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At least 271 records · Page 15Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Colon delivery efficiencies of intestinal pressure-controlled colon delivery capsules prepared by a coating machine in human subjects.

Large quantities of pressure-controlled colon delivery capsules (PCDCs) were prepared by a Hicoater-mini pharmaceutical coating machine and colon delivery efficiencies were evaluated in man. Caffeine powder as a model drug was suspended with a polyethylene glycol (PEG) 1000 suppository base at 50 degrees C, and was hardened in no. 0- and no. 2-sized capsular shapes. The capsule-shaped suppositories were coated with 5% w/v ethanolic ethylcellulose (7G grade) solution using the coating machine. By increasing the coating weight of ethylcellulose from 28.6 +/- 1.1 mg to 45.3 +/- 0.2 mg, the mean coating thickness of no. 0 PCDCs increased from 56 +/- 1 microm to 64 +/- 1 microm. With no. 2 PCDCs, the mean coating thickness increased from 50 micro +/- 1 microm to 57 +/- 1 microm by increasing the coating weight of ethylcellulose from 8.1 +/- 0.5 mg to 11.2 +/- 0.3 mg. The no. 0 PCDCs, having a mean ethylcellulose coating membrane thicknesses of 56 +/- 1 microm (type 1) and 64 +/- 1 microm (type 2), as well as no. 2 PCDCs, having thicknesses of 50 +/- 1 microm (type 3) and 57 +/- 1 microm (type 4), were used for in-vivo evaluation in man. After oral administration of test preparations containing 75 mg of caffeine, saliva samples were obtained and salivary caffeine levels were measured by an HPLC method. The first appearance time, Ti, of caffeine in the saliva was used as a parameter for the estimation of the release time of caffeine from PCDCs in the gastrointestinal tract. The mean Ti values of no. 0 PCDCs were 3.3 +/- 0.3 h for type- 1 and 5.3 +/- 0.3 h for type-2 preparations while the mean Ti values of no. 2 PCDCs were 4.3 +/- 0.5 h for type 3 and 5.3 +/- 0.3 h for type 4. There were good correlations between ethylcellulose coating membrane thicknesses and in-vivo Ti values. A colon arrival time of 5 h was reported in our subjects by gastrointestinal magnetomarkergraphy. PCDCs having a mean coating thickness of 64 +/- 1 microm for no. 0 capsules and of 57 +/- 1 microm for no. 2 capsules were thought to deliver caffeine to the human colon efficiently.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Long-term sustained delivery of 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxythymidine in vivo by means of HA and TCP delivery devices.

This study will attempt to determine the amount of circulating drug, when provided at sustained levels over an extended period of time, which provides efficacy and reduces the toxic side effects seen with the use of AZT in vivo. Two ceramic delivery systems were selected for this investigation namely tricalcium-phosphate (TCP) and hydroxyapatite (HA) ceramic implants. Three different dosages were selected (60, 90, 180 mg AZT). A total of 105 rats were used in this study and they were further divided into seven equal groups (n = 15 per group, 250-300 gm BW). Rats in groups I, II and III were implanted with TCP ceramic capsules containing 30, 60, and 90 mg AZT powder, respectively. Each rat in groups IV, V, and VI were implanted with HA capsules containing 30, 60, and 90 mg AZT powder, respectively. Rats in group VII were unimplanted and served as controls. The standard aseptic surgical techniques were performed in this investigation. Rats were anesthetized with a mixture of Zylazine/Ketamine, and their hind limbs shaved and scrubbed with providone iodine. The sterilized ceramics (gas/24 hours) were inserted under the skin using standard surgical techniques. After implantation, the site was sealed with wound clips, and the animals were injected with 0.1 ml of 200,000 units of Penicillin. At the end of 2, 4, and 6 weeks after implantation, five rats from each group were euthanized and the ceramic capsules, reproductive, and vital organs were removed and examined by following standard laboratory protocols. Results obtained from this study revealed that the rates of AZT released from TCP ceramic implants (30 mg = 2.38 +/- 0.23 ng/ml, 60 = 4.64 +/- 1.03 ng/ml, and 90 mg = 11.92 +/- 2.36 ng/ml serum AZT) were significantly higher than the rates of AZT released from HA ceramic implants (30 mg = 0.84 +/- 0.05 ng/ml, 60 = 2.40 +/- 0.83 ng/ml, and 90 mg = 6.41 +/- 1.24 ng/ml serum AZT). Data obtained from this investigation suggest that: (I) TCP and HA ceramic implants can be used effectively to deliver AZT in amounts capable of eliciting physiological responses in vivo, and (II) large fluctuations of AZT concentrations in the blood stream and tissues due to the conventional routes of administration could be eliminated by using ceramic sustained delivery system.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

The effect of delivery on umbilical arterial cord blood gases and lipid peroxides: comparison of vaginal delivery and cesarean section.

