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Although not all the experts are agreed, it seems likely that there will be a recession beginning in 1979. This article takes a look at what people who are concerned with hospital planning can expect as a result of a recession.
Western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, has overcome crop rotation in several areas of the central United States. We expanded a simple model of adult behavior and population genetics to explain how rotation resistance may have developed and to study ways to manage the western corn rootworm in a landscape of corn, soybean, and winter wheat where evolution of resistance may occur. We modeled six alternative management strategies over a 15-yr time horizon, as well as a strategy involving a 2-yr rotation of corn and soybean in 85% of the landscape, to investigate their effectiveness from both a biological and economic perspective. Generally, resistance to crop rotation evolves in fewer than 15 yr, and the rate of evolution increases as the level of rotated landscape (selection pressure) increases. When resistance is recessive, all six alternative strategies were effective at preventing evolution of rotation resistance. The two most successful strategies were the use of transgenic rotated corn in a 2-yr rotation and a 3-yr rotation of corn, soybean, and wheat with unattractive wheat (for oviposition) preceding corn. Results were most sensitive to increases in the initial allele frequency and modifications of the density-dependent survival function. Economically, three alternative strategies were robust solutions to the problem, if technology fees were not too high. Repellant soybean, attractive rotated corn, and transgenic rotated corn, all in 2-yr rotations, were economically valuable approaches. However, even the currently common 2-yr rotation was economical when resistance was recessive and the actual costs of resistance would not be paid until far in the future.
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Previous research on fathers as child-care providers indicates a need to study the father's role in child care in the context of different economic cycles. Using data from the 1988, 1991, and 1993 panels of the Survey of Income and Program Participation, we examine whether fathers' availability and the couple's economic resources are differently related to child care by fathers over time. We focus on the differences between 1991--a recession year--and 1988 and 1993--two nonrecession years. Increased availability of fathers is significantly related to higher levels of fathers' participation in child care in all three years. Relative economic resources between husbands and wives help explain care by fathers only during the recession year, whereas family income is important only in the nonrecession years. These results suggest that in the future, researchers should acknowledge fluctuations in the economy when studying husbands' participation in traditional female tasks, as macroeconomic shifts appear to impact the likelihood of married fathers caring for their preschoolers during mothers' working hours.
The authors present a new investigation technique by means of CT of the frontal sinus drainage pathway, the frontal recess, which could be of considerable help in defining its potential role in determining a chronic or recurrent inflammatory process of this cavity. Among the main characteristics of this technique are: (1) a clear presentation of the course and conformation of the recess and its relations with surrounding structures; (2) speedy, and therefore economical, operation (12 min for a complete examination); and (3) tolerability, because this examination starts off with axial-scans, which, compared to CT coronal projections and MRI scans, are less prone to defects and do not require strained postures. This this means that all kinds of patients can be assessed, which is a basic requirement for achieving standardisation. With axial scans the authors work from paraxial reconstructions (oblique sagittal) which, in their opinion, give the best definition of the frontal recess so far recorded.
The nation's current economic conditions, the first time in 60 years that a recession has adversely affected the middle class, might well be the actual trigger mechanism in the passage of a US universal access plan. When enacted, it would provide emergency medicine and other basic physician and hospital benefits to the currently uninsured patients now seen in hospital EDs, in doctors' offices, and as inpatients. It will, thereby, enhance current physician-patient relationships and enable many of the working poor and their dependents to receive medical care. Conventional widsom suggests that such a social insurance plan could significantly reduce the number of routine visits to hospital EDs, assuming that additional, accessible, and high-quality alternative primary-care services are developed. In any case, a universal access plan should improve the percentage of billed charges collected by emergency physicians. The nation's 1,500 third-party payers, with their managed care strategy, will have difficulty (for the reasons outlined) in micromanaging such external pressures as ensuring high-quality patient care, more benefits (including tertiary services), and less cost to the private and public sectors. As there is more micromanaging by third-party payers to reduce expenditures, it will be increasingly difficult for emergency physicians to find specialists willing to accept previously uninsured patients, except at public or teaching environments where the delivery of services to uncompensated patients has been the pattern for several decades.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
U.S. health care spending grew 8.7 percent to $5,035 per capita in 2001. Total public funding continued to accelerate, increasing 9.4 percent and exceeding private funding growth by 1.2 percentage points. This acceleration was due in part to increased Medicaid spending in the midst of a recession and payment increases for Medicare providers. Prompted by sluggish economic growth and by faster-paced health spending, health spending's share of GDP spiked 0.8 percentage points in 2001 to 14.1 percent.
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