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PubMed2006

Goat paratuberculosis in Chile: first isolation and confirmation of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection in a dairy goat.

In October 2004, 41 goats > 2 years old from a Saanen dairy goat herd located in Purranque County, 10th Region, Chile, were sampled and tested for paratuberculosis. While collecting samples it was observed that several goats were thin and emaciated. One goat was sufficiently debilitated to warrant humane euthanasia. This animal was brought to the Veterinary School at the Universidad Austral de Chile for necropsy. The goat selected for necropsy was a 12-year-old doe. The animal showed classical clinical signs of caprine paratuberculosis: emaciation despite willingness to eat, dry and rough hair coat, and no evidence of diarrhea. Gross pathology and histopathology of the necropsied goat were consistent with paucibacillary paratuberculosis. Bacteriology, serology, and PCR confirmed the diagnosis. This is the first published report of goat paratuberculosis in Chile confirming a case of caprine paucibacillary paratuberculosis.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Wet belly in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) in relation to body condition, body temperature and blood constituents.

Wet belly, when the reindeer becomes wet over the lower parts of the thorax and abdomen, sometimes occurs in reindeer during feeding. In a feeding experiment, 11 out of 69 reindeer were affected by wet belly. The problem was first observed in 7 animals during a period of restricted feed intake. When the animals were then fed standard rations, 3 additional animals fed only silage, and 1 fed pellets and silage, became wet. Four animals died and 1 had to be euthanized. To investigate why reindeer developed wet belly, we compared data from healthy reindeer and reindeer affected by wet belly. Urea, plasma protein, glucose, insulin and cortisol were affected by restricted feed intake or by diet but did not generally differ between healthy reindeer and those with wet belly. The wet animals had low body temperature and the deaths occurred during a period of especially cold weather. Animals that died were emaciated and showed different signs of infections and stress. In a second experiment, with 20 reindeer, the feeding procedure of the most affected group in the first experiment was repeated, but none of the reindeer showed any signs of wet belly. The study shows that wet belly is not induced by any specific diet and may affect also lichen-fed reindeer. The fluid making the fur wet was proven to be of internal origin. Mortality was caused by emaciation, probably secondary to reduced energy intake caused by diseases and/or unsuitable feed.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2002

Body condition of feral cats and the effect of neutering.

Considerable debate exists regarding the most appropriate methods for controlling feral cat populations, both from humane and logistical points of view. The physical condition of feral cats has not been reported, and it is not known if these cats benefit from neutering. This study investigates the body condition of feral cats by measuring body weight (BW), body condition score (BCS; Burkholder, 2000; Laflamme, Kealy, & Schmidt, 1994), and falciform fat pad. The study includes lateral abdominal radiographs taken at the time of neutering of 105 adult feral cats for measurement of falciform fat pad depth and area. At that time we also assessed BW and BCS. One year later we assessed the effects of neutering on body condition by evaluating a subsample of 14 cats. At the time of surgery, the cats were lean but not emaciated (BW 3.1 +/- 0.9 kg; BCS 4 +/- 1; based on a 1 to 9 scale ranging from 1 [emaciated] to 9 [grossly obese]). Falciform fat pad depth and area averaged 7.1 mm and 197.4 mm2, respectively, indicating a small amount of fat. Fourteen cats, reevaluated 1 year after neutering, increased 260% + 90% in falciform fat pad depth, 420% +/- 390% in fat pad area, 40% +/- 4% in BW, and 1 level in BCS ranking (1 to 9 scale; all differences p <.001). Similar to confined socialized cats, feral cats gained significant weight and body fat after neutering.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2005

Renal myxozoanosis in crowned river turtles Hardella thurjii: description of the putative agent Myxidium hardella n. sp. by histopathology, electron microscopy, and DNA sequencing.

Chelonian myxozoanosis is rarely reported and has previously not been documented to cause disease. This report describes myxozoanosis associated with significant renal disease in two Crowned River turtles (Hardella thurjii). One turtle presented with emaciation and died. The cage mate presented with emaciation and was euthanized. Histologically, renal intratubular myxozoan spores were associated with renal tubular necrosis, tubular mineralization, and chronic interstitial nephritis, with membranoproliferative and mes-angioproliferative glomerulopathy. Both turtles also had disseminated metastatic mineralization. On the basis of these findings, chronic renal insufficiency from myxozoanosis and subsequent metastatic mineralization were considered the primary problems. By light and electron microscopy, the myxozoan spores had features of the genus Myxidium. Maximum parsimony analysis of small-subunit rDNA sequences placed the turtle myxozoan basal to a clade containing Myxidium truttae and a Myxidium sp. with strong bootstrap support. This myxozoan agent appears to be a significant pathogen in H. thurjii on the basis of morphologic changes in the kidneys of in the infected turtles.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

[Studies on toxicity of clobetasone-17-butyrate (I)--acute toxicity in mice and rats and subacute toxicity in rats (author's transl)].

