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PubMed1997

Neutrophil fate in experimental glomerular capillary injury in the rat. Emigration exceeds in situ clearance by apoptosis.

Neutrophils (PMNs) and their toxic contents can injure glomeruli, but to date their fate in glomerulonephritis has been unknown. We studied glomerulonephritis induced in rats by formation of concanavalin A (Con A)/anti-Con A immune complexes on glomerular endothelial cells. PMN infiltration, which was almost exclusively confined to the lumen of glomerular capillaries, was transient, peaking at 4 hours, with only 9.0 +/- 4.1% (mean +/- SEM) of the maximum remaining at 24 hours. There was clear evidence of PMN apoptosis leading to phagocytosis in situ by intraluminal macrophages. However, the kinetics of leukocyte infiltration and PMN apoptosis, the preferential location at 24 hours of apoptotic PMNs within occluded capillary loops, and tracking of radiolabeled PMNs all indicated that in situ phagocytic clearance after apoptosis was the fate of a minority of PMNs, amounting to no more than one-fifth of the peak infiltrating load. Instead, the majority of infiltrating PMNs (72.9 +/- 3.1%) had emigrated from inflamed glomeruli by 24 hours, apparently returning to the circulation. We conclude that PMN emigration from inflamed glomeruli is a hitherto unrecognized mechanism for regulation of PMN-mediated glomerular injury.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Antigen activation rescues recent thymic emigrants from programmed cell death in the BB rat.

One of the diabetes susceptibility genes of the BB rat is a mutation at the lyp locus that decreases the thymic output of T cells and the life span of most recent thymic emigrants (RTE). Consequently, there is a 10-fold reduction in the number of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in secondary lymphoid organs. Results presented in this work demonstrate that the BB rat lyp mutation is associated with an accelerated apoptotic death in vitro of mature CD4+ 8- and CD4- 8+ thymocytes and peripheral T cells. The stability of the pool of recirculating T cells (PRL) of BB rats over time results from a > 10-fold increase in the mitotic activity of T cells as assessed in vivo by bromodeoxyuridine incorporation. This increased mitotic activity is not observed when BB T cells develop in the context of a normal sized PRL. MHC haploidentical WF and BB rats differ at minor histocompatibility loci. Intravenous injection of (WF x BB)F1 T cells into euthymic BB rats led to the rejection of donor T cells within 3 wk by unprimed recipients and within 1 wk by primed recipients. This secondary immune response was unaffected by postpriming thymectomy. F1 T cells were not rejected, but rather expanded after their injection into thymectomized BB rats that had been primed as early as 48 h after thymectomy. These results strongly suggest that the BB rat PRL is devoid of long-lived naive T cells and that rescue of recent thymic emigrants from programmed cell death is initiated by Ags, exclusively.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Drug utilization and nutrition patterns among children from indigent and emigrant families in Crete, Greece.

AIM: To examine pharmaceutical needs, prescribed drugs, knowledge about pharmacotherapy and dietary patterns among indigent children. PATIENTS: 101 children (< or =18 y old), typically poor, from low-income families and emigrants coming back home from other countries, registered under Social Care in Chania, Crete. The control group comprised 81 Social Security insured children (< or =18 y old). The length of the study was from January 1995 to December 1997. RESULTS: The socio-demographic profile of the Social Care children reveals a no schooling rate of 9.7% vs 0% of the control group. The most common disease diagnosed in the indigent children was bronchitis (18.5%) compared with respiratory infection (14.6%) in the control group. Tuberculosis was diagnosed in 2.0% of the Social Care indigent children and in none of the insured children. The most frequently prescribed drug category in both groups as Defined Daily Doses (D.D.D.) was for the respiratory system (32.4% vs 21.2%), while antibiotics were the most expensive (41.6% in the indigent vs 54.9% in the control group). Only 27.4% of Social Care indigent patients, versus 51.2% of insured patients, understood the instructions regarding the proper use of their drugs. Regarding the dietary patterns, significant differences were found in the consumption of breakfast every day (73.7% vs 87.7%), red meat > or =4 per week (0% vs 6.3%) and fruits often (60.1% vs 75.0%). CONCLUSION: The present study emphasises the need for more information on drug use and the necessity for a continuing health educational intervention among indigent children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

The prevalence of seasonal affective disorder is low among descendants of Icelandic emigrants in Canada.

