Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “ETHICS”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 271 records · Page 15Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Psychiatric research: what ethical concerns do LRECs encounter? A postal survey. Local research ethics committees.

BACKGROUND AND METHODS: Psychiatric research can occasionally present particular ethical dilemmas, but it is not clear what kind of problems local research ethics committees (LRECs) actually experience in this field. We aimed to assess the type of problems that committees encounter with psychiatric research, using a postal survey of 211 LRECs. RESULTS: One hundred and seven (51%) of those written to replied within the time limit. Twenty eight (26%) experienced few problems with psychiatric applications. Twenty six (24%) emphasised the value of a psychiatric expert on the committee. The most common issues raised were informed consent (n=64, 60%) and confidentiality (n=17, 16%). The use of placebos (and washout periods) (n=18, 17%), the validity of psychiatric questionnaires (n=16, 15%) and overuse of psychiatric "jargon" (n=14, 13%) in psychiatric applications also raised concern. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that LRECs have specific concerns regarding methodology, consent, and confidentiality in psychiatric research, and that they find psychiatric input invaluable.

Confidentiality↗
PubMed1994

Ethics in dental research. Toward developing a code of ethics.

A profession is considered to be ethical by its very nature. Hence, the ability to structure a set of principles that gives one a way to discuss the issues is crucial. However, numerous variables--such as culture, tradition of law, and stage of technological development of a Nation-State--confound issues in which principles may occasionally clash. There may not always be a right and wrong. Hence, for an international organization, a clear explanation of rules will be critical in the development of a code of ethics.

Ethics, Dental↗
PubMed2004

Using the Canadian Code of Ethics for Registered Nurses to explore ethics in palliative care research.

Nursing research in palliative care raises specific and challenging ethical issues. Questions have arisen about whether such research is morally justified, given the low likelihood of direct benefit to dying patients as research participants. The Canadian Code of Ethics for Registered Nurses outlines eight primary values intended to guide nursing practice. We use these values to explore the moral dimensions of research with the palliative care population. Our conclusion is that palliative care research is needed to foster excellent care for these patients and their families, but that nurses must remain constantly vigilant to ensure that participants are protected from resultant harms. Through this exploration we highlight particular considerations that nurse researchers must contemplate when accessing a vulnerable population.

Canada↗
PubMed2006

How nursing ethics as a subject changes: an analysis of the first 11 years of publication of the journal Nursing Ethics.

By analysing the first, second, 10th and 11th years of publication (i.e. volumes 1, 2, 10, 11) of Nursing Ethics, I will show the significant visible trends in the articles and draw some conclusions. The trends are visible at various levels: from simple analysis of an issue, or a comment on a situation in the early years, to in-depth philosophical and research studies; and from short statements to much longer articles. The ethical approaches used go from either none or unquestioned assumptions to several approaches used in any one study. This corresponds to the general postmodern trend in society. The interpretation made of these trends is of a kind of protest at nurses and nursing being devalued. Although this is expressed negatively, the positive message conveyed is that nurses are now taking their professional life into their own hands, vigorously and more daringly than a decade ago.

Bibliometrics↗
PubMed1990

Living ethics: homeostasis and ethical principle.

Adopting a life-systems perspective and an ethics based on the Good of systems homeostasis opens up new levels of analysis and argument as we deal with the complex questions facing the medical community today. An ethics based on our science of life systems is satisfactory philosophically in that it corresponds to our understanding of biological "truth" and clinically in that it is understandable and communicable in physiological terms.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1977

Ethics rounds in a Children's Medical Center: evaluation of a hospital-based program for continuing education in medical ethics.

Clinical rounds in medical ethics were established in 1971 in a large medical center to provide a forum for the multidisciplinary discussion of moral dilemmas in health care. The rounds consisted of case presentations and analyses by professionals primarily from the fields of law, pediatrics, religion, and philosophy. Five years of experience with these rounds were reviewed. Certain predominant themes emerged from the discussions. The most common involved the process of selecting a decision-maker. The rounds were elevated with regard to their impact and educational value. Although these sessions often did not lead to diametric change in position by participants, they did help to sensitize participants and to clarify and expose critical issues. Ethics rounds may offer a constructive response to the current outcry for more stringent consideration of moral values in hospital settings.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

The biology of ethics or the ethics of biology? The biologist's quest for meaning.

The biologist's involvement in value issues concerning the metholology of biological sciences, in establishing the biological basis of ethics and in creating a value system based on biological knowledge is examined. It is proposed that the roots of this involvement are in the conflict of the knowledge-ethic with the established system of values and in the need for metaphysical explanation.

Biology↗
PubMed2003

Developing a code of ethics for academics. Commentary on 'Ethics for all: differences across scientific society codes' (Bullock and Panicker).

