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PubMed1986

Marriage and its transition in Bangladesh.

The author examines developments in marriage patterns in Bangladesh in light of social, cultural, and economic conditions. Previous literature on the subject is used to discuss Muslim marriage, Hindu marriage, child marriage, mate selection and social mobility, and the question of a marriage squeeze. "The analysis presents evidence that the society is experiencing a change in its family formation, mating process and family type. This transition is to some extent towards the characteristics of [the] Western World, but in a poor economy. Part of this transition is due to the effect of modernization and part due to increasing poverty."

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Longitudinal study on goiter prevalence and goitrogen factors in northeastern Sicily.

A longitudinal study was carried out in an area of endemic goiter of north-eastern Sicily. Three different surveys (in 1977, 1983 and 1994) evaluated the epidemiological prevalence of goiter in schoolchildren of the endemic area (towns of Bronte, Troina and Maniaci) in comparison to an iodine sufficient control area (Catania). Biochemical studies were also performed on urinary iodine and thiocyanate (SCN) excretion and 131I thyroid uptake. In the town of Troina an experimental program of active iodine prophylaxis was carried out from 1979 to 1987 by iodinating the municipal water supply. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of an active iodine prophylaxis program in comparison to the "silent iodoprophylaxis" due to improved economic conditions and widespread introduction of industrially produced food. In the 1977-94 period a significant decrease of goiter prevalence in schoolchildren was observed in all areas where no active iodoprophylaxis had been introduced. An abnormal prevalence of goiter, however, was still present in Bronte (12.1%) and Maniaci (25.9%) schoolchildren in respect to Catania (0.7%). In Troina, goiter prevalence decreased from 52.2 to 6.1% after only five years of active iodine prophylaxis (1983). It increased to 8.4% seven years after the program was discontinued (1994). In all areas studied average urinary iodine excretion increased by 70-100 micrograms/day except in the more rural area at Maniaci. During the same period urinary SCN values decreased by 30-40% and were lower in Troina (non volcanic soil) than in other towns studied. The balance between iodine and SCN intake appears a relevant factor in the etiology of endemic goiter in these areas and the iodine/SCN ratio inversely correlated with goiter prevalence. The persistence of endemic goiter in spite of the important changes in life style and socio-economic conditions if compared to the dramatic amelioration obtained by an active iodine prophylaxis program, confirms the inadequacy of the silent iodine prophylaxis, and further supports the need of an immediate introduction of active iodine prophylaxis in the areas of endemic goiter in Sicily.

