity to the pyrethroids in two types of sodium channels. The dorsal root ganglion neurons of the rat were endowed with two types of sodium channels, one sensitive to the blocking action of tetrodotoxin (TTX) and the other insensitive to TTX. The type I pyrethroid allethrin and the type II pyrethroid deltamethrin were both effective in prolonging the sodium current in the TXX-resistant sodium channel but had only a small effect on the TTX-sensitive sodium channel. These two types of sodium channels also exhibited marked differences in their physiological properties, including the time course of current, the activation voltage, and the steady-state inactivation. In contrast to the pyrethroids, lindane and the cyclodienes endrin, isobenzan, dieldrin and heptachlor-epoxide suppressed the GABA-induced chloride current. The initial transient component of the chloride current was blocked more than the late sustained component. The suppression of the GABA-mediated synaptic inhibition would cause hyperexcitation of the nervous system. The results are compatible with the convulsant action of these insecticides.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Isolation and determination of chlorinated organic pesticides by thin-layer chromatography and the application to toxicological analysis.

A sensitive method for the isolation and clean-up of chlorinated organic pesticides from tissues and biological materials is discussed. RF values of the pesticides in 26 solvent systems, and colours of the spots given with various chromogenic reagents, are reported. The limits of detection, and densitometric measurements, are also discussed. The average recovery has been found to be 94%. The distribution of endrin in different autopsy tissues from five different victims has been studied by the proposed technique.

Autopsy↗
PubMed2000

Organochlorine contaminants in Morelet's crocodile (Crocodylus moreletii) eggs from Belize.

Non-viable eggs of Morelet's crocodile (Crocodylus moreletii) were collected from Gold Button (GBL) and New River lagoons (NRL) in northern Belize and screened for organochlorine (OC) compounds using gas chromatography (GC) with electron capture detection (ECD). All egg samples from both lagoons (n = 24) tested positive for one or more OCs. Primary contaminants were p,p-DDE and methoxychlor, detected in 100% and 29% of the eggs examined, respectively. Concentrations of individual OC contaminants ranged from 1 ppb (ng chemical/g egg) to > 0.5 ppm (microgram chemical/g egg). Total concentrations of OCs (sum of all OCs) for one egg collected from a nest at GBL reached as high as 0.7 ppm. Sediment samples from both lagoons also tested positive for OCs (lindane, aldrin, methoxychlor, heptachlor epoxide, p,p-DDT, among others). Nest media (soil and plant material) collected from crocodile nests at GBL were positive for p,p-DDT, methoxychlor, aldrin, endosulfan II, and endrin aldehyde. Based on the 24 egg samples analyzed to date, crocodiles from both lagoons are being exposed to OCs. Such exposure may present a health threat to populations of crocodiles in Central America.

Aldrin↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Six high-priority organochlorine pesticides, either singly or in combination, are nonestrogenic in transfected HeLa cells.

There have been increasing concerns that environmental chemicals may adversely affect the health of humans and wildlife by acting as endocrine modulators. These concerns have been augmented by the realization that human exposure occurs not just to single chemical agents, but typically to mixtures of chemicals that could exhibit estrogenic activity qualitatively and/or quantitatively different from that of individual components. To address these concerns, we have evaluated the ability of six organochlorine pesticides (4, 4'-DDT, 4,4'-DDD, 4,4'-DDE, aldrin, dieldrin, or endrin, all classified high priority by ATSDR) to modulate transcriptional activation of an estrogen-responsive reporter gene in transfected HeLa cells. In these assays, HeLa cells cotransfected with an expression vector encoding estrogen receptor and an estrogen-responsive chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter plasmid were exposed to these pesticides individually and in defined combinations. While estradiol consistently elicited 10- to 23-fold dose-dependent inductions in these assays, the six organochlorine pesticides showed no detectable dose-related response when tested individually. When tested in binary combinations, the pesticide mixtures showed no additional estrogenicity. Thus, the pesticides tested, singly or as mixtures, showed virtually no evidence of estrogenicity.

Aldrin↗
PubMed1980

Organic contaminates in water.

The carbon adsorption method was used for separating organic matter from large samples of drainage, river and tap water. The carbon chloroform extract (CCE) was separated into different solubility fractions and the neutral fraction was separated into aliphatic, aromatic and oxy-compounds using column chromatography. The aromatic fraction was subjected to TLC, IR and UV analysis. The pesticide endrin was present in both river and tap water at concentrations of 0.7 and 1.5 ppb, respectively.

Alkanes↗
PubMed1999

Most unwanted.

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) can travel thousands of miles, accumulate in the food chain, and persist in the environment, taking as long as centuries to degrade. POPs are known to play a role in birth defects, cancer, immune system dysfunction, and reproductive problems in wildlife. While the effects of POPs on human health are unclear, many researchers believe that long-term exposure contributes to increasing rates of birth defects, fertility problems, greater susceptibility to disease, diminished intelligence, and certain cancers. Twelve POPs have been identified by the United Nations Environment Programme as requiring urgent regulatory attention. They include the pesticides aldrin, chlordane, DDT, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, hexachlorobenzene, mirex, and toxaphene. Of the remaining three POPs, polychlorinated biphenyls are industrial products (used in electrical transformers), and dioxins and furans are unintentional by-products of industrial processes.

Aldrin↗
PubMed1980

Short-term effect of two pesticides on the survival, ovarian 32P uptake and gonadotrophic potency in a freshwater catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Blouch).

The effects of pesticides containing either an organophosphate malathion (Cythion) or an organochloride endrin (Hexadrin) on the survival, ovarian 32P uptake and the gonadotrophic potency of the pituitary gland and serum of Heteropneustes fossilis were studied for 96 h. Hexadrin was found to be more toxic than Cythion. Reduced ovarian 32P uptake and a significantly decreased level of total gonadotrophin in the pituitary gland and serum were seen when fish were placed either in a drug concentration that had been found to kill half the fish in 96 h or in a safe concentration of Hexadrin and cythion in aquarium water. Administration of LH or homologous pituitary extract during the exposure of the fish to the pesticides increased the ovarian 32P uptake. The data suggest that these pesticides retarded gonadotrophin secretion which in turn reduced ovarian 32P uptake. However, they did not interfere with the effects of exogenous LH or pituitary extract at the dose levels tested.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Chlorinated pesticide residues in chicken egg.

Two hundred and twenty-one representative samples of chicken eggs of native and commercial strains of Gallus domesticus were collected during January 1975 to August 1977 throughout the Tehran area and the Northern province of Mazandarane. The samples were analyzed for chlorinated pesticide residues by gas-liquid chromatography. The insecticides [1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2-bis (P-Chlorophenyl)ethanel] (DDT), [1,1-Dichloro-2,2-bis (P-Chlorophenyl) ethane] (TDE), [1,1-Dichloro-2,2-bis (P-Chlorophenyl)ethylene] (DDE), isomers of benzene hexachloride (BHC), Aldrin/Dieldrin, Heptachlor/Heptachlor epoxide, Dieldrin, and endrin were detected in varying concentration in the eggs. The eggs of native bred chickens, mainly as a result of their food sources, showed greater concentration of all pesticides except BHC isomers than those of commercial types. Though concentration of DDT compounds in 22% of native bred and 5% of commercial eggs exceeded WHO tolerance limit, the mean concentrations of pesticides residues were not exceeding these limits. There was no correlation between concentrations of pesticides and egg shell thinning.

Aldrin↗