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PubMed1996

Self-regulation as a moderator of the relation between coping and symptomatology in children of divorce.

Investigated the effects of self-regulation as a moderator of the relations between coping efforts and psychological symptoms of children of divorce. The interactions of two dimensions of self-regulation (task orientation and approach-flexibility) and two dimensions of coping (active and avoidant) predicting children's postdivorce symptoms were tested using a sample of 199 divorced mothers and their children, ages 8 to 12. The approach-flexibility dimension moderated the relations of both active and avoidant coping with children's self-report of anxiety. At higher levels of approach-flexibility, active coping was negatively related to anxiety, while at lower levels of approach-flexibility, active coping was unrelated to anxiety. Avoidant coping was unrelated to anxiety at higher levels of approach-flexibility, whereas at lower levels of approach-flexibility, avoidant coping was positively related to anxiety. The task orientation dimension did not interact with coping, but had direct, independent effects on children's self-report of conduct problems, depression, and parent-report of internalizing and externalizing behavior problems. The implications for understanding children's coping with divorce and future directions for research are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1988

The impact of first-birth timing on divorce: new evidence from a longitudinal analysis based on the Central Population Register of Norway.

"The association between divorce risks in first marriage and the timing of the first birth is inspected in a life-table analysis of registered birth and marriage histories from Norway. One of the main conclusions is that the high propensity to divorce among women who have had a premarital birth is not confined to those who marry someone other than the father of their child. Also, women who have had a premarital child with their husband, run a much higher risk of marital breakup than do those who had their first baby in wedlock.... It is argued that couples who postpone childbearing beyond two years of marriage may have particularly low divorce rates." (SUMMARY IN FRE)

Birth Order↗

PubMed1989

Covariates of divorce in Australia: an analysis using proportional hazard models.

"This paper utilizes data from the 1986 Family Formation Survey of the ABS [Australian Bureau of Statistics] to examine the incidence and correlates of divorce among real cohorts of Australian women with specific characteristics. It is shown that marriage cohort, age at marriage, country of birth, area of residence, age left school and fertility status at marriage are related to the risk of divorce. The results of the present investigation complement findings of other studies on divorce in Australia as well as hazard model based studies from the U.S.A., Canada, and New Zealand."

Age Factors↗

PubMed2004

Divorce and children's adjustment problems at home and school: the role of depressive/withdrawn parenting.

This study examined linkages between divorce, depressive/withdrawn parenting, and child adjustment problems at home and school. Middle class divorced single mother families (n = 35) and 2-parent families (n = 174) with a child in the fourth grade participated. Mothers and teachers completed yearly questionnaires and children were interviewed when they were in the fourth, fifth, and sixth grades. Structural equation modeling suggested that the association between divorce and child externalizing and internalizing behavior was partially mediated by depressive/withdrawn parenting when the children were in the fourth and fifth grades.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2004

Changes in suicide and divorce in new casino jurisdictions.

Using county-level data, this study examines the impact that the introduction of casino gambling has on suicide and divorce. Eight communities that adopted casino gambling between 1991 and 1994 are compared with a matched set of control counties, jurisdictions that are economically and demographically similar to the casino counties. Suicide rates are not statistically different between casino and control communities. Divorce rates are lower in three casinos counties, higher in one, and not statistically different in four. Overall, the results suggest no widespread, statistically significant increase in either suicide or divorce. Possible explanations for the results are provided.

Cross-Sectional Studies↗

PubMed1990

Factors associated with divorce in intrafamily child sexual abuse cases.

This study analyzes factors related to the decision to divorce in intrafamilial sexual abuse cases. Data was collected on 128 cases of incest in St. Louis, Missouri, through the Washington University Child Guidance Center. Examination of multiple variables revealed there are differences between child sexual abuse cases that elect to stay together vs. those that divorce subsequent to the discovery of abuse. Families that broke up were more likely to have young child victims and have additional problems with domestic violence. The child was more likely to have revealed the abuse to the mother and have been believed by her in divorcing cases.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1980

Divorce at midlife: psychic dangers of the liminal period. Part II. Clinical considerations.

This paper presents the results of a clinical investigation into middle divorce. The second of a two part series, it explores the impact of liminality: the "betwixt and between" state often found among a newly-separated of all ages. This state may occur at more than one point in the divorce process, and is associated with heightened trauma. A therapeutic intervention procedure, the divorce ritual, is suggested as a means of ameliorating the effects of liminality.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Death of a husband or marital divorce related to risk of breast cancer in middle-aged women. A nested case-control study among Norwegian women born 1935-1954.