Acute and subacute toxicities of clobetasone-17-butyrate, a new anti-inflammatory corticosteroid, were studied in mice and rats. In the acute toxicity tests intraperitoneal LD50 values of the drug were estimated to be around 5 g/kg for both sexes of mice, 1.51 g/kg for male and 1.66 g/kg for female rats. Subcutaneous and oral administration induced no fatal cases at dose of 3.6 (mice, s.c.), 2.6 (rats, s.c.) and 6.0 g/kg (mice and rats, p.o.). As for the toxic signs in both mice and rats after the i.p. and s.c. administrations, emaciation was marked, and atrophy of thymus, spleen and adrenals were observed. No marked symptoms, however, were induced in animals administered orally. In the subacute toxicity tests male and female rats were subcutaneously administered with the drug at daily doses of 0.01, 0.03, 0.1, 1.0, 10 and 100 mg/kg for one month. Dose dependent symptoms such as suppression in body weight gain, emaciation, regressive changes in adrenal, lymphatic and hematopoietic tissues, decrease in circulating white blood cell and lymphocyte counts, and increase in total cholesterol level of serum were induced in the rats administered at 0.1 mg/kg/day and more than that, indicating that the maximum nontoxic dose in this experimental condition was 0.03 mg/kg/day. In recovery tests it was observed that the rats, which had been administered with the drug at 1.0 mg/kg/day for one month, were almost normal two months after the final administration.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1992

The effect of natural toxins on reproduction in livestock.

Reproductive efficiency is the most important economic factor in livestock production. Thus, the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal regulatory axis, accessory sexual organ functionality, and the complex events involved in fertilization, implantation, and embryonic and fetal development may be sensitive to therapeutic agents, environmental pollutants, and natural toxicants. There are many factors that adversely affect reproduction, one of which is toxic substances in the diets of animals. Toxic materials can affect reproductive success by causing abortions, interfering with libido, estrus, oogenesis, or spermatogenesis, causing emaciation and subsequent abnormal mating behavior, birth defects, and increasing the time between parturition and rebreeding. Examples of natural toxicants in poisonous plants interfering with reproduction are numerous. Abortion in livestock from locoweeds, ponderosa pine needles, broom snakeweeds, fescue, and others are reported in studies. Selenium and seleniferous forage inhibit estrus in cattle and swine. Emaciation and temporary illness from sneezeweeds, bitterweed, locoweed, larkspur, lupines, and others may interfere with mating. Embryonic loss and birth defects from Veratrum, lupines, locoweeds, poison hemlock, and so on, may occur. As suggested, toxins have many diverse and economically adverse effects on reproductive performance in livestock.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Effects of pelletized anticoagulant rodenticides on California quail.

A moribund, emaciated California quail (Callipepla californica) that was found in an orchard in the state of Washington had an impacted crop and gizzard. Pellets containing the anticoagulant chlorophacinone (Rozol, RO) were in the crop; the gizzard contents consisted of a pink mass of paraffin that was selectively accumulated from the paraffinized pellets. The plasma prothrombin time of 28 sec was near that determined for control quail. The signs of RO intoxication seen in the moribund wild quail were duplicated in captive quail given ad libitum diets of either RO or another paraffinized chlorophacinone pellet (Mr. Rat Guard II, MRG). This left little doubt that paraffin impaction of the gizzard was the primary problem. All captive quail fed RO or MRG pellets showed no increases in prothrombin times compared to control values, died in an emaciated condition, and had gizzards impacted with paraffin.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Spongiform encephalopathy in free-ranging mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) in northcentral Colorado.

Between March 1981 and June 1995, a neurological disease characterized histologically by spongiform encephalopathy was diagnosed in 49 free-ranging cervids from northcentral Colorado (USA). Mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) were the primary species affected and accounted for 41 (84%) of the 49 cases, but six Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) and two white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were also affected. Clinical signs included emaciation, excessive salivation, behavioral changes, ataxia, and weakness. Emaciation with total loss of subcutaneous and abdominal adipose tissue and serous atrophy of remaining fat depots were the only consistent gross findings. Spongiform encephalopathy characterized by microcavitation of gray matter, intraneuronal vacuolation and neuronal degeneration was observed microscopically in all cases. Scrapie-associated prion protein or an antigenically indistinguishable protein was demonstrated in brains from 26 affected animals, 10 using an immunohistochemical staining procedure, nine using electron microscopy, and seven using Western blot. Clinical signs, gross and microscopic lesions and ancillary test findings in affected deer and elk were indistinguishable from those reported in chronic wasting disease of captive cervids. Prevalence estimates, transmissibility, host range, distribution, origins, and management implications of spongiform encephalopathy in free-ranging deer and elk remain undetermined.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2001

Necropsy findings and environmental contaminants in common loons from New York.