Umbilical arterial blood gas analysis is the most objective method to assess fetal well being at birth, is the gold standard assessment of uteroplacental function and fetal oxygenation/acid-base status at birth, and it excludes the diagnosis of birth asphyxia in approximately 80% of depressed newborns at term. This study was designed to determine the effect of the type of delivery on umbilical cord blood gases and on free radical activity together with antioxidation in the fetus. Ninety-six pregnant women between 37 and 42 weeks of gestation were included to the study and randomly assigned to the one of three groups: Group 1 (n = 40) were vaginally delivered, Group 2 (n = 26) had cesarean section with epidural anaesthesia, and Group 3 (n = 30) had cesarean section under general anaesthesia. Umbilical artery blood gas analysis was performed just after the delivery of the fetus together with melondealdehyde and glutathione. The umbilical arterial PO2 was found to be higher in Group 3, and malondealdehyde and glutathione levels were lower in newborns of Group 2. It can be concluded that cesarean section with epidural anaesthesia is safer when lipid peroxides are concerned.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Impact of maximal cervical dilatation at primary caesarean delivery on mode of delivery in the following pregnancy.

The maximum cervical dilatation achieved by parturients who went through labour prior to their primary caesarean births were related to the mode of delivery in the subsequent birth to ascertain if there is a link between the two. The success rates of vaginal births after primary Caesarean sections (VBAC) for arrest and non-arrest disorders were also compared using information derived from the birth records of the hospital. The success rate for VBAC was significantly high in subjects whose primary caesarean sections were for non-arrest disorders compared to those who had arrest disorders (73.3% versus 55.6%; x2 = 5.25, p = 0.02). The maximum cervical dilatation reached before primary caesarean section did not significantly affect the success rate of VBAC in the subsequent delivery (x2 [trend] = 0.78, p = 0.68). Patients who had primary caesarean section for arrest disorder require full evaluation before being allowed to attempt vaginal birth in a subsequent pregnancy but the maximum cervical dilatation reached before primary caesarean section need not be factored into a decision for VBAC.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Characterization of ceramic drug delivery devices: the effect of various temperature of incubation on the delivery of biologicals.

The objectives of this study are: (i) to determine the effect of temperature on the release rate of steroids and proteins from ceramic drug delivery devices (CDDD), and (ii) to examine the effect of polylactic acid (PLA) impregnation of tricalcium phosphate (TCP), and alumino-calcium-phosphorous oxide (ALCAP) ceramic capsules on the release of small and large molecular weight compounds, and (iii) to investigate the interaction of molecular weight and various incubation temperatures (25, 37 and 50 degrees C) on the rate of delivery from CDDD. The CDDD were prepared using standard laboratory protocols. Eight of 16 ALCAP and TCP ceramic capsules were impregnated with PLA and the remainder fabricated without PLA. Fourteen ceramic capsules were loaded with either 40 mg of testosterone or 40 mg of bovine serum albumin (BSA), and nothing was added to the two remaining capsules. All capsules were then sealed at both ends with Dow Corning Type A Silastic Medical Adhesive. Single capsules were suspended in serum bottles containing either 100 ml of 50% wt/vol aqueous ethanol solution (steroid-containing capsules) or 100 ml of phosphate buffered saline (pH 7.4) (protein-containing capsules). The bottles were then placed in one of three metabolic shaker baths that had been previously adjusted at 25, 37, or 50 degrees C and were oscillating at a frequency of 100 rpm. Testosterone release was measured spectrophotometrically at 245 nm and BSA by a colorimetric procedure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Biological Products↗
PubMed2006

Doula--a new model of delivery (continuous, nonprofessional care during the delivery).

In the last few years world literature examined advantages related to the presence and support of an nonprofessional person (doula) during a delivery. Aside from encouraging the husbands to take an active part in the delivery there was a rise in popularity of doula's help. The results of frequency questionnaire analysis show that in Poland parturients, first and foremost, expect support of a professional personnel (midwife, midwifery students).

Data Collection↗
PubMed2006

[Studies on market of drug delivery system product and drug delivery system of compound Chinese medicine].