OBJECTIVE: To examine whether a genetic selection within the Icelandic population helps it to adapt to the long arctic winter. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: The target population was a group of adults in the Interlake district of Manitoba, Canada, wholly descended from Icelandic emigrants. The ancestry of every individual in this group can be traced back to 1840. DESIGN: The Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire was mailed to a random sample of the study population. The data were compared with results obtained with similar methods in populations in Iceland and on the eastern seaboard of the United States. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Prevalence rates of seasonal affective disorder and subsyndromal seasonal affective disorder. RESULTS: The prevalence rates of seasonal affective disorder and subsyndromal seasonal affective disorder were found to be 1.2% and 3.3%, respectively, in this group of Canadians of wholly Icelandic descent. These are significantly lower than those measured with similar methods among people living along the east coast of the United States (chi 2 = 12.6 and 14.4, respectively, P < .001). Standardized rate ratio for this group compared with the American group was 0.18 for seasonal affective disorder and 0.38 for subsyndromal seasonal affective disorder. CONCLUSIONS: This is the second study to find the prevalence of seasonal affective disorder and subsyndromal seasonal affective disorder to be lower among Icelanders or their descendants than among populations along the east coast of the United States. The results indicate that the relationship between prevalence of these disorders and geographic latitude is more complex than has previously been suggested; genetic adaptation in Icelandic populations may play an important role.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1996

Questions of emigration, circulation and return: mobility between the French Caribbean and France.

"The last four decades have seen the establishment of close migratory links between the French Caribbean islands of Martinique and Guadeloupe and the metropole.... The present paper focuses on the...complex migratory links--including continuing emigration from the islands for work and education, return migration and circulation--which have come to characterise the 1980s.... The paper aims also to contribute to the broader conceptualisation of migration and mobility. The principal conclusions reveal that the more straightforward labour migration of the years from 1963 to 1981 has been replaced by some considerable return migration (amongst young adults particularly) and circulation.... The paper also demonstrates that the role of migration in reducing population growth and fertility in the islands has been much altered during the course of the 1980s."

Americas↗
PubMed1996

Emigration, return, immigration: a review and evaluation of Greece's postwar experience of international migration.

"This paper offers a review and evaluation of the Greek experience of international migration.... The analysis is based partly on available published data, and partly on qualitative appraisals. Three major international migration phases are analysed--emigration, return migration and immigration--and the main socio-economic and cultural effects of these migration trends are discussed. The paper pays particular attention to the recent mass immigration movements, noting their heterogeneity...and describing their impact on the Greek labour market. The article concludes with some comments on the difficulties of formulating a Greek migration policy in the light of the country's location, open borders and internationalized economy."

Culture↗
PubMed1984

Prevalence of HTLV-specific antibodies in Surinam emigrants to The Netherlands.

Sera of 98 participants in a methadone maintenance programme, all recent Surinam emigrants to the Netherlands, were examined for antibodies to disrupted HTLV using the ELISA technique. Twelve per cent of the donors possessed HTLV-specific antibodies with a range of titre from 41 to 20,000. Sera of 26 control Dutch drug users lacked such antibodies with the exception of one female who subsequently was found to reside with a Surinam male. Intravenous drug use was not a factor in these studies. These data indicate that HTLV circulates within the Surinam community in the Netherlands. More broadly, these results show that the region of the Caribbean endemic for HTLV extends as far south as Surinam. Furthermore, an antibody prevalence of 12% for clinically healthy donors with non-malignant disease suggests that the Caribbean has an incidence of HTLV infection approaching, if not equal to, that of southwestern Japan.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Characteristics of emigrants from Hawaii.

