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PubMed1994

Skin contamination and low airborne nickel exposure of electroplaters.

The present study was performed to evaluate the role of hand and facial contamination in the absorption of soluble nickel compounds in 41 male subjects employed in electroplating operations in 25 small factories in the province of Florence (Italy). Personal exposure to airborne nickel ranged from 0.10 to 42 micrograms/m3; the median (range) urine, hands and face nickel levels were 4.2 (0.7-50) micrograms/l, 39 (1.9-547) micrograms, 9.0 (1.0-86) micrograms, respectively. Face nickel values explained the bulk of the variance in urine nickel levels (42%). In stepwise multiple regression analysis all other variables were not significant. The log-linear model can be expressed as: log (urine-Ni) = 0.295 + 0.593 log (face-Ni). Our results suggest that skin contamination, especially facial skin, plays an important role in nickel absorption in exposed workers.

Absorption↗
PubMed1990

Mutagenicity, carcinogenicity and teratogenicity of cobalt metal and cobalt compounds.

Cobalt metal and cobalt compounds are extensively used for the production of high-temperature alloys, diamond tools, cemented carbides and hard metals, for the production of various salts used in electroplating and as catalysts, drying agents in paints, additives in animal feeds and pigments. Cobalt oxides are used not only in the enameling industry and for pigments, but also in catalytic applications. There is no indication that cobalt metal and cobalt compounds constitute a health risk for the general population. Allergic reactions (asthma, contact dermatitis) can be induced by certain cobalt compounds. Interstitial fibrosis has also been observed in workers exposed to high concentrations of dust containing cobalt, tungsten, iron, etc., mainly in the cemented carbides and the diamond-polishing industries. Several experiments have demonstrated that single or repeated injections of cobalt metal powder or some forms of cobalt salt and cobalt oxide may give rise to injection site sarcoma in rats and in rabbits but the human health significance of such data is questionable. Intratracheal administration of a high dose of one type of cobalt oxide induces lung tumors in rats but not in hamsters. In the latter long-term inhalation of cobalt oxide (10 mg/m3) did not increase the incidence of lung cancer. The human data are too limited to assess the potential carcinogenic risk for workers. Co2+ interacts with protein and nucleic acid synthesis and displays only weak mutagenic activity in microorganisms. Some cobalt salts have been reported to enhance morphological transformation of Syrian hamster embryo cells. Cobalt chloride displays some limited mutagenic activity in yeast and some cobalt compounds are able to produce numerical and structural chromosome aberrations in plant cells. Cobalt and its salts appear to be devoid of mutagenic and clastogenic activity in mammalian cells. Cobaltous acetate and cobaltous chloride have not been found to be teratogenic in hamsters and rats respectively.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Comparative acute toxicity of four nickel compounds to F344 rat lung.

Nickel subsulfide (Ni3S2), nickel chloride (NiCl2), nickel sulfate (NiSO4), and nickel oxide (NiO) are compounds of widely differing solubility encountered in the nickel-refining and electroplating industries. Inhalation is a common route of exposure and toxicity to the respiratory tract is possible. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the biochemical, cytological, and morphological changes in lung following administration of these compounds by intratracheal instillation. F344/Crl rats were administered a single dose of nickel compound containing 0.0, 0.01, 0.10, or 1.0 mumol Ni by intratracheal instillation. Rats were sacrificed at 1 or 7 days after compound administration, with half the animals in each exposure group taken for determination of nickel lung burden and the remaining half used for evaluation of biochemical, cytological, and histological changes. In the latter group, the right lung was lavaged and the fluid obtained was analyzed for indicators of pulmonary inflammation: lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), beta-glucuronidase (BG), total protein (TP), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GP), and sialic acid (SA). Total and differential cell counts on cells recovered in lavage fluid were also determined. The left lobe was examined for morphological changes. Clearance of nickel from the lung was most rapid for NiCl2 and NiSO4, followed by Ni3S2 and NiO. Minimal changes in all parameters were observed at 1 day after exposure. No significant changes in any parameter occurred in rats exposed to NiO, while Ni3S2, NiSO4, and NiCl2 caused increased in LDH, BG, TP, GR, SA, and total nucleated cells at 7 days.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Biochemical responses of rat and mouse lung to inhaled nickel compounds.