Based on the progress in the world market of drug delivery system (DDS) product and the research profile of DDS of compound Chinese Medicine, The article puts forward a new method of studies on DDS of compound Chinese Medicine. It is expected that the theory of compatibility of compound Chinese Medicine can be shown and its role can be exerted to the largest extent with the application of pharmaceutics technology to change the mode of drug delivery of activated components of compound Chinese Medicine.

Drug Combinations↗
PubMed1991

Effect of induction-delivery and uterine-delivery on apgar scoring of the newborn.

Very short or prolonged induction-delivery interval (i.e. less than 5 minutes or more than 15 minutes) and uterine-delivery interval of more than 90 seconds has a definite effect on the apgar scoring of a newborn especially when general anaesthesia is administered as compared to regional anaesthesia for caesarean section.

Anesthesia, General↗
PubMed1990

[Management of delivery in podalic birth: cesarean section or vaginal delivery?].

Three hundred and thirty-six births with podalic presentation (3.15% of total deliveries) took place during the period 1978-89 in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Pinerolo Hospital. The nature of the delivery, the age of pregnant women, together with the length of pregnancy, the number of previous children, the number of days spent in hospital, complications, birth weight, and Apgar scores 1 and 5 minutes after birth were recorded. The most striking result is the increase in the number of caesarean section.

Cesarean Section↗
PubMed1989

[Changes in serum steroid concentrations at delivery and during neonatal period after DHA-S injection into mother before delivery].

DHA-S loading has been widely used for the assessment of placental function and ripening of the cervix before delivery. However, changes in the steroidal milieu in both mother and fetus has not been clarified after DHA-S administration. Free (f) and conjugated (c) DHA, delta 5 androstenediol (Adiol), estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), f-testosterone (T) and delta 4 androstenedione (Adione) levels in maternal vein, cord blood and peripheral vein of new born infants after maternal DHA-S administration were measured by radioimmunoassay, and the levels were compared to those in the controls. DHA-S administration resulted in a marked and significant rise in all steroid levels except for E3 in maternal vein. Significant augmentation of T, Adione, c-Adiol, f-DHA, f.c-E2 in umbilical artery, and T, Adione, f.c-Adiol, f-DHA, f-E2 in umbilical vein was observed. Steroid levels during the neonatal period were also measured on the 1st, 3rd and 5th days in both male and female infants, and the levels were compared to those of the controls. Although three androgens in both male and female infants at delivery were significantly higher than the controls, no significant difference was observed on the 5th day of life. Adiol and Adione levels on the 1st day in females, and Adiol levels on the 3rd day in males were higher than those of the controls. E2 levels remained high till the 5th day of life. These results indicated that DHA-S administered to the mother was converted to androgen and estrogen promptly in the placenta and transferred to the fetus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Androgens↗
PubMed1995

Improved brain delivery and in vitro activity of zidovudine through the use of a redox chemical delivery system.

OBJECTIVE: Improved therapy for AIDS dementia and related encephalopathies may be achieved through enhanced delivery of effective antiretroviral agents to the central nervous system (CNS). DESIGN: A novel chemical delivery system (CDS) was used, which utilized redox trapping of drugs in the brain. This study was aimed at defining the pharmacokinetics of a zidovudine (ZDV)-CDS as well as establishing its in vitro antiviral efficacy against HIV in both lymphocytes and in a neural cell line. RESULTS: ZDV-CDS administered parenterally to rats produced significantly higher brain levels of ZDV [area under the curve (AUC), 425 micrograms x min/g] than equimolar ZDV (AUC, 13.5 micrograms x min/g). Native ZDV uptake was minimal after 1 h when analyzed in CEM lymphocytes and in SKNMC neuroblastoma cell line. By contrast, marked uptake of ZDV-CDS was followed by biochemical conversion of ZDV-CDS to its main metabolites (ZDV-CDS quaternary salt, ZDV-Q+, and native ZDV). These improved uptake profiles were associated with greater in vitro virucidal effect. ZDV-CDS at 0.5 microM was 80% more effective than ZDV in suppressing p24 production in a lymphocyte culture infected with 6000 median tissue culture infective doses (TCID50) of the HIV N1T strain and 50% more effective at 0.05 microM. Furthermore, syncytia formation was completely suppressed at a ZDV-CDS dose of 0.5 microM (600 TCID50) but native ZDV at the same dose was ineffective. Finally, while ZDV (at 0.5 microM) is not active in reducing viral replication in an SKNMC neural cell line, the ZDV-CDS complex significantly suppressed p24 synthesis. CONCLUSION: The ZDV-CDS complex is capable of delivering higher ZDV doses to lymphocytes and neural cells, with improved antiretroviral activity.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1993

Successes and failures in vaccine delivery: evaluation of the immunization delivery system in Puerto Rico.