A topic of general interest is whether important life changes may play a role in the onset of cancer. The hypothesis of this study was that death of a husband or marital divorce, is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. The study included 4491 incident breast cancer cases and 44,910 controls, matched on age, in a population-based nested case-control study, among Norwegian women born between 1935 and 1954. The risk of breast cancer among widowed compared to married women showed an odds ratio (OR) of 1.13 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.94-1.36], after adjusting for age at first birth and parity. For divorced women the analogous OR was 0.83 (95% CI 0.75-0.92), after adjusting for age at first birth, parity and place of residence. Thus, the results did not show any clear evidence that death of a husband or marital divorce was associated with an increased risk of breast cancer.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Familial predictors of sibling and romantic-partner conflict resolution: comparing late adolescents from intact and divorced families.

The present study examined whether predictors of romantic-partner conflict may vary as a function of family structure. Using a cross-sectional design, we tested a mediation model of conflict resolution behaviours among late adolescents from intact (n=185) and divorced (n=87) families. Adolescents rated conflict resolution behaviours in five dyadic relationships: interparental, mother-adolescent, father-adolescent, sibling, and romantic partner. Mother-adolescent and father-adolescent conflict resolution behaviours mediated the relationship between interparental and sibling conflict resolution. Moreover, both mother-adolescent and sibling conflict resolution behaviours mediated the relationship between interparental and romantic-partner conflict resolution behaviours. This model was supported for both positive and negative behaviours, and it applied equally well to adolescents from intact and divorced families. Results are discussed in the context of social learning theories and support conflict resolution behaviours within the family spilling over into romantic relationships for adolescents from both intact and divorced families.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

Effects of parental divorce and youth unemployment on adolescent health.

The aim of this study is to gain more insight into the effects of two important events on adolescent health in the life course of youngsters, namely parental divorce and being unemployed. We made use of the dataset of the Utrecht Study of Adolescent Development, a longitudinal panel study, based on a representative sample of young people in the Netherlands (12-24 years old). We used the data of non-school-going youngsters who are at least 18 years old. Parental divorce does indeed have negative effects on adolescent health: however, this applies only for girls. Being unemployed or having been unemployed has negative effects on psychological health, especially for boys. But this experience does not have negative effects on physical health, either for boys or girls. Any conclusions on the consequences of parental divorce and youth unemployment for adolescent health have to be specified, at least for sex.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Breast cancer in relation to childhood parental divorce and early adult psychiatric disorder in a British birth cohort.

BACKGROUND: Jacobs and Bovasso reported (Psychological Medicine 2000, 30, 669-678) that maternal death in childhood and chronic severe depression in adulthood were associated with subsequent breast cancer. We have examined the effects of parental loss in childhood and psychiatric disorder in adult life on breast cancer risk using a national birth cohort study. METHOD: Eighty-three cases of breast cancer were diagnosed in a study of 2253 women followed from birth to age 59 years. Cox proportional hazards models were used to test whether breast cancer rates were higher in women who experienced parental death and divorce before age 16, psychiatric disorders between 15 and 32 years, symptoms of anxiety and depression at 36 years, or use of antidepressant medication at 31 or 36 years than in women who did not have these experiences. RESULTS: There was no overall association between parental death, parental divorce or psychiatric disorder and the incidence of breast cancer. There was some evidence that women with more severe psychiatric disorders between the ages of 15 and 32 years were more likely to develop breast cancer early. The interaction between parental divorce and severe psychiatric disorder was non-significant (p=0.1); however, the group who experienced both these events had an increased breast cancer risk compared with those who experienced neither [hazard ratio (HR) 2.64, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.13-6.19]. CONCLUSIONS: Our study does not provide strong support for the hypothesis that early loss or adult psychiatric disorders are associated with breast cancer. A meta-analysis is needed that uses data from all available cohort studies and investigates possible interactive effects on breast cancer risk.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Emotionality and self-regulation, threat appraisal, and coping in children of divorce.