Antithyroid Agents↗
PubMed2003

Socio-economic and demographic factors associated with injecting drug use among drug users in Karachi, Pakistan.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the socio-economic and demographic factors associated with injecting drug users (IDUs) in Karachi. METHODS: We recruited 242 IDUs (taking drugs through sub-dermal routes) and 231 non-IDUs (taking drugs other than sub-dermal routes) from February through June 1996. IDUs were interviewed regarding sociodemographic factors, economic condition, and social network (marital status, living with spouse). In addition, information regarding location of drug users within the city (districts of Karachi) and current history of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) were gathered. Moreover, blood samples were also obtained for HIV testing. RESULTS: Multivariate analysis showed that the income generation via illegal modes [AOR 1.6, 95% CI 1.0-2.6], non-sharing of income with family [AOR 1.7, 95% CI 1.1-2.7] and presence of suicidal thoughts [AOR 2.0, 95% CI 1.1-3.8] were associated with the use of drugs through injections. Further, drug users from districts West, East and Central were more likely to use drug through injection as compared to drug users from district South. The history of genital herpes was also found to be associated with injecting drug use. One IDU was found seropositive for HIV. CONCLUSION: The high-risk behaviors, such as illegal modes of earning and presence of suicidal thoughts, among IDUs suggest that the group needs rehabilitation programme. Moreover, non-sharing of income suggest that IDUs are isolated from social network, therefore primary prevention activities with focus on improving socio-economic conditions and social networking can reduce drug use through injections. Focused interventions on target districts would be helpful in reducing IDU.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Socio-economic and demographic factors associated with injecting drug use among drug users in Karachi, Pakistan.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the socio-economic and demographic factors associated with injecting drug users (IDUs) in Karachi. METHODS: We recruited 242 IDUs (taking drugs through sub-dermal routes) and 231 non-IDUs (taking drugs other than sub-dermal routes) from February through June 1996. IDUs were interviewed regarding sociodemographic factors, economic condition, and social network (marital status, living with spouse). In addition, information regarding location of drug users within the city (districts of Karachi) and current history of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) were gathered. Moreover, blood samples were also obtained for HIV testing. RESULTS: Multivariate analysis showed that the income generation via illegal modes [AOR 1.6, 95% CI 1.0-2.6], non-sharing of income with family (AOR 1.7, 95% CI 1.1-2.7) and presence of suicidal thoughts (AOR 2.0, 95% CI 1.1-3.8) were associated with the use of drugs through injections. Further, drug users from districts West, East and Central were more likely to use drug through injection as compared to drug users from district South. The history of genital herpes was also found to be associated with injecting drug use. One IDU was found seropositive for HIV. CONCLUSION: The high-risk behaviors, such as illegal modes of earning and presence of suicidal thoughts, among IDUs suggest that the group needs rehabilitation programme. Moreover, non-sharing of income suggest that IDUs are isolated from social network, therefore primary prevention activities with focus on improving socio-economic conditions and social networking can reduce drug use through injections. Focused interventions on target districts would be helpful in reducing IDU (JPMA 53:511; 2003).

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Time trend of childhood type 1 diabetes incidence in Lithuania and Sweden, 1983-2000.

AIM: To compare the time trend of childhood type 1 diabetes over an 18-y period in Lithuania and Sweden--countries with different incidence levels and different socio-economic conditions. METHODS: Percent average incidence change per year between 1983 and 2000, based on 8031 Swedish and 1100 Lithuanian cases in the age group 0-14 y, was calculated using Poisson regression. RESULTS: Average age- and sex-standardized incidence/100 000/y was 28.9 (95% CI: 28.2-29.5) in Sweden and 7.5 (95% CI: 7.1-8.0) in Lithuania. Between 1983 and 2000, the average increase per year was 2.2% in Sweden (95% CI: 1.7-2.6) and 2.3% in Lithuania (95% CI: 1.1-3.5), but the latter trend depended on an increase during the last few years of the period, and only for girls. In Sweden, incidence increased significantly in all age groups, but more so in the younger groups (3.0%, 2.2% and 1.7% per year in 0-4, 5-9 and 10-14-y age groups, respectively), while in Lithuania a significant increase was found only in the 10-14-y age group (3.0%). In Sweden, a trend towards a younger age at diagnosis was indicated for both boys and girls when comparing 1983-1991 and 1992-2000, whereas in Lithuania, the changes in age distribution over time were small, with an opposite tendency for boys. CONCLUSION: Incidence variability over time differed considerably in the two countries in the region of the Baltic Sea, suggesting a complex effect of environmental risk factors, some of which may be associated with wealth and socio-economic conditions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Some hematological problems in Indonesia.