This article discusses the possibilities and pitfalls of constructing a code of ethics for university professors. Professional, educational, legal, and policy questions regarding the goals, format, and content of an academic ethics code are raised and a series of aspirational principles and enforceable standards that might be included in such a document are presented for discussion and debate.

Administrative Personnel↗
PubMed2004

The use of the placebo effect in clinical medicine--ethical blunder or ethical imperative?

The current debate in medical ethics on placebos focuses mainly on their use in health research. Whereas this is certainly an important topic the discussion tends to overlook another longstanding but nevertheless highly relevant question, namely if and how the placebo effect should be employed in clinical practice. This paper describes the way the placebo effect is perceived in modern medicine and offers some historical reflections on how these perceptions have developed; discusses elements of a definition of the placebo effect; and suggests some conditions under which making use of the therapeutic potential of the placebo effect can be ethically acceptable, if not warranted.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Review of ethical aspects in biomedical research. The experience of the Ethics Committee of the Center for Toxic Oil Syndrome and Rare Diseases [CISATER]].

This Field Note aims to make known the decisions taken by the Ethics Committee of the Instituto de Salud Carlos III for Toxic Oil Syndrome regarding the secondary use of research specimens in biological research when informed consent is lacking. This is a common concern in the field of biomedical research. After debating the ethical suitability of the secondary use of these samples, our main conclusion is that researchers conducting prospective studies should expressly solicit written informed consent from participants in the study about i) whether there will or could be any secondary use of the samples and, if so, ii) whether such secondary use would be conditional on the type of research.

Biomedical Research↗
PubMed2005

Reuse of samples: ethical issues encountered by two institutional ethics review committees in Kenya.

There is growing concern about the reuse and exploitation of biological materials (human tissues) for use in research worldwide. Most discussions about samples have taken place in developed countries, where genetic manipulation techniques have greatly advanced in recent years. There is very little discussion in developing countries, although collaborative research with institutions from developed countries is on the increase. The study sought to identify and describe ethical issues arising in the storage, reuse and exportation of samples in a developing country. Research protocols presented to two Ethics Review Committees in Kenya during a period of two years were reviewed. A record was made of the protocol title, sample collected, request for storage, reuse or exportation and whether or not subject consent was sought. The findings indicated that about 25% out of the 388 protocols sought permission for reuse and only half of those actually informed subjects of the contemplated re-use. Less than 20% requested storage and again, about half of them sought consent from subjects. There is an indication that investigators do not see the need to seek consent for storage, reuse and exportation of samples. It is proposed that these issues should be addressed through policy interventions at both the national and global levels.

Beneficence↗
PubMed1980

Family secrets: I. Conceptual and ethical issues in the relational context. II. Ethical and practical considerations in therapeutic management.

Family secrets are examined in a two-part article. Part I explores the dynamics of secrets in the relational context. Terminology is proposed for different types of family secrets as well as for different roles within the relational context. Guidelines for identifying family secrets are presented, and typical patterns accompanying or underlying secrets are explored. Different stances toward secrets are discussed, with particular emphasis on ethical issues. Finally, individual and relational consequences of secrets are proposed. Part II extends this discussion to the management of family secrets in marital and family therapy. Ethical and strategic dilemmas facing the therapist are examined as are consequences of secrets in treatment. A particular therapeutic stance is recommended and illustrated with examples of both reparative and preventive applications.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Research ethics: ethical issues of data reporting and the quest for authenticity.

The search for truth and its unbiased reporting are ultimate goals of conducting scientific research. Ideally, the reporting of research data ought to be an objective task. In practice, however, it is fraught with numerous statistical and ethical pitfalls, seldom addressed in formal emergency medicine training. The lure of academic celebrity and related influences may persuade researchers to report results in ways that make data appear more interesting, or worthy of publication. Several examples of potentially misleading data reporting are illustrated, including using inappropriate statistical tests, neglecting negative results, omitting missing data points, failing to report actual numbers of eligible subjects, using inappropriate graph labels or terminology, data dredging, and others. Although potentially inaccurate or inflated methods of data reporting may not constitute overt scientific misconduct, the intentional misrepresentation of data is a form of fraud or deception. Publicly funded academic inquiry is a privilege and honor enjoyed by a trusted few. Regardless of outcome, every effort should be made to report data in the most scientifically accurate method. To this end, the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine Code of Conduct and American College of Emergency Physicians Code of Ethics provide important guidance toward the accurate, compassionate, competent, impartial, and honest conduct of scientific research. Accuracy and authenticity in data reporting are first and foremost a matter of individual integrity, and are crucial to the preservation of academic credibility, the protection of future patients, and the public's trust in the medical research enterprise.

Emergency Medicine↗
PubMed2000

Costs of seeking ethics approval before and after the introduction of multicentre research ethics committees.