The objective of this study was to evaluate immunization delivery and determine reasons for low coverage among preschool-age public clinic attendees in Puerto Rico. In 25 randomly selected clinics, coverage and missed immunization opportunities were assessed in 273 children aged 2 to 59 months, exist interviews were conducted with parents, and providers were interviewed. Two neighborhoods close to the clinics were surveyed to determine parental knowledge about immunizations, and the vaccination status of children in these neighborhoods was assessed. Two hundred seventy-three clinic attendees were interviewed. Among 229 (84%) with vaccination cards, only 126 (55%) had received all indicated vaccines by completion of the clinic visit. Forty-five percent of children with cards in the household survey were not up-to-date. Of 171 (75%) clinic attendees eligible for vaccination at the visit, 118 (69%) missed one or more immunizations at the visit. In addition, half of all children had previously missed one or more immunizations when they had received another vaccine. Missed opportunities occurred because of nonavailability of vaccines, lack of integration of services, provider misconceptions about contraindications, and failure to administer vaccines simultaneously. Other problems included barriers to immunization services and lack of information and education activities. It is concluded that deficiencies in immunization delivery substantially delay immunization and reduce coverage.

Child↗
PubMed2000

Antibiotic regimens for endometritis after delivery.

BACKGROUND: Post-partum endometritis, which is more common after cesarean section, occurs when vaginal organisms invade the endometrial cavity during labour and delivery. Antibiotic treatment is warranted. OBJECTIVES: The effect of different antibiotic regimens for the treatment of postpartum endometritis on failure of therapy and complications was systematically reviewed. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's trials register and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register. Date of last search: August 1999. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised trials of different antibiotic regimens for postpartum endometritis, after cesarean section or vaginal delivery, where outcomes of treatment failure or complications were reported were selected. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Data were abstracted independently by the reviewers. Comparisons were made between different types of antibiotic regimen, based on type of antibiotic and duration and route of administration. Summary relative risks were calculated. MAIN RESULTS: Forty-one trials were included. Overall the studies were methodologically poor. In the intent-to-treat analysis, fifteen studies comparing clindamycin and an aminoglycoside with another regimen showed more treatment failures with another regimen (relative risk (RR) 1.37; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.10 - 1.70). Failures of those regimens with poor activity against penicillin resistant anaerobic bacteria were more likely (RR 1.73; 95% CI 1.14 - 2.63). In four studies that compared continued oral antibiotic therapy after intravenous therapy, no differences were found in recurrent endometritis or other outcomes. There was no evidence of difference in incidence of allergic reactions. Cephalosporins were associated with less diarrhea. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: The combination of gentamicin and clindamyin is appropriate for the treatment of endometritis. Regimens with activity against penicillin resistant anaerobic bacteria are better than those without. There is no evidence that any one regimen is associated with fewer side effects. Once uncomplicated endometritis has clinically improved with intravenous therapy, oral therapy is not needed.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2003

1, 2-dihydroisoquinoline-N-acetic acid derivatives as new carriers for brain-specific delivery II: delivery of phenethylamine as model drug.

N-alkyloxycarbonylmethyl-1, 2-dihydroisoquinolin-4-carboxylic acid derivatives 7a-c synthesized as new carriers for brain specific delivery. The design of the carrier systems are based on sequential hydrolysis at the acetic acid ester group linked to dihydroisoquinoline nitrogen followed by ring oxidation and formation of quaternary isoquinolinium derivatives which are then hydrolyzed to release the drug. Once the carrier system is administered, a sequential enzymatic process will take place resulting in significant increase in its rate of oxidation, the key factor in brain specific delivery. The chemical stability of the synthesized carrier system was investigated in aqueous buffer solutions and ferricyanide reagent and proofed to be quite stable against hydration and oxidation during formulation and storage. Furthermore, enzymatic stability was also investigated in 80 % human plasma and 20 % rabbit brain homogenate. Both oxidation and hydrolysis were found to take place; however, hydrolysis was the major route. In vivo distribution of the ethyl ester derivative 7b studied in rats and showed that the concentration of the quaternary product is increasing in the brain and cleared from blood with time.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Fentanyl delivery from an electrotransport system: delivery is a function of total current, not duration of current.