As part of an ongoing study on young adult psychological and social development, data were obtained through parental reports on the present residences and educational and occupational attainments of 718 present or former residents of Hawaii (average age 31 years). These subjects, as well as their parents, had been tested between 1972 and 1976 on measures of cognitive abilities and personality. The extent of emigration to the mainland in this middle to upper-middle class sample was over 40%. On average, former Hawaii residents now living on the US mainland were of higher intelligence and educational background than their counterparts still living in Hawaii. Differences were also found for number of children, cross-ethnic marriages, and occupational attainment (males only). In addition, parents of US mainland residents scored significantly higher on measures of cognitive abilities and education than parents of current Hawaii residents.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

[Max Isserlin, Kantian orientation at Königsberg, psychotherapist with Kraepelin, founder of child psychiatry at Munich, emigrant to Britain].

This account of the life and work of Max Isserlin (1879 - 1941) wants to be a reminder of a German-Jewish fate next to Kraepelin and as a forced emigrant. Immediately after his studies at Königsberg Isserlin in 1903 came to Kraepelin at Heidelberg, later he followed him to Munich. All his life he kept a Kantian orientation and defended Kraepelin's positions out of this background. Kraepelin entrusted to him all of psychotherapy, theory and practice, which Isserlin for at least 18 years gave courses of in Kraepelin's department. His textbook of psychotherapy thus transmissions Kraepelins convictions about this topic also. During World War I Isserlin was the head of a field-hospital for brain damaged soldiers and continued working this way after the end of the war. Finally he became the founder of child psychiatry in Munich, until he was forced to leave Germany for Britain with a heavy heart.

Child↗
PubMed1989

Modeling the macrodynamics of international migration: determinants of emigration from Cyprus, 1946-85.

"A model is presented of international migration that is based on the concept of a pool of potential emigrants at the origin created by push-pull forces and by the establishment of information feedback between origin and destination. The forces can be economic, political, or both, and are analytically expressed by the 'mediating factor'. The model is macrodynamic in nature and provides both for the main secular component of the migratory flow and for transient components caused by extraordinary events. The model is expressed in a Bernoulli-type differential equation through which quantitative weights can be derived for each of the operating causes. Out-migration from the Republic of Cyprus is used to test the tenets of the model."

Asia↗
PubMed2005

The effect of remittances on emigration intentions in Egypt, Morocco, and Turkey.

Are remittances determined by altruism or enlightened self-interest, and do they trigger additional migration? In this paper these two questions are examined empirically in relation to data from Egypt, Turkey, and Morocco for households with family members living abroad. It is shown, firstly, that one cannot argue exclusively either for altruism or self-interest as motives, since for each country the data tell a different story and both motives can be identified as driving forces behind remittance behaviour. The general conclusion of this study is that the family ties and the net earnings potential of migrants have stronger effects on the flow of remittances than the net earnings potential of the households in the country of origin. Secondly, because the receipt of remittances has a positive effect on the emigration intentions of household members still living in the country of origin, the receipt of remittances may contribute to new flows of migration, particularly in the case of Morocco.

Altruism↗
PubMed1991

Migration from Northern Ireland: a survey of new year travellers as a means of identifying emigrants.

"Travellers leaving Northern Ireland's air and sea ports at the end of the New Year holiday period 1988 were contacted as a means of identifying potential out-migrants. The method proved to be highly cost effective and reasonably successful. One thousand individuals who had either lived or had been born in Northern Ireland but who were now residing outside the province were obtained from 1,702 traveller contacts. The paper discusses the problems surrounding the representativeness of this sample of emigrants and outlines possible strategies for their resolution. The more significant results of a brief questionnaire survey about migrant origins, destinations, characteristics, motivations and intentions are also presented." (SUMMARY IN FRE AND GER)

Demography↗
PubMed2000

Emigration and development: the case of a Bangladeshi village.