Indonesia consist of many island inhabited by many ethnic groups with different social economic condition. As in other parts of the world, anemia is still one of the major health problem in Indonesia. The reported anemia prevalence differs in each area and age groups, ranging from 5.4% in well nourished preschool children to 56.3% in primary school children; and 19% to 62.5% in pregnant women. The causes of anemia mostly reported were nutritional like iron deficiency, abnormal hemoglobin besides other conditions. In Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital as the national referral hospital in Indonesia, in the adults groups, the cause of anemia reported were 14% with iron deficiency, 54% aplastic, 16% hemolytic and 16% other causes. Whereas in the child health department the cause were 29% nutritional deficiency, 31% thalassemia, 10% aplastic, 4% hemolytic and 26% other causes. Thalassemia is quite often reported in Indonesia. In 1955 Lie-Injo first reported the HbE as the most frequently found abnormality among many ethnic groups in Indonesia, ranging from 2.5% to 13.2%. In later studies the prevalence reported varies very much. It was reported as 9.5% in newborns, 22% in pregnant women, and 15.95% to 60% in athletes. The carrier frequency in some areas was between 6-10%, while the pattern of mutation varied widely within each region. Hemophilia cases in Indonesia is still not diagnosed adequately, only 530 cases were reported. The problems were lack of diagnostic laboratories and awareness. As many as 56.9% of the hemophilia patients who received cryoprecipitate were reported positive with HCV antibody. Hematological malignancy is now also became an increasing problem in Indonesia, in child health department the prevalence of leukemia was 57%, and lymphoma 13% among other malignancies. In National Cancer hospital, the prevalence leukemia as diagnosed using morphology and flowcytometry, were 51.4% AML, 19.7% B-ALL, 14.6% T-ALL, 4.5% preB-ALL, with 9.8% cases with co expression, and 30% other malignancies. Due to geographical situation, economic condition and lack of diagnostic laboratory facility many abnormalities were unable to be diagnosed properly.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Demographic processes in the Amur region under conditions of economics reform in Russia].

Demographic and migration processes are analyzed for the Amur region, a typical Far-Eastern Russian territory with low density of population, in the historical and modern aspects. Low birth rate, high mortality, and negative natural increment of population reflect the social and economic reforms of the nineties in the Russian Far East. Demographic situation and migration processes in Asian and Pacific countries neighboring the Russian Far East are characterized by positive tendencies (high birth rate, natural increment in population number, and tendencies of migration of the capable population from densely populated central and Southern provinces to little populated Eastern provinces). According to the demographic prognosis, during the nearest decades we shall witness acute shortage of working resources in the Amur region, which will stimulate the already high flow of foreign manpower from the neighboring countries (China and Northern Korea). This necessitates urgent stabilizing measures at the local and federal levels.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Prevalence of dermatophytosis in University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria: any change in pattern?

A total of 344 specimens of skin, hair and nail clippings, were examined for the presence of dermatophytes during the period May 2003 - April 2004 at the UNTH.Enugu. Out of these, 65 were found positive for dermatophytes. T. soudanense was the most frequently isolated species representing 70.8% of isolates, followed by T. mentagrophytes 12.3%. Adults were more predominantly infected than children. 89.2% and 10.8% respectively. T. soudanense was the only dermatophyte that was recovered from all sites apart from the buttocks. Compared to an earlier study in 1975, there was a significant decrease in the prevalence of T. capitis (P < 0.05) and this explains the decrease in the prevalence of M. andounii, as this dermatophyte is the most common cause of T. capitis in Enugu. Nigeria. An improvement of Personal hygiene, better living conditions and improved socio economic conditions has led to a decrease of T. Capitis, as well as general awareness by the populace.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The aged among Gypsies].

In former investigations in the changes in elder people's life the importance of general social conditions, for instance their economic conditions, has been shown. So for instance the often reported loss of functions of the elders in the highly industrialized western cultures and the seperation from the family can not be observed in other cultures in the same extent. Several investigations among Gypsies as an autonomous cultural group have made evident that, more often than in western cultures, elder Gypsies live in the same household with their grown-up children. Also old Gypsies take a number of functions and tasks in the family and clan, that in part even become more important with their growing age. The fact that almost all German Gypsies (Sinti) have settled and their growing integration into German society suggested, that there might be a change in the situation and importance of old Gypsies. In our investigations in 64 German Gypsy families we found the three-generation-household clearly changed. But in the same time grown-up children and their parents try to live as close as possible. More than half of the interviewed persons lived in direct neighborhood of their parents resp. their grown-up children. It could be also demonstrated, that old Gypsies still have a great importance in conserving and mediating old traditions. So in spite of some external changes no real local or social isolation of old Gypsies could be found in this investigation.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

[Medical and social factors in the orientation of patients with AIDS after discharge].