With the advent of multicentre research ethics committees in the UK, local research ethics committees (LRECs) are required to advise only on issues relating to the local acceptability of a project. We looked at the handling of two commercially sponsored studies, one initiated before the change and one after, confining the analysis to 21 LRECs approached in both. As judged by the amount of paper per application, the new system for LRECs is simpler and should be less costly. However, there was an increasing tendency for LRECs to charge for their services (30% study 1, 47% study 2) and these charges varied by more than 400%. If such fees must be levied, a common scale is desirable.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed2002

Pro/con ethics debate: is nonheart-beating organ donation ethically acceptable?

This pro/con debate explores the ethical issues surrounding nonheart-beating organ donation (NHBD), a source of considerable controversy. It is estimated that NHBD can increase the number of organs available for transplant by 25% at a time of great need. However, should NHBD be ethically acceptable? In support of NHBD, it may be acceptable practice if there is a separation of the rationale to withdraw life support/to withhold cardiopulmonary resuscitation from the decision to recover organs, if no conflicts of interest exist, if a waiting time precluding spontaneous return of circulation is included, and if NHBD conforms to a standardized protocol. Against NHBD, there are questions regarding the ambiguity and cultural perspectives of death, regarding whether a separation of rationale between withdrawal and donation is sufficient to preclude conflicts of interest, and regarding whether variable protocols arise that subordinate the patient to the goal of donation. Such concerns suggest NHBD may damage the trust in patient-physician relationships and may adversely affect organ donation rates.

Ethics, Medical↗
PubMed2004

Ethics seminars: the ethical debate on practicing procedures on the newly dead.

Emergency medicine and its academic teaching programs face an ethical dilemma surrounding the question of practicing procedures on the newly dead. For many years, procedures have been practiced on the newly dead, but few institutions have had policies addressing the practice. This article considers the ethical arguments both for and against practicing procedures on the newly dead without consent, reviews the empirical studies on the subject, and presents the positions of other professional societies, before concluding with the position of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine (SAEM). SAEM strongly encourages all emergency medicine training programs to develop a policy and make that policy available to the institution, educators, trainees, and the public. The practice should not occur behind closed doors or on an ad hoc basis without clearly articulated guidelines. With improvements in technology, including patient simulation and virtual reality, the need for the practice may decrease, but there is no current evidence that is compelling regarding the best methods of teaching procedural skills. Given the importance of protecting trust in the profession of medicine and the existing evidence that the public would expect that consent be obtained, SAEM recommends that families be asked for consent prior to practicing procedures on the newly dead.

Death↗
PubMed1998

Person-centered code of practice/code of ethics: configuring an ethical commitment to the care provider and care receiver.

Transformation in Care Delivery (TCD), a program at Piedmont Medical Center in Atlanta, Georgia, emphasizes building connections and achieving new and different relationships between all persons in the health care system: those who receive services as well as those who give services. A process called opportunity management mandates involvement of all affected people and provides the mechanism for TCD decisions and actions. The desired environment for TCD is a practiced philosophy of person-centeredness, lived through a new Code of Practice/Code of Ethics. The philosophy and Code are built on respect for the diverse beliefs, values, and practices of all people receiving and providing service. This article highlights the way these processes result in improved value for all stakeholders through a new personal and organizational ethical commitment to excellence.

Ethics, Nursing↗
PubMed2003

[Is it still ethical to conduct clinical trials against a placebo? A review of the ethical and methodological controversy].

UNLABELLED: A DEVELOPING CONTROVERSY: The marketing authorization for new drugs from the regulatory authorities'and ethical point of view, is only possible following convincing proof of their efficacy and safety. Between the drug registration authorities, who underline the necessity of early assessment against a placebo, on the one hand, and the ethical and consumer committees that disapprove of the use, the controversy has developed. FOR METHODOLOGISTS: Comparisons with reference drugs provide less credible results that comparisons versus a placebo. This is why their exclusive use may have deleterious effects on the reliable assessment of products to be launched on the market, in terms of efficacy and safety. Equivalence trials do not provide the expected solution since their internal validation requires a placebo arm. RETICENCE BUT NO PROHIBITION: The fifth revision of the declaration of Helsinki by the World medical association in the year 2000, which led to violent controversy regarding the drawing-up of section 29 and its clarification note, does not really help the debate progress: the authors of the texts confirm their reticence to the use of a placebo, but do not prohibit it. They have chosen a "middle of the road" solution. IN PRACTICE: The decision to conduct or not a placebo-controlled study should take into account the aims of the study (within the context or not of a marketing authorization submittal by an industrial), the early stage of the development of the drug or not and, above all, the level of efficacy and safety of the drugs already available versus the anticipated effects of the new product.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