Nickel subsulfide (Ni3S2), nickel sulfate (NiSO4), and nickel oxide (NiO) are encountered occupationally in the nickel refining and electroplating industries, with inhalation being a common route of exposure. The purposes of this study were to evaluate the biochemical responses of lungs of rats and mice exposed for 13 weeks to occupationally relevant aerosol concentrations of Ni3S2, NiSO4, and NiO, to correlate biochemical responses with histopathologic changes, and to rank the compounds by toxicity. Biochemical responses were measured in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) recovered from lungs of exposed animals. Parameters evaluated in BALF were lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), beta-glucuronidase (BG), and total protein (TP). Total and differential cell counts were performed on cells recovered in BALF. All compounds produced an increase in LDH, BG, TP, and total nucleated cells, and an influx of neutrophils, indicating the presence of a cytotoxic and inflammatory response in the lungs of exposed rats and mice. Increases in BG were greater than increases in LDH and TP for both rats and mice. Chronic active inflammation, macrophage hyperplasia, and interstitial phagocytic cell infiltrates were observed histologically in rats and mice exposed to all compounds. Statistically significant increases in BG, TP, neutrophils, and macrophages correlated well with the degree of chronic active inflammation. Results indicated a toxicity ranking of NiSO4 greater than Ni3S2 greater than NiO, based on toxicities of the compounds at equivalent mg Ni/m3 exposure concentrations.

Aerosols↗
PubMed1980

The acute industrial effluent toxicity to fresh water fish.

There was a direct relationship between the concentration of industrial effluent and the chloride, ammoniacal nitrogen and carbon dioxide content of water, but no correlation with pH and dissolved oxygen. The effect of various concentrations (5, 10, 15 and 20 ppm) of electroplating waste on liver, muscle, brain and kidney glycogen and on serum glucose and lactate was studied in nine fish species. Glycogenolysis was higher in major carps than in cat fish or murrels. The lowest level of glycogen was recorded in muscle, followed by liver, kidney and brain. There was an inverse relationship between the concentration of waste and the decrease in liver and muscle glycogen. There was a direct relationship between the concentration of waste and levels of serum glucose and lactate, which were higher in major carps than snake headed or cat fish.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Radioanalytical studies of fallout 63Ni.

Fallout of Nickel-63 (T1/2 = 100 a) produced in small amounts at nuclear weapon tests following the neutron activation of weapon construction material was investigated by studying carpets of lichen collected during 1961 to 1988 at the Lake Rogen district in central Sweden (62.3 degrees N, 12.4 degrees E). The maximal level of 63Ni in the lichen carpet, which occurred in 1964, was about 0.6 Bq kg-1, dry weight, and decreased to 0.1 Bq kg-1 in 1988. The deposition pattern for 63Ni was similar to other fallout radionuclides such as 137Cs, 90Sr and 239 + 240Pu. The concentrations of stable Ni were relatively constant at 0.5 to 1.0 microgram g-1 throughout the years resulting in, for example, a specific activity (63Ni/stable Ni) of 0.5 Bq mg-1 in 1964 and 0.1 Bq mg-1 in 1988. The total area content of 63Ni was estimated to be 1.0 Bq m-2 and the activity ratio 63Ni/60Co was estimated to be 0.03 in 1966. The Chernobyl accident in April 1986 did not significantly increase the levels of 63Ni. For the measurement of these extremely low-levels of 63Ni, 200 g of dry material (about 1 kg fresh) were ashed and leached with aqua regia after hydroxides had been precipitated with ammonia, leaving Ni in the aqueous phase. Nickel was extracted as a dimethylglyoxime complex by chloroform and back-extracted with HCl. Finally, Ni was electroplated onto copper discs from an ammonium sulfate medium at high pH. The radiochemical yield was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry of stable Ni before and after electrodeposition.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Nickel↗
PubMed2006

Study of an alpha track analysis and a fission track analysis for determining the hot particles contaminated with Pu and U isotopes.