Diagnostic and analytical findings are presented for 105 common loons (Gavia immer) found dead or debilitated in New York (USA) from 1972-99. Aspergillosis (23% of cases) and ingestion of lead fishing weights (21%) were the most common pathologies encountered. Stranding on land, shooting, other trauma, gill nets, air sacculitis and peritonitis, and emaciation of uncertain etiology accounted for most of the remaining causes of disease or death. Analysis for total mercury in the liver of 83 loons yielded a geometric mean (gm) of 10.3 mg/kg (wet basis) and range of 0.07 to 371 mg/kg, with emaciated birds generally showing higher levels. Organochlorine contaminant levels in brain were generally low, principally consisting of PCB's (gm = 2.02 mg/kg) and DDE (0.47 mg/kg).

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Zinc toxicosis in a free-flying trumpeter swan (Cygnus buccinator).

A trumpeter swan (Cygnus buccinator) was observed near a mill pond in Picher, Oklahoma, USA. It became weakened and emaciated after about 1 mo, was captured with little resistance, and taken into captivity for medical care. Serum chemistry results were consistent with hepatic, renal, and muscular damage. Serum zinc concentration was elevated at 11.2 parts per million (ppm). The swan was treated for suspected heavy-metal poisoning, but died overnight. Gross postmortem findings were emaciation and pectoral muscle atrophy. Histopathologic lesions in the pancreas included mild diffuse disruption of acinar architecture, severe diffuse depletion or absence of zymogen granules, occasional apoptotic bodies in acinar epithelial cells, and mild interstitial and capsular fibrosis. Zinc concentration in pancreas was 3,200 ppm wet weight, and was similar to that reported in the pancreases of waterfowl known to be killed by zinc toxicity. Zinc concentrations in liver (154 ppm) and kidneys (145 ppm) also were elevated. Acute tubular necrosis of the collecting tubules of the kidneys was also possibly due to zinc toxicity. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first confirmed case of zinc poisoning in a trumpeter swan associated with mining wastes.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Prevalence of severe welfare problems in horses that arrive at slaughter plants.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of severe welfare problems in horses that arrive at slaughter plants and to identify horses that were unfit for travel. DESIGN: Prevalence survey. ANIMALS: 1,008 horses. PROCEDURE: Horses arriving at 2 slaughter plants were observed. The following were rated severe welfare problems in horses: body condition scores of 1 or 2 (emaciated) of 9; recumbency (down) or the inability to walk; fractured limbs or other foot or limb problems that extremely impaired mobility; severe wounds, such as deep cuts, extensive lacerations, abrasions on the head or back, eye injuries, neglected purulent lesions, and numerous bite and kick marks over extensive areas of the body; and dead on arrival. Bruises on carcasses were tabulated to further assess injuries. Horses that had been loaded with a fractured limb, arrived nonambulatory, had severe lameness that interfered with mobility, were weak and emaciated, or were dead on arrival or died shortly after arrival were considered unfit for travel. RESULTS: Ninety-two percent (930/1,008) of the horses arrived in good condition, and 7.7% (78) had a condition that was rated a serious welfare problem. Thirty horses (3%) had a body condition score of 1 or 2, 12 (1.0%) had foot and limb problems (other than fractures), 4 (0.4%) had fractured limbs, 18 (2.0%) had deep cuts, lacerations, or injuries from bites, 8 (0.8%) were nonambulatory or dead on arrival, 2 (0.2%) had deformities, 3 (0.3%) had extensive purulent lesions, and 1 (0.1%) had a behavior problem. Characteristic patterns of 51% of carcass bruises indicated that they were caused by bites or kicks. Fighting was the major cause of injuries that occurred during transport and marketing. Fifteen (1.5%) horses were unfit for travel. Abuse or neglect by owners was the cause of 77% of the severe welfare problems observed. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: To decrease the number of injuries that result from fighting when transporting horses to slaughter plants, aggressive mares and geldings that continually attack other horses must be segregated.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1999

[Calcinosis in goats].