This article examines the developmental consequences of international labor migration in a Bangladeshi village. The data are from the Hoglakandi, a village 30 km southeast of Dhaka, capital of Bangladesh. A structured questionnaire with both open-ended and closed category questions was used among 50 Singapore returnees, supplemented with additional in-depth interviews. International labor migration has often been seen by many sending countries as a short cut development because of its role in unemployment relief, balance of payments relief, and capital formation of national level. The study argues that the causes and effects of emigration can better be understood only when the process is placed within its local context, since what may prove to be advantageous at the national level may prove to be detrimental to a household or community or vice-versa. It demonstrates how the contribution of labor migration is merely the transformation of labor into a structural component of the international political economy. The Hoglakandi experience reveals that labor migration does not fuel the local economy from an external pipeline of remittances and skill acquisition, rather it drains local resources that retard the development.

Asia↗
PubMed1986

Immigrant workers in an emigrant economy: an examination of replacement migration in the Middle East.

The author investigates human resource shortages in a labor-supplying country, focusing particularly on the case of Jordan. He "examines the growth, characteristics and role of immigrant labour in an erstwhile emigrant economy and assesses the validity of the replacement migration model. Data is presented from the author's survey of some 3,751 work permits issued to foreign workers in Amman between October 1982 and January 1983." It is noted that "replacement migration is only one aspect of a more diffuse pattern of labour inflows which have important implications for the Jordanian economy in general and the labour market in particular." In addition to replacement labor migration, which involves the employment of skilled workers in sectors experiencing domestic labor shortages, the author identifies the roles played by collective contract labor, involving immigrant labor for project-specific work, and secondary labor, involving low-skill work at discriminatory wage rates. The distinctions between these forms of labor migration and their economic implications are discussed. (SUMMARY IN FRE AND SPA)

Asia↗
PubMed1999

A culturally sensitive approach to therapy with immigrant families: the case of Jewish emigrants from the former Soviet Union.

This article is based on accumulated clinical experience in Israel with families that emigrated from the former Soviet Union. It describes a culturally sensitive systemic intervention with two such families: a single-parent family, and a family that exhibited physical violence. Relevant cultural characteristics of family patterns and parent-child relationships in Jewish-Soviet families are reviewed. It is demonstrated how a cross-cultural perspective may affect the interpretation of presented problems and result in a less pathological perspective. It is further illustrated how universal intervention techniques combined with culturally sensitive approaches may produce positive effects in therapy.

Child↗
PubMed1993

Impacts of emigration on mountain watersheds: the upper Pokhara Valley, Nepal.

"Confronted with adverse physical conditions, marginal landholdings and scarce non-farming employment opportunities, farmers in the Upper Pokhara Valley had opted for temporary emigration as an alternative strategy for fulfilling their subsistence requirements. This had caused somewhat malign effects on watershed due to dwindling farm management practices and increasing dependency on common resources.... Findings of this study are envisaged to be conducive to the formulation of a comprehensive watershed management strategy, including population planning....[It is suggested] that both overpopulation and depopulation could be instrumental in watershed degradation, especially in mountainous areas where labor is a critical factor in the use and management of farmlands."

Agriculture↗
PubMed1995

Internal body perceptions of Ethiopian Jews who emigrated to Israel.

Previous research regarding knowledge about internal organs among school-age children tied this knowledge to the development of cognitive capabilities. Studies have rarely considered the impact of culture on this knowledge. The purpose of this study was to examine internal body perceptions among Ethiopian Jews who emigrated to Israel. A total of 65 children (stratified according to age) and 19 adults were interviewed. Findings indicated that Ethiopian children reported fewer body organs than did Western children. Further, Ethiopian children and adults, unlike people from Western societies, did not think about the body in terms of different biophysical functions. Rather, they perceived the body as a holistic system in which a divine providence was responsible for body organs working together harmoniously. Implications of the differing perceptions about internal body organs, health, illness, and treatment are discussed.

Adolescent↗