A fission track analysis and alpha track analysis were developed to detect fissile particles such as uranium and plutonium isotopes as well as to identify particle-bound plutonium in contaminated soil or sediment. To record a reference point, a locator SEM grid electroplated with boron was used to obtain a recorded grid image on the Lexan or CR-39 detector. With the fission track technique, the track images of the grid coated with boron and the fissile nuclides on the CR-39 detector were clearly recorded so that the location of the fissile particles could be easily identified in the radio-contaminated soil matrix. With the alpha track technique, many of the hot particles in the BOMARC soil turned out to be contaminated with plutonium isotopes rather than uranium isotopes.

Alpha Particles↗
PubMed2006

Biogas production from plant biomass used for phytoremediation of industrial wastes.

In present study, potentials of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) and water chestnut (Trapa bispinnosa) employed for phytoremediation of toxic metal rich brass and electroplating industry effluent, were examined in terms of biogas generation. Inability of the plants to grow in undiluted effluent directed to select 20%, 40% and 60% effluent concentrations (with deionized water) for phytoremediation experiments. Slurry of both the plants used for phytoremediation produced significantly more biogas than that by the control plants grown in unpolluted water; the effect being more pronounced with plants used for phytoremediation of 20% effluent. Maximum cumulative production of biogas (2430c.c./100gdm of water hyacinth and 1940c.c./100gdm of water chest nut) and per cent methane content (63.82% for water hyacinth and 57.04% for water chestnut) was observed at 5mm particle size and 1:1 substrate/inoculum ratio, after twenty days incubation. Biogas production was quicker (maximum from 8-12days) in water hyacinth than in water chestnut (maximum from 12-16days). The qualitative and quantitative variations in biogas production were correlated with COD, C, N, C/N ratio and toxic metal contents of the slurry used.

Bacteria↗
PubMed2006

Nano nickel oxide/nickel incorporated nickel composite coating for sensing and estimation of acetylcholine.

Pure nickel electrodes can be used as biosensors especially for sensing and estimating acetylcholine neurotransmitter. In the present work, a good electrochemical sensor was developed by electroplating nano nickel oxide reinforced nickel on graphite substrate. The morphology of the working electrode surface was studied by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The electrochemical and biological performance of the modified electrode was characterized by polarization studies in different media. The present modified electrode showed good sensing performance with a response time as low as 8s during sensing and estimation of acetylcholine. The sensitivity of the modified electrode was 34.88 microA/(microM cm(2)).

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed2005

Calibration of the photon component of 198Au stents.

PURPOSE: 198Au has promising characteristics for radioactive stent material, having properties as a mixed beta-particle and gamma emitter. Calibration of these radioactive stents is required to provide accurate clinical dosimetry. METHODS AND MATERIALS: We have developed an electroplating technique to incorporate stable gold onto stents followed by activation to 198Au in the University of Wisconsin nuclear reactor. The calibration method is a modification of the NIST traceable, in-air calibration technique for high-dose-rate (HDR) 192Ir sources. RESULTS: The air-kerma strength of HDR and low-dose-rate (LDR) sources was measured for proof of principle and found to agree to within 3% of values obtained with other NIST traceable calibration techniques. The photon component of two 198Au radioactive stents was measured over a period of 3 days. CONCLUSION: The air-kerma strength of HDR and LDR sources was measured for proof of principle and found to agree to within 3% of values obtained with other NIST traceable calibration techniques.

Calibration↗
PubMed2004

Cr(VI) removal from synthetic wastewater using coconut shell charcoal and commercial activated carbon modified with oxidizing agents and/or chitosan.

In this study, the technical feasibility of coconut shell charcoal (CSC) and commercial activated carbon (CAC) for Cr(VI) removal is investigated in batch studies using synthetic electroplating wastewater. Both granular adsorbents are made up of coconut shell (Cocos nucifera L.), an agricultural waste from local coconut industries. Surface modifications of CSC and CAC with chitosan and/or oxidizing agents, such as sulfuric acid and nitric acid, respectively, are also conducted to improve removal performance. The results of their Cr removal performances are statistically compared. It is evident that adsorbents chemically modified with an oxidizing agent demonstrate better Cr(VI) removal capabilities than as-received adsorbents in terms of adsorption rate. Both CSC and CAC, which have been oxidized with nitric acid, have higher Cr adsorption capacities (CSC: 10.88, CAC: 15.47 mg g(-1)) than those oxidized with sulfuric acid (CSC: 4.05, CAC: 8.94 mg g(-1)) and non-treated CSC coated with chitosan (CSCCC: 3.65 mg g(-1)), respectively, suggesting that surface modification of a carbon adsorbent with a strong oxidizing agent generates more adsorption sites on their solid surface for metal adsorption.