A model of the effects of children's temperament (negative and positive emotionality, impulsivity and attention focusing) on post-divorce threat appraisals, coping (active and avoidant), and psychological symptoms (depression and conduct problems) was investigated. The study utilized a sample of 223 mothers and children (ages 9 to 12 years) who had experienced divorce within the last two years. Evidence was found of direct effects of child-report negative emotionality on children's threat perceptions and of child-report positive emotionality and impulsivity on children's coping. Indirect effects of negative emotionality on active and avoidant coping through threat appraisal were found. Direct effects of the temperament variables on symptoms were also found. Cross group analyses indicated that the models were robust to age differences, but gender differences were found in the relation between negative emotionality and depression. The results of this study indicate that temperament and threat appraisals are important predictors of children's post-divorce symptoms, and that temperament is a predictor of children's appraisal and coping process.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1997

Locus of control as a stress moderator and mediator in children of divorce.

This paper examined the stress moderator and mediator effects of four dimensions of perceived control in children of divorce. The dimensions of locus of control included internal control for positive events, internal control for negative events, unknown control for positive events, and unknown control for negative events. The sample consisted of 222 children between the ages of 8 and 12 whose parents had divorced in the previous 2 years. Moderational analyses showed that unknown control for positive events interacted with negative events to predict total symptoms. Plots of the simple slopes indicated a stress buffering effect whereby the slope of negative events on symptoms was higher for high than for low levels of unknown control for positive events. Mediational analysis showed that the relations between negative events and symptoms were mediated by both unknown control for positive events and unknown control for negative events. In contrast, evidence was not found for either a stress mediational or a moderational model for perceived internal control for positive or negative events. These results suggest that unknown control beliefs may be a particularly important dimension of control for children of divorce.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2000

Predicting marital stability and divorce in newlywed couples.

A longitudinal study with 95 newlywed couples examined the power of the Oral History Interview to predict stable marital relationships and divorce. A principal-components analysis of the interview with the couples (Time 1) identified a latent variable, perceived marital bond, that was significant in predicting which couples would remain married or divorce within the first 5 years of their marriage. A discriminant function analysis of the newlywed oral history data predicted, with 87.4% accuracy, those couples whose marriages remained intact or broke up at the Time 2 data collection point. The oral history data predicted with 81% accuracy those couples who remained married or divorced at the Time 3 data collection point. This study offers support for causal linkages between perceptual biases and selective attention on the path of marriage.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Children of divorce in the 1990s: an update of the Amato and Keith (1991) meta-analysis.

The present study updates the P. R. Amato and B. Keith (1991) meta-analysis of children and divorce with a new analysis of 67 studies published in the 1990s. Compared with children with continuously married parents, children with divorced parents continued to score significantly lower on measures of academic achievement, conduct, psychological adjustment, self-concept, and social relations. After controlling for study characteristics, curvilinear trends with respect to decade of publication were present for academic achievement, psychological well-being, self-concept, and social relations. For these outcomes, the gap between children with divorced and married parents decreased during the 1980s and increased again during the 1990s.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

Long-term influence of divorce and single parenting on adolescent family- and work-related values, behaviors, and aspirations.

Following a summary of the relevant divorce research, this article examines possible long-term influences of both divorce and living with a single mother on the development of adolescents' values and plans. We examine how divorce affects children both directly and indirectly through its impact on the mother's resources, attitudes, and socialization goals. Particular focus is placed on those aspects of family interaction that impact on identity formation as it is linked to educational and occupational goals and to gender-role related behaviors associated with marriage, family, and job plans. Possible benefits as well as potential costs of living with a single mother are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

Interventions for children of divorce: toward greater integration of research and action.

A number of child-, family-, and system-focused interventions have been designed to prevent or reduce the negative effects of divorce on children. This article critically evaluates these intervention efforts by examining (a) their relation to basic research on the processes proposed to mediate children's postdivorce adjustment and (b) evaluation studies assessing the effectiveness of various programs. Although interventions address some of the factors proposed to mediate children's adaptation to divorce, the interplay between interventions and basic research on children's postdivorce adaptation is limited. Moreover, some intervention efforts appear to be beneficial, but most lack empirical documentation of their efficacy. This analysis leads to several recommendations for basic and applied research and for improving the response of the mental health field to the problems experienced by many children from divorcing families.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1991

Possible explanations for child sexual abuse allegations in divorce.

Based on a clinical sample of 136 cases, four classes of child sexual abuse cases in divorce are proposed: divorce precipitated by discovery of sexual abuse; long-standing sexual victimization revealed after marital breakup; sexual abuse precipitated by marital dissolution; and false allegations made during or after divorce. Implications for clinical practice are discussed.

Child↗