Death, abortion, decreased milk yield and emaciation in dairy goats occurred due to calcinosis in a goat operation on 1100 meter sea level in Tyrol. This could be diagnosed by the clinical, sonographical and pathomorphological investigation. In the basic fodder yellow oat grass proportion was present with 40%. Clinically the apathic goats showed reduced appetite, emaciation, dyspnea, anaemic mucous membranes, heart noises and less activity to move. The blood-chemical examination of one goat revealed an increased activity of AP (199 U/l), calcium and phosphor-concentrations were in normal range. Sonographically liquidothorax and -perikard, calcified pulmonary and aortic valves and a thickened aortic orifice as well as calcification of kidneys, enlargment of liver and ascites could be diagnosed in this goat. The sonographical findings were confirmed by pathomorphological examination.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed1999

[AIDS syndrome in an eight-month-old infant].

The paper presents multiorgan manifestations of AIDS syndrome in an infant at the age of 8 months. The child was admitted to the Clinic with enteric disorder, anaemia, hepatosplenomegaly and pneumonia. The diagnosis of those anomalies and the treatment of pneumonia took much time. Infection with CMV was recognized but, despite the treatment and elimination of the virus, the child's condition did not improve and general emaciation progressed. The diagnosis of AIDS syndrome was based upon indicator illnesses: chronic recurrent pneumonia, cytomegaly and emaciation syndrome as well as upon the results of additional examinations, first of all including the presence of p24 antigen in the serum. In children with chronic diseases and manifesting non-specific multiorgan symptoms we should take into consideration AIDS syndrome in the differential diagnosis.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cellulitis in broiler chickens: a one-year retrospective study in four Québec abattoirs.

A 1-yr retrospective study was undertaken to verify whether the prevalence of cellulitis in broiler chicken flocks was associated 1) with sex and average body weight controlling for the time of year and 2) with some other condemnation causes such as air-sacculitis, ascites, cyanosis, emaciation, valgus varus deformity, peritonitis, and total condemnation rate controlling for sex, average body weight, and time of year. Data were collected from four Québec abattoirs between October 1992 and September 1993. Data from 2452 unisex male and female broiler flocks were compiled and analyzed with univariate and multivariate models. The prevalence of cellulitis among flocks was 42.2 per 10,000 birds slaughtered. Cellulitis was associated with sex and increased with time of year (P < 0.0001). The prevalence was higher in male (mean +/- SD, 50.7+/-24.3; median, 31.8) than in female flocks (mean +/- SD, 34.2+/-15.6; median, 20.0) but showed no relationship with average body weight. Associations between condemnation causes and cellulitis were relatively weak; increases in the prevalence of cellulitis correlated with increases in total condemnation rate (r2 = 0.19), ascites (r2 = 0.09), airsacculitis (r2 = 0.0), cyanosis (r2 = 0.04), peritonitis (r2 = 0.03), emaciation (r2 = 0.02), and valgus varus deformity (r2 = 0.02). These results suggest that flock sex is a potential correlate of cellulitis prevalence in broiler chickens. Associations between the prevalence of cellulitis and other diseases observed at the abattoir were not very strong. However, it appears here that general disease status of Québec broiler flocks is a better indicator of cellulitis occurrence than the main diseases considered individually.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Polyarteritis nodosa induced in arteriosclerotic, male and female breeder rats by chronic alloxan diabetes.

Male and female virgin rats and breeder rats with naturally-occurring diabetes, hypertension and arteriosclerosis, were made severely diabetic with a single, subcutaneous injection of alloxan (10 mg/100 g b.w.), after an 18 h fast. During five months of unrelenting diabetes, some animals became obese while others became emaciated. Only the emaciated animals survived but they were blind, their adrenal glands were hemorrhagic, hypertrophied and thrombosed, thymi involuted, kidneys swollen, hearts reduced in size while testes and ovaries were atrophic. Serum CPK, SGOT and SGPT were elevated concomitant with extensive cardiovascular damage, hepatic steatosis and generalized catabolism. Circulating triglycerides and free fatty acids were markedly elevated with total cholesterol only slightly increased. BUN and serum calcium levels were also greatly elevated. Sub-normal Cmpd. B levels indicated impaired adrenal steroidogenesis. Virgin rats developed arteriosclerosis and male and female breeder rats showed exacerbation of their pre-existing aortic sclerosis as well as P.A.N. lesions in their small-sized arteries. It is believed that severe diabetes causes exacerbation of the endogenous hormonal milieu resulting from abnormal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function induced by repeated breeding, which conditions the connective tissue components of the arterial wall of rats toward accelerated degenerative changes.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Revisiting the identity issue in anorexia.