Adsorption↗
PubMed2004

Decomposition of 2-mercaptothiazoline in aqueous solution by ozonation.

This study investigates the ozonation of 2-mercaptothiazoline (2-MT). The 2-MT is one of the important organic additives for the electroplating solution of the printed wiring board industry and has been widely used as a corrosion inhibitor in many industrial processes. It is of concern for the aquatic pollution control especially in the wastewaters. Semibatch ozonation experiments in the completely stirred tank reactor are performed under various concentrations of input ozone. The concentrations of 2-MT, sulfate, and ammonium are analyzed at specified time intervals to elucidate the decomposition of 2-MT during the ozonation. In addition, the time variation of the dissolved ozone concentration (C(ALb)) is continuously monitored in the course of experiments. Total organic carbon (TOC) is chosen and measured as a mineralization index of the ozonation of 2-MT. The results indicate that the decomposition of 2-MT is efficient, while the mineralization of TOC is limited via the ozonation only. Simultaneously, the yield of sulfate with the maximum value of about 47% is characterized by the increases of TOC removal and ozone consumption. These results can provide some useful information for assessing the feasibility of the treatment of 2-MT in the aqueous solution by the ozonation.

Carbon↗
PubMed2004

Profile analysis of ambient and source emitted particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from three sites in northern Greece.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) adsorbed to ambient PM(10) were determined at three sites in Thessaloniki, northern Greece, during the period June 1997-July 1998. Ambient PAH profiles exhibited significant seasonal and spatial variations. Source PAH profiles were obtained for a number of urban, industrial and geological sources including cement, fertilizer and asphalt production, quarry operations, metal electroplating, metal welding and tempering, steel manufacture, lead and bronze smelters, metal scrap incineration, oil burning, non-catalyst equipped passenger cars, diesel fueled taxies and buses, paved road dust and soil dust. Principal component analysis (PCA) and diagnostic ratios were employed to compare ambient and source PAH profiles in an attempt to recognize compositional patterns. Similarities between the ambient PAH profiles and the profiles of certain sources, such as vehicular emissions, oil burning and metal industries, were identified.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed2006

Inhibition of heavy metals on fermentative hydrogen production by granular sludge.

This study was conducted to investigate the toxicity of six electroplating metals on the H(2)-producing activity of a granular sludge sampled from an H(2)-producing upflow reactor treating sucrose-containing wastewater. The H(2) production activities of the sludge were measured in serum vials using wastewater containing not just sucrose and proper nutrient, but also individual heavy metals at concentrations ranging 0-5000 mg l(-1). The relative toxicity to H(2) production was found in the following order: Cu (most toxic)>>Ni approximately Zn>Cr>Cd>Pb (least toxic). The C(I,50) values, at which the bioactivity of the sludge was reduced to 50% of the control, for individual heavy metals were Cu 30 mg l(-1), Ni and Zn 1600 mg l(-1), Cr 3000 mg l(-1), Cd 3500 mg l(-1), and Pb >5000 mg l(-1). Compared with the literature data, H(2)-producing sludge exhibited in general higher resistance to metal toxicity than methanogenic granular sludge.

Fermentation↗
PubMed2007

Chromium accumulation by the hyperaccumulator plant Leersia hexandra Swartz.

Leersia hexandra Swartz (Gramineae), which occurs in Southern China, has been found to be a new chromium hyperaccumulator by means of field survey and pot-culture experiment. The field survey showed that this species had an extraordinary accumulation capacity for chromium. The maximum Cr concentration in the dry leaf matter was 2978 mg kg(-1) on the side of a pond near an electroplating factory. The average concentration of chromium in the leaves was 18.86 times as that in the pond sediment, and 297.41 times as that in the pond water. Under conditions of the nutrient solution culture, it was found that L. hexandra had a high tolerance and accumulation capacity to Cr(III) and Cr(VI). Under 60 mg l(-1) Cr(III) and 10 mg l(-1) Cr(VI) treatment, there was no significant decrease of biomass in the leaves of L. hexandra (p>0.05). The highest bioaccumulation coefficients of the leaves for Cr(III) and Cr(VI) were 486.8 and 72.1, respectively. However, L. hexandra had a higher accumulation capacity for Cr(III) than for Cr(VI). At the Cr(III) concentration of 10 mg l(-1) in the culture solution, the concentration of chromium in leaves was 4868 mg kg(-1), while at the same Cr(VI) concentration, the concentration of chromium in leaves was only 597 mg kg(-1). These results confirmed that L. hexandra is a chromium hyperaccumulator which grows rapidly with a great tolerance to Cr and broad ecological amplitude. This species could provide a new plant resource that explores the mechanism of Cr hyperaccumulation, and has potential for usage in the phytoremediation of Cr-contaminated soil and water.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗
PubMed2006