The objectives of this cohort survey performed in acute care patients were to identify and to describe HIV patients needing long-term care with or without daily assistance (home care of health care institutions). This exhaustive sample was recruited from among the hospitalized AIDS patients of fifteen departments of Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; 24% of them required post-discharge medical care (home care or health care institutions). The effects of different factors were assessed to explain the choice of home care or various health care institutions: medical reasons, type of care required, functional disability, and socio-economic conditions. Home care patients had complex care needs, parenteral treatments mainly related to Cytomegaloviral retinitis, and poor functional status. They had a favourable socio-economic environment and help with household activities. Two groups of patients were sent to health care institutions. The first, comprised patients in very poor functional or/and mental conditions, especially in the terminal stage of central nervous system illness. The second, included patients with acceptable functional status, multiple pathologies, and poor socio-economic conditions. After adjustment, significant factors influencing the possibility of home care were: a previous successful home care experience and a high educational level. The factors limiting the possibility of home care were important neurologic symptoms, drug use, living alone and poor lodgings. The results of this study suggest that it would be necessary to increase the availability of long term care facilities for persons with AIDS and develop earlier medico-social follow-up, in order to anticipate the problems related to bad socio-economic conditions.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1986

The changing economy and the family.

This study is concerned with the impact of changes in economic conditions on the family. "Three issues are considered in this paper. First, the reasons why the family is not fading away as an economic entity are discussed. The argument of this paper is that, despite the declines in various economic functions of the family and the increases in divorces and in other failures, the survival capacity of the family is both strong and robust." Second, the author contends that the economic approach should be extended to deal with the effects of the life-span revolution, shifts in prices and incomes, and the ability of the family to cope with these changes. Third, the hypothesis is put forward that intergenerational transfers are less important than increases over time in real per capita incomes and changes in income composition, its permanent and temporary components, and the sources of income. The geographical focus is worldwide.

Costs and Cost Analysis↗
PubMed1986

What's in a name? Country-of-origin influences on the earnings of immigrants in the United States.

"In this paper we focus on the migration-related processes that may lead to the well-documented differences in earnings and in naturalization rates across country-of-origin groups in the United States. Our theoretical framework examines how the forces of selectivity associated with the decisions by residents of non-U.S. countries to migrate to the United States and with the decisions by foreign-born U.S. residents to remain in the United States are influenced by country conditions and are reflected ultimately in the observed earnings differences among the 'survivors' of these processes who are enumerated in U.S. sample surveys. In particular, we assess how economic conditions, origin-country attractiveness, costs of migration, the quantity and quality of information, and the country-specific restrictions of U.S. immigration law influence both who migrates to and, among the migrants, who remains in the United States. The framework is applied to two U.S. data sets--a sample of the foreign born in the 1980 Census and a sample from the 1971 cohort of legal immigrants."

Americas↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Production effects related to mastitis and mastitis economics in dairy cattle herds.

Mastitis is the most prevalent production disease in dairy herds world-wide and is responsible for several production effects. Milk yield and composition can be affected by a more or less severe short-term depression and, in case of no cure, by a long-acting effect, and, sometimes, an overlapping effect to the next lactation. Summary values in the literature for losses of milk production were proposed at 375 kg for a clinical case (5% at the lactation level) and at 0.5 kg per 2-fold increase of crude SCC of a cow. Due to the withdrawal period after treatment, composition changes in milk can almost be neglected in economic calculations. Lethality rate for clinical mastitis is very low on the average, while anticipated culling occurs more frequently after clinical and subclinical mastitis (relative risk between 1.5 and 5.0). The economics of mastitis needs to be addressed at the farm level and, per se, depends on local and regional epidemiological, managerial and economic conditions. To assess the direct economic impact of mastitis, costs (i.e. extra resource use) and losses (i.e. reduced revenues) have to be aggregated. To support decision making for udder health control, it is necessary to use a marginal approach, based on the comparison of the losses avoided and the additional costs of modified plans, compared to the existing ones.

Animals↗