Anorexia nervosa is considered an enigmatic disease with a multitude of predisposing factors and no empirically confirmed effective treatment. However, all people with the disease relentlessly pursue a common idealized goal--the state of severe emaciation. In this article, the perspective that this condition epitomizes a life-time struggle for self-acceptance and self-definition is reexamined. People afflicted with anorexia come to define themselves through their emaciated form, and maintenance of this form becomes their major focus and primary means of fulfillment. Therapy must address the identity issue, which is fundamental to the onset and perpetuation of the disease. Use of interpersonal techniques is advocated as most appropriate in serving this purpose.

Anorexia Nervosa↗
PubMed2001

The epidemiology of tuberculosis in free-ranging African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in the Kruger National Park, South Africa.

The presence of bovine tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis) in the Kruger National Park (KNP) was determined for the first time in 1990. It was diagnosed in an African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) bull, which was found recumbent and in an emaciated and moribund state near the south-western boundary fence. This prompted an investigation into the bovine tuberculosis (BTB) status of the KNP, with emphasis on its epidemiological determinants and risk factors. This report documents the findings of surveys that were conducted from 1990 to 1996. It was found that BTB had entered the KNP ecosystem relatively recently (+/- 1960), and has found favourable circumstances for survival and propagation in a fully susceptible and immunologically naive buffalo population. Indications are that it entered the KNP from across the southern river boundary, where the presence of infected domestic cattle herds had been documented. From there the infection spread through the southern buffalo population and is currently spreading in a northward direction. It was estimated that this northward spread took place at a rate of about 6 km per year; the prospect being that, if this rate of spread is maintained, the entire KNP may be affected in less than 30 years from now. Spillover from buffalo had already occurred in species such as chacma baboon (Papio ursinus), lion (Panthera leo), cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus), kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros) and leopard (Panthera pardus). Although there is no indication yet that these species act as maintenance hosts, the possibility is raised that these, or an as yet overlooked species, might assume such a role in future. In the KNP, BTB manifests itself as a chronic and predominantly subclinical disease in buffalo. It may take years for clinical signs to develop, and then only at a terminal stage, when emaciation is a constant feature. It is suspected that the time from infection to death is variable and dependent on the animal's immune response, which can be weakened by such factors as stress, old age or droughts. It was found that, in the interim, buffalo have a normal reproductive life. On necropsy, buffalo show almost exclusively lung and upper respiratory tract involvement, pointing to an aerogenous mode of transmission. Histologically, little sign of encapsulation of lesions was detected, which suggests that they are exceptionally susceptible to BTB and that most lesions are open and infectious and progressive, leading ultimately to death of the individual. Evidence also indicates that BTB is progressive within the herd context (92% being the highest prevalence rate thus far determined in a buffalo herd) as well as progressive within the KNP buffalo population (the implication being that virtually all buffalo herds in the KNP will eventually be infected). Preliminary data suggest a positive correlation between disease prevalence and mortality, with potential mortality reaching up to 10% in buffalo herds having BTB prevalence rates of 50 % and higher. Only the future will tell what the effect of the disease on the population dynamics of buffalo will be.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

[Diencephalic syndrome: An uncommon cause of malnutrition].

Diencephalic syndrome (DS) is a complex of signs and symptoms related to hypothalamic dysfunction. Its main features are emaciation despite normal energy intake and an alert appearance. This syndrome has been described in association with space-occupying lesions of the hypothalamic-optic chiasm region, mainly low-grade glioma, and less often with tumors in the proximity of the IV ventricle. Two patients with DS are reported. The first patient was an 8-month old boy with classical features of DS. Extensive investigation of malabsorption revealed no abnormalities and the first neurologic sign was a rotatory nystagmus. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed evidence of a hypothalamic tumor, which was identified after surgical resection as a pilocytic astrocytoma. The second patient was an adolescent boy who presented a 20-kg weight loss over a 6-month period and psychological disturbances. Gastrointestinal disease was ruled out as a cause of malnutrition. Because of a polydipsia-polyuria syndrome, manifest while the patient was hospitalized with a suspected diagnosis of anorexia nervosa, MRI of the brain was performed. Multiple intracranial lesions were revealed, mainly in the hypothalamus, and were identified as a disseminated disgerminoma. No neurologic signs or symptoms were present. The patients died 2 years and 1 year after diagnosis, respectively. Although DS is rare, it should be considered in severe failure to thrive or emaciation despite adequate food intake and normal absorptive function of the small bowel.

Adolescent↗