Anguilla anguilla L. Genotoxic responses after in situ exposure to freshwater wetland (Pateira de Fermentelos, Portugal).

Pateira de Fermentelos is a Cértima River enlargement, close to its river mouth (by the Agueda River), where the introduction of agricultural chemicals such as fertilisers and pesticides, domestic sewage, as well as heavy metals from electroplating industries, results in increased water pollution. The present research work concerns a 48 h in situ exposure of caged eels (Anguilla anguilla L.) at the Pateira de Fermentelos. Five exposure sites were selected, i.e., site A, site B, site C, site D and site E in order to study its water genotoxicity potential, measured in gill, blood, liver and kidney as DNA strand breaks. Eels were also exposed at a reference site by the Cértima River spring. Bottom water samples were collected for further physical-chemical analysis. Site A exposure, significantly decreased gill, blood and liver DNA integrity. Gill and liver DNA integrity was also significantly decreased at site B. At site C only blood DNA integrity was significantly decreased. The present field in situ study demonstrated that the three exposure sites close to the Pateira initial part, such as A, B and C are polluted by pro and/or genotoxic compounds. The genotoxic effects induced in A. anguilla L. suggest a different contamination of the exposure sites A, B and C, in genotoxic chemicals. Thus, according to its genotoxic potential the exposure sites A, B and C, may be ordered as follows site A>site B>site C. No genotoxic effects on A. anguilla L. were observed at site E as DNA strand breaks increase.

Anguilla↗
PubMed2004

Synthesis and properties of N-hexadecyl ethylenediamine triacetic acid.

A new kind of surfactant named N-hexadecyl ethylenediamine triacetic acid (HED3A) was synthesized from anhydrous ethylenediamine, 1-bromohexadecane, and chloroacetic acid. Testing showed stability of HED3A in hard water, wetting power, dispersing power, and surface tension increased along with pH value. Stability in hard water of trisodium N-hexadecyl ethylenediamine triacetate (3NaHED3A) was at level 4, which was better than that of sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) and sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (LAS). Other properties of 3NaHED3A including wetting power, dispersing power, emulsifying power, and surface tension had intermediate value between SDS, LAS, AES, peregal-O, and cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC). The ethylenediamine triacetic acid (ED3A) group in 3NaHED3A can chelate many kinds of metal ions, which indicates a promising application prospect in many fields including metal anticorrosion, corrosion control agent, additives in electroplating solution, and ore selection and solid surface treatment.

Edetic Acid↗
PubMed2005

A study on NO removal of activated carbon fibers with deposited silver nanoparticles.

In this study, activated carbon fibers (ACFs), onto which silver (Ag) nanoparticles have been introduced by an electroplating technique, were used to remove NO. Surface properties of the ACFs were determined by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. N2 adsorption isotherms at 77 K were investigated by BET and t-plot methods to characterize the specific surface areas and pore volumes, and NO removal efficiency was confirmed by a gas chromatographic technique. As for the experimental results, Ag content on the ACFs increased with plating time. However, adsorption properties such as the BET specific surface area and the total pore volume were somewhat decreased in the presence of Ag nanoparticles. NO removal efficiency of all Ag-ACFs was higher than that of untreated ACFs and increased with Ag content. However, a decrease in the extent of NO removal was shown in the excessively plated ACFs, which might be associated with the blocking of the micropores in the carbon; therefore, an optimal Ag content needs to exist in the presence of initially well-developed micropores to lead to an increase in the efficient NO removal ability of the ACF.

Carbon↗