This open-label, parallel study of 28 men was conducted to evaluate the pharmacokinetics and safety of fentanyl delivered by the E-TRANS (fentanyl) electrotransport transdermal system (ALZA Corporation, Palo Alto, CA). The E-TRANS (fentanyl) system provided electrically assisted, transdermal, continuous delivery of fentanyl. Treatments consisted of no current (group A); a constant current of 100 microA for 26 hours plus 4 additional doses at varying currents for varying times during hour 25 (groups B, C, D); a constant current of 100 microA for 26 hours plus 4 additional doses at 1,200 microA over 2.5 minutes during hour 1 (group E); or 500 microA for 0.5 hours and 100 microA for 3.5 hours (group F). No fentanyl was detected in serum when no current had been applied. Mean serum fentanyl concentrations were similar regardless of current duration during hour 25 (treatments B, C, D). Increases in mean serum fentanyl concentrations were significantly lower during additional dosing for treatment E compared with treatments B, C, and D. Serum fentanyl concentrations sufficient for analgesia (1-3 ng/mL) were attained in treatments using the E-TRANS (fentanyl) system with basal current of 100 microA for 26 hours. There were no safety issues after treatment with E-TRANS (fentanyl) system with concurrent opioid antagonist (naltrexone) administration. The only adverse event requiring treatment was a headache (n = 1). The majority of subjects had no or barely perceptible erythema at the application site 24 hours after system removal. Application of E-TRANS (fentanyl) resulted in therapeutically significant serum fentanyl concentrations over a range of applied currents. Overall serum fentanyl concentrations were higher when the skin had been primed by constant-current fentanyl delivery.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed1986

Potential treatment of herpes simplex virus encephalitis by brain-specific delivery of trifluorothymidine using a dihydropyridine in equilibrium pyridinium salt type redox delivery system.

A newly described, drug-carrier delivery system in which a lipophilic derivative is enzymatically converted to a hydrophilic compound was used to treat experimental herpes simplex virus (HSV) encephalitis. Because trifluorothymidine (TFT) does not cross the blood brain barrier, the lipophilic dihydropyridine derivative 3'-(N-methyl-1, 4-dihydronicotinoyl)-5-'pivaloyltrifluorothymidine (DHTFT) was synthesized and characterized by HPLC. After intravenous administration of 20 mg/kg of DHTFT to rats, the quaternary, intermediate compound 3'-N-methyl-1,4-nicotinoyltrifluorothymidine was measured at levels of 7-8 micrograms/g brain at 1 hour and 13.5 +/- 0.8 micrograms/g brain at 4 hours. This compound had antiviral activity equivalent to that of TFT against HSV-1 in a plaque reduction assay (ID 50 = 0.5-1.0 microgram/ml), either directly or by conversion to TFT. Although survival was not prolonged in a rat model of HSV encephalitis, a statistically significant reduction in titer of HSV/g brain was achieved with daily intravenous treatment with DHTFT. TFT was not detected in brains of rats at 1 and 4 hours after intravenous DHTFT, but a low level was observed at 18 hours, 0.3 +/- 0.05 microgram/g brain. These data suggest that the lipophilic compound DHTFT or a lipophilic metabolite crossed the blood brain barrier and was converted to a quaternary compound, which accumulated in the brain and which was either active directly or was converted to TFT. The drug-carrier delivery system described here can potentially be used in the treatment of HSV or other viral encephalitides.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

The bacterial inhibitory ability and in vivo drug release pattern of a new drug delivery system: ciprofloxacine/tricalcium phosphate delivery capsule.

The bacterial inhibitory ability of a new drug delivery system (DDS): Ciprofloxacine/tricalcium phosphate delivery capsule (CTDC), its in vivo drug release pattern, and the influence of ultrasonic irradiation on its drug release were investigated. It was found that CTDC had a strong and sustained inhibitory ability to some common pathogens of bone and joint infections, such as staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli and pseudomonas aeruginosa. In vivo drug-release study in animals demonstrated a high concentration of ciprofloxacine in the bone tissue surrounding CTDC which was placed in the greater trochanter of the rabbit and continued to release ciprofloxacine for at least 5 weeks and the blood level of ciprofloxacine was low. In vivo study also showed ultrasonic irradiation could increase the amount of ciprofloxacine released from CTDC, which may be an economical, effecient and safe new method to achieve the control of drug release from DDS.

